北葶苈子黄酮苷类成分研究Ⅱ

为了解北葶苈子的化学成分,从其50%乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了8个单体成分,经理化性质和波谱数据分析,分别鉴定为:槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(2)、槲皮素-3,7-二-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-(1→2)-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、quercetin-3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-sinapoyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside (5)、槲皮素-3-O-[(6-O-trans-咖啡酰基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 (6)、isorhamnetin-3-O-sophoroside (7)和异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-[2-O-(6-O-芥子酰基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)。化合物3为首次从该种中分离得到,化合物2、4、6、7为首次从独行菜属中分离得到,且化合物6的NMR 数据为首次报道。     

民族药刺梨根茎化学成分及其抗炎活性研究

民族药刺梨根茎在贵州少数民族地区有着广泛的应用,为验证其化学成分的抗炎活性,该文以民族药新鲜刺梨根茎为原料,采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱等方法对其根茎的化学成分进行分离纯化,通过理化性质和NMR等波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构; 采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7作为炎症模型,考察刺梨根茎化学成分对巨噬细胞经LPS刺激后产生的NO炎症因子的影响,评价其抗炎活性。结果表明:(1)从刺梨根茎乙醇提取物中共分离获得15个化合物,结构分别鉴定为刺梨苷(1)、野蔷薇苷(2)、蔷薇酸(3)、β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2a→1b)-2a-O-β-L-arabinopyranosyl-(2b→1c)-2b-O-β-L-arabinopyranosyl-(2c→1d)-2c-O-β-L-arabinopyranosyl-(2d→1e)-2d-O-β-L-arabinopyranosyl-(2e→1f)-2e-O-β-L-arabinopyranoside(4)、儿茶素(5)、3-O-methylellagic acid-4''-O-β-D-xylopyranoside(6)、3-O-methylellagic acid-4''-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(7)、委陵菜酸(8)、桦木酸(9)、spinosic acid(10)、arjunic acid(11)、 β-谷甾醇(12)、β-胡萝卜苷(13)、α-tocopherol(14)、正二十六烷(15)。其中化合物4、6、7首次从该植物中分离得到。(2)对其中的化合物1-7进行体外抗炎活性实验,结果发现化合物1-7对LPS诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7释放的NO均有明显抑制作用,且呈剂量依赖关系; 化合物1-7在抗炎作用上表现出较好活性,其IC₅₀值分别为25.07、24.56、17.65、9.87、16.67、40.83、34.98 μmol·L^-1(阳性对照地塞米松为22.46 μmol·L^-1 ),其中化合物3、4、5的活性优于地塞米松。该研究结果阐明了刺梨根茎中的三萜类、鞣花酸类、黄酮类和寡糖类化合物是其抗炎作用的主要有效成分,并验证了刺梨根茎的民间抗炎功效。     

卢旺达产迷迭香化学成分研究I

为了解迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinais L.)中的化学成分,从其95% 乙醇提取物中分离得到了13 种化合物,经波谱分析,分别鉴定为(Z)-3-hexenyl glucoside (1),(Z)-3-hexenyl O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1'→6')-β-D-glucopyranoside (2),erythritol-1-O-(6-Otrans-caffeoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3),2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexyl-6-O-trans-caffeoyl-β-glucopyranoside (4), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-2-methylbutane-4-O-(6-O-trans-caffeoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (5),咖啡酸 (6),迷迭香酸 (7),methyl rosmarinate (8),methylbenzoate-4-β-glucoside (9),benzyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (10),benzyl-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (11),1,2-di-O-β-D-glucopranosyl-4-allylbenzene (12)及(+)-syringaresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (13).其中,化合物1~5 和8~13 为首次从迷迭香属分离得到,并修正了化合物13 的波谱数据.     

紫茎泽兰的化学成分研究

为了解紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.)的化学成分,从其乙醇提取物中分离得到7 个化合物。通过波谱分析,分别鉴定为万寿菊苷(1)、7-O-(6-methoxykaempferol)-β-D-glucopranoside (2)、4'-甲基醚万寿菊苷(3)、3-O-(6-methoxykaempferol)-β-D-glucopranoside (4)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (5)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯 (6)、1,4-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)naphthalene (7)。其中化合物1~4 为首次从紫茎泽兰中分离得到。     

桄榔子黄酮类化学成分研究

桄榔子为桄榔(Arenga pinnata)的果实,具有明显的镇痛活性。为研究桄榔子的化学成分,该文采用反复硅胶柱色谱、ODS柱色谱法并结合HPLC法进行分离纯化,并运用 NMR 波谱技术鉴定化合物的结构,为植物资源的合理开发和可持续利用提供科学依据。结果表明:从桄榔子70%乙醇提取物中分离得到 12 个黄酮类化合物,分别鉴定为新落新妇苷(1)、甘草素(2)、染料木黄酮(3)、2, 4, 4''-三羟基查耳酮(4)、甘草苷(5)、染料木素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、异甘草苷(7)、新异甘草苷(8)、大豆苷(9)、7-O-primverosylformononetin(10)、异甘草素-葡萄糖-芹糖苷(11)、毛蕊异黄酮苷(12)。化合物1-12均为首次从桄榔属植物中分离得到。     

杏叶防风的化学成分及抗炎活性研究

杏叶防风(Pimpinella candolleana)为贵州苗族习用草药,用于黄疸型肝炎、急性胆囊炎等病症的治疗。为探究杏叶防风的化学成分及其抗炎活性,该研究采用硅胶、凝胶、ODS等色谱技术对杏叶防风全草70%乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,通过NMR、MS等波谱数据鉴定化合物结构,采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞作为炎症模型,评价单体化合物的抗炎活性。结果表明:(1)从杏叶防风中分离并鉴定了20个化合物,分别为香草醛(1)、芝麻素(2)、2-甲基-2-羟基-5-甲氧基苯并 [d] 氢化呋喃-3-酮(3)、原儿茶醛(4)、1,5-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxyxanthone(5)、异鼠李素(6)、山奈酚(7)、8-羟基-2-甲基色原酮(8)、木犀草素(9)、槲皮素(10)、1-O-β-D-葡萄糖-(2S,3S,4R,8E)-2- [(2''R)-2''-羟基棕榈酰胺]-8-十八烯-1,3,4-三醇(11)、异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷(12)、异槲皮苷(13)、去甲当药醇苷(14)、木犀草素-6-C-α-L-阿拉伯糖苷(15)、山奈酚-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷(16)、山奈酚-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(17)、木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(18)、异牡荆苷(19)、芦丁(20)。其中,化合物1、3、4、6、7、10、13、16、18、20均为首次从该植物中分离得到。(2)抗炎结果显示,化合物2-10、12、18、19均可显著抑制 LPS 诱导 RAW264.7 细胞NO释放量(P<0.05,P<0.01),其中化合物4、7、10、18在浓度为25 μmol·L^-1时,抑制率分别为57.37%、83.60%、68.16%、81.14%。该研究丰富了杏叶防风的化学成分,明确了黄酮类化合物是其发挥抗炎功效的活性成分,为杏叶防风的进一步研究与开发利用提供了一定的依据。     

云南兔儿风的化学成分研究

为研究我国特有植物云南兔儿风的化学成分,该文采用常压正相硅胶色谱、凝胶色谱、低压氰基液相色谱和反相高压液相色谱等方法,对其乙醇提取物进行分离纯化并进行结构鉴定。结果表明:首次从云南兔儿风中分离并鉴定了10个化合物,包括6个甾体类、3个苯丙酸类和1个酚酸类,分别为3β-羟基豆甾-5-烯-7-酮(1)、3β-羟基豆甾-5,22-二烯-7-酮(2)、β-谷甾醇(3)、豆甾醇(4)、β-胡萝卜苷(5)、豆甾醇-3-O-葡萄糖苷(6)、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎尼酸(7)、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎尼酸甲酯(8)、咖啡酸(9)、原儿茶酸(10)。其中,化合物2和8是在兔儿风属中首次发现,所有化合物都是从云南兔儿风中首次发现。以上化合物的发现丰富了云南兔儿风的化学成分,为其合理、有效的应用提供了理论依据。     

葫芦茶地上部分化学成分的研究

运用多种色谱法进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质和波谱数据对化合物进行结构鉴定,研究葫芦茶地上部分的化学成分。结果表明:从葫芦茶地上部分分离并鉴定了13个化合物,分别为山柰酚(1)、山柰酚-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(2)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(4)、槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(5)、山柰酚-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖(1→6)-β-D-半乳糖苷(6)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)、槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖(1→6)-β-D-半乳糖苷(8)、芦丁(9)、间苯三酚-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、对羟基桂皮酸(11)、RoseosideⅡ(12)、儿茶素(13)。其中化合物2、4、5、6、8、9、10、12为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

姜状三七根茎的皂苷类化学成分研究

为了解姜状三七(Panax zingiberensis)根茎的皂苷类化学成分,采用正相硅胶、反相硅胶和凝胶等色谱方法从其根茎的乙醇提取物中得到9个皂苷类化合物,根据理化性质和波谱数据,其结构分别鉴定为人参皂苷SL₁ (1)、人参皂苷Rh₁ (2)、三七皂苷R₈ (3)、竹节参皂苷IVa (4)、越南人参皂苷R₁₀ (5)、人参皂苷Rg₁ (6)、菠菜皂苷A 28-O-β-d-葡萄糖苷 (7)、齐墩果酸28-O-β-d-葡萄糖苷 (8)和姜状三七苷R₁ (9)。化合物1、3、5、7和8为首次从该植物中分离得到, 其中化合物5为奥克梯隆醇型皂苷,此类皂苷在该植物中未见报道。     

蛇含委陵菜的化学成分及抗炎活性研究

为了研究蛇含委陵菜(Potentilla kleiniana)的化学成分及其抗炎活性,该文利用D-101大孔树脂、硅胶及Toyopearl HW-40F等色谱技术对蛇含委陵菜60%乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,通过NMR和HR-ESI-MS波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构,采用小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW 264.7)体外炎症模型评价化合物的抗炎活性。结果表明:(1)从蛇含委陵菜中分离得到15个化合物,分别鉴定为2-(heptadecanoyloxy)propane-1,3-diyl distearate(1)、9,12,13-三羟基-10,15-十八碳二烯酸(2)、9,12,13-三羟基-10,15-十八碳二烯酸甲酯(3)、2,2''-氧代双(1,4-二叔丁苯)(4)、大黄素(5)、大黄酚(6)、(6R,9R)-3-酮-α-紫罗兰醇-9-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7)、新穿心莲内酯(8)、甲基-α-D-呋喃果糖苷(9)、1-O-β-D-吡喃果糖-α-D-吡喃阿洛糖苷(10)、对香豆酸(11)、cesternosides A(12)、koaburaside(13)、荭草素(14)、异荭草素(15),均首次从委陵菜属植物中分离得到。(2)抗炎实验结果显示,化合物1-3、8、11-15具有一定NO释放抑制活性,其中化合物8在 25 μmol·L^-1浓度下抑制率为72.5%。该研究丰富了蛇含委陵菜的植物化学信息,明确了脂肪酸衍生物、酚性成分及二萜类成分是其抗炎活性成分,为蛇含委陵菜的进一步开发利用提供了理论依据。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.