小麦Mlo及NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源序列的分离与鉴定

根据GenBank中公布的大麦白粉病抗性控制基因Mlo cDNA序列及一个来源于栽培一粒小麦(Triticum monococcum L.)的假定抗病基因序列分别设计引物,以携带小麦抗白粉病基因的近等基因系为材料进行RT-PCR筛选.结果获得两个表达基因的cDNA克隆.其中一个与大麦白粉病抗性控制基因Mlo的同源性达83%.另一个为非通读序列,含有两个可能的开放阅读框,分别包含抗病基因NBS保守结构域2和3以及与水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pib蛋白末端相似的13个LRR区域,推测该序列属于NBS-LRR类.白粉菌诱导前后,该片段RT-PCR扩增产物存在差异,表明该片段可能与小麦抗病性相关.利用"中国春"缺体-四体系,将该NBS-LRR类序列定位在小麦1D染色体上.     

小麦类Mla基因的分离与特征分析

根据大麦MLa基因的保守区域设计了4对家族性引物。通过用家族性引物对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)抗白粉病品系TAM104R在接种和未接种两种条件下的基因差异表达进行RT-PCR分析,获得了一个在接种条件下特异表达的基因片段RJ-3-3L, 并用RACE方法获得了其cDNA全长,命名为TaMla1。序列比对显示: TaMla1与大麦MLa位点的基因家族成员具有高度同源性,TaMla1编码的氨基酸功能基序扫描表明其为一个CC-NBS-LRR型抗病蛋白。用一套中国春缺-四体材料将TaMla1定位到了小麦的1A染色体上,这正是大麦MLa基因位点在小麦中的同源区段所在的染色体。这些结果表明,TaMla1为一个类MLa抗白粉病基因。同时我们还获得了一个在不接种条件下特异表达的基因片段RW-2-3L,序列分析表明它与MLa 基因也高度同源,推测其可能是一个小麦白粉病的敏感基因或抗性负调控因子。     

小麦类Mla基因的分离与特征分析

根据大麦MLa基因的保守区域设计了4对家族性引物.通过用家族性引物对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)抗白粉病品系TAM104R在接种和未接种两种条件下的基因差异表达进行RT-PCR分析,获得了一个在接种条件下特异表达的基因片段RJ-3-3L,并用RACE方法获得了其cDNA全长,命名为TaMla1.序列比对显示:TaMlal与大麦MLa位点的基因家族成员具有高度同源性,TaMla1编码的氨基酸功能基序扫描表明其为一个CC-NBS-LRR型抗病蛋白.用一套中国春缺-四体材料将TaMla1定位到了小麦的1A染色体上,这正是大麦MLa基因位点在小麦中的同源区段所在的染色体.这些结果表明,TaMla1为一个类MLa抗白粉病基因.同时我们还获得了一个在不接种条件下特异表达的基因片段RW-2-3L,序列分析表明它与MLa基因也高度同源,推测其可能是一个小麦白粉病的敏感基因或抗性负调控因子.     

大麦抗白粉病基因Mlo的研究进展

野生型Mlo基因是大麦抗白粉病的负调控因子,该基因突变,赋予大麦对白粉菌的广谱抗性。综述了Mlo基因结构、功能及Mlo突变的等位基因(mlo)的抗性特点;讨论了mlo基因可能的抗病机制。为mlo抗性在麦类白粉病抗病育种中的应用提供了理论基础。     

小麦NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源序列的分离与鉴定

根据已知植物抗病基因的保守区域设计引物,从抗锈病小麦品种西农88基因组DNA扩增出3条与植物抗病基因同源的序列,分别为WRGA1、WRGA2和WRGA14。这三条同源片段均含有典型的NBS-LRR类抗病基因所拥有的保守性结构域Kinase-2a、Kinase-3a和疏水结构域(HD)．它们与部分已知NBS-LRR类抗病基因的氨基酸序列同源性为46．0%-9．9%,三个片段间在氨基酸水平上的同源性为80．7%-56．8%。Northern杂交表明WRGA1在小麦中受水杨酸正调控,属诱导型表达。     

硬粒小麦—粗山羊草双二倍体白粉病抗性的遗传分析与基因推导

对９９份硬粒小麦－粗山羊草双二倍体用北京地区流行的１５号粉菌生理小种进行了白粉病抗性鉴定,筛选出１１个苗期抗病的双二倍体材料和２个全生育期抗病的材料Ｍ５３和Ｍ８１。对53几Ｍ８１及其硬粒小麦和粗山羊草亲本进行的抗白粉病鉴定结果表明,其抗性来源于粗山羊草,与Ｍ５３和Ｍ８１具有相同硬粒小麦亲本、不同粗山羊草亲本双二倍体的抗性结果也表明抗性基因来源于粗山羊草,对Ｍ５３和Ｍ８１的抗性遗传分析表明,它们均携带１个单显性抗病基因,用１４个白粉菌生理小种对已知抗病基因品系与Ｍ５３和Ｍ８１两份待测材料进行接种鉴定,结果表明,Ｍ５３和Ｍ８１与已知基因的抗菌谱均不相同,Ｍ５３与Ｍ８１的抗菌谱也不相同,说明Ｍ５３和Ｍ８１各自分别携带１个新的显抗性白粉病基因。     

肯贵阿1号抗小麦白粉病基因单体分析

肯贵阿1号是我院选育的一个高产并综合抗病的小麦新品种。我们对其抗白粉病菌斗号小种的抗 性基因进行了单体分析。分析结果表明,该抗性基因位于6A染色体上。与目前已发现的小麦抗白粉病 基因相比较,可能是一个新的抗性基因。     

硬粒小麦-粗山羊草双二倍体白粉病抗性的遗传分析与基因推导

对99份硬粒小麦-粗山羊双二倍体用北京地区流行的5号白粉菌生理小种进行了白粉病抗性鉴定,筛选出11个苗期抗病的双二倍体材料和2个全生育期抗病的材料M53和M81。对M53和M81及其硬粒小麦和粗山羊草亲本进行的抗白粉病鉴定结果表明,其抗性来源于粗山羊草。与M53和M81具有相同硬粒小麦亲本、不同粗山羊草亲本双二倍体的抗性结果也表明抗性基因来源于粗山羊草。对M53和M81的抗性遗传分析表明,它们均携带1个单显性抗病基因。用14个白粉菌生理小种对已知抗病基因品系与M53和M81两份待测材料进行接种鉴定,结果表明,M53和M81与已知基因的抗菌谱均不相同,M53与M81的抗菌谱也不相同,说明M53和M81各自分别携带1个新的显性抗白粉病基因。     

小麦NBS类抗病基因同源cDNA序列的克隆与特征分析

根据已克隆植物抗病(R)基因NBS保守结构域设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),在小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系材料TcLr19中进行抗病同源基因cDNA全长的扩增。获得了1个通读的NBS类抗病同源基因S11A11cDNA序列,该序列全长2923bp,编码878个氨基酸序列。生物信息学分析结果表明,该片段含有NB-ARC保守结构域和多个LRR结构域。聚类分析表明,S11A11编码的蛋白与小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr1编码的蛋白亲缘关系较近,而与Lr10亲缘关系较远。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,该基因在小麦叶片中为低丰度组成型表达。本研究在TcLr19小麦中成功获得了抗病基因同源序列,为最终克隆小麦抗叶锈病目的基因奠定了基础。     

利用小麦微卫星标记定位一个来自野生二粒小麦的抗白粉病基因

培育抗病品种是控制小麦白粉病危害最经济有效而又安全的手段.寻找和创造新抗源是抗病育种的基础工作,是解决抗源单一化问题的有效途径.来自以色列的野生二粒小麦G-305-M对北京地区小麦白粉菌流行小种15号表现免疫,用G-305-M与小麦品种781杂交并用京411回交(G-305-M/781//京411*3),成功地将G-305-M的抗白粉病基因转入普通小麦中.遗传分析表明转入小麦中的抗病性苗期表达受一对显性基因控制,该基因暂定名为MlG.用96对小麦微卫星引物对一个167株的抗性分离家系进行了SSR分析,发现引物WMS570扩增产物在抗感个体间存在多态性.经分离群体验证,抗病基因MlG与小麦染色体6AL上的微卫星位点Xgwm570连锁,遗传距离为14.9±3.0cM,据此将MlG定位于6AL.根据系谱和基因位点分析,推断MlG基因是不同于已知抗白粉病基因的一个新基因.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.