贝伐珠单抗生物类似药质量相似性评价探讨*

贝伐珠单抗是研发热度最高的生物类似药之一,在梳理国内23家贝伐珠单抗生物类似药厂家研发数据和原研厂家研究数据的基础上,结合目前国内外生物类似药相关指导原则的理念以及相关文献,从生物类似药相似性评价一般原则、贝伐珠单抗关键质量属性识别和相似性评价几个方面,对贝伐珠单抗生物类似药质量相似性的技术评价要点进行初步探讨。     

贝伐珠单抗生物类似药质量相似性评价探讨*

贝伐珠单抗是研发热度最高的生物类似药之一,在梳理国内23家贝伐珠单抗生物类似药厂家研发数据和原研厂家研究数据的基础上,结合目前国内外生物类似药相关指导原则的理念以及相关文献,从生物类似药相似性评价一般原则、贝伐珠单抗关键质量属性识别和相似性评价几个方面,对贝伐珠单抗生物类似药质量相似性的技术评价要点进行初步探讨。     

单克隆抗体仿制药物的结构分析策略

市场高达数千亿美元的单克隆抗体药物即将结束专利保护期,这对发展中国家产业升级,提高国民医疗水平,都是一次难得的战略机遇。然而,单抗类蛋白仿制药的研发与质控工作难度巨大,必须使用液相色谱-质谱联用技术进行分析。针对单抗仿制药结构必须进行的分析项目(氨基酸序列表达正确性、糖基化修饰形态相似性、以及高级结构统一致性)的液质分析方法进行了系统介绍。此外还就分析工作效率及质控过程的法规依从问题予以讨论。     

花粉症的中国历程

花粉症是由花粉变应原引起的IgE介导的累及呼吸道、皮肤等系统的过敏性疾病,近年来发病率有逐渐升高的趋势.通过花粉监测绘制花粉地图和花粉日历有助于进行花粉症的防护.花粉症还受气象因素影响,可出现雷暴哮喘.花粉症与食物过敏具有相关性,可引起口腔过敏综合征甚至严重过敏反应,患者可能表现为由过敏性鼻炎发展至哮喘的自然进程.花粉症的检测方法分为体内试验和体外试验,避免花粉、药物治疗和脱敏治疗为主要的治疗手段,生物制剂奥马珠单抗用于花粉症的治疗具有良好的有效性和安全性.     

细胞培养过程对单克隆抗体糖基化修饰的影响和调控

在单克隆抗体药生产过程中,其糖基化修饰可能受到多种工艺参数的影响,因而容易产生异质性,并且抗体糖基化和抗体半衰期、免疫源性、ADCC、CDC等密切相关,所以单克隆抗体的糖基化修饰是重要的质量属性,需要在生物药尤其是生物类似药开发过程中重点关注,并加以调控。通过概述培养过程中的细胞株、培养工艺,以及培养基对糖型的影响,讨论如何在工艺开发过程开展研究,确保产品糖基化的一致性,从而保证单抗药物的疗效及安全性。     

细胞培养过程对单克隆抗体糖基化修饰的影响和调控

在单克隆抗体药生产过程中,其糖基化修饰可能受到多种工艺参数的影响,因而容易产生异质性,并且抗体糖基化和抗体半衰期、免疫源性、ADCC、CDC等密切相关,所以单克隆抗体的糖基化修饰是重要的质量属性,需要在生物药尤其是生物类似药开发过程中重点关注,并加以调控。通过概述培养过程中的细胞株、培养工艺,以及培养基对糖型的影响,讨论如何在工艺开发过程开展研究,确保产品糖基化的一致性,从而保证单抗药物的疗效及安全性。     

MATLAB 7.X生物信息工具箱的应用——序列比对(二)

序列比对是基因序列分析中的一项重要工作.本文以人和鼠的基因为对象,介绍MATLAB 7.X生物信息工具箱中的序列比对方法,内容包括从数据库获取序列信息,查找序列的开放阅读框,将核苷酸序列转换为氨基酸序列,绘制比较两氨基酸序列的散点图,用Needleman-Wunsch算法和Smith-Waterman算法进行比对,以及计算两序列的同一性.     

稻瘟菌糖蛋白激发子(CSBI)的纯化及其鉴定

稻瘟菌（Magnaporthe grisea）ZC1l3菌株97-151a菌丝经离心、超滤、Sephacryl S-100凝胶柱、DEAE-Sepharose FF阴离子交换柱层析,纯化获得糖蛋白激发子CSBI。CSBI经SDS-PAGE后银染显示单一条带,糖,蛋白比例约为9．32。CSBI对非亲和性互作水稻叶片中过氧化物酶的诱导显著高于亲和性互作水稻（P〈0．05）。经N端氨基酸同源序列比对表明,CSBI与MG07877．4推测蛋白的同源性最高。经基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱鉴定也表明CSBI是该推测蛋白。     

不同细胞系表达的抗EGFR单抗糖基化结构对比分析

真核表达系统造就了单克隆抗体药物的广泛异质性,这些异质性通常是由翻译后修饰引起,而糖基化修饰则是关键的翻译后修饰,其对治疗性蛋白的安全性和有效性有着深远的影响,为探索细胞表达系统的改变对单抗糖基化所带来的影响,应用液相色谱-电喷雾离子化四极杆飞行时间质谱技术(LC-ESI-Q-Tof),通过交替高低碰撞能量扫描、源内诱导解离及二级质谱的方法从释放的寡聚糖水平研究聚糖结构,对比分析由两种不同细胞系制备的抗表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)单抗,然后结合外切糖苷酶逐级消化的方法对两种蛋白的糖链结构作进一步确证分析。分析结果表明,在Fc区域的糖基化修饰,两种表达系统表达的该抗体未发生明显的改变,而在Fab区域,由小鼠骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0制备的抗EGFR单抗的聚糖结构中含有大量α半乳糖(α-Gal),且末端唾液酸形式主要是N-羟乙基神经氨酸(NGNA),具有极高的免疫原性风险。而通过中国仓鼠卵巢细胞CHO表达系统制备的抗EGFR单抗Fab区域聚糖结构中不含有α-Gal,且末端唾液酸形式主要是N乙酰神经氨酸(NANA),免疫原性风险极大降低。本研究在一定程度上可以预测由CHO表达系统制备的抗EGFR单抗具备较好的临床耐受性,超敏反应发生风险低,CHO细胞可以作为该抗体改良型生物类似药(Biobetter)的优选表达系统。     

新发甲型H1N1流感病毒HA分子的变异分析

目的:从分子进化水平上分析流感的起源及发展问题,研究目前爆发的H1N1病毒的HA分子的变异行为.方法:以GenBank公布的甲型流感H1N1病毒血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)核酸序列和我国及世界范围内近几年来报告的H1N1流感病毒HA的核酸及氨基酸序列为研究对象,利用CLUSTAL 1.83和NetNGlyc 1.0等生物信息学软件对HA核酸和氨基酸序列进行了比对分析;将其糖基化位点、氨基酸序列和抗原决定簇与以往流感病毒进行了比较.同时,还将人源和猪源甲型H1N1流感病毒的HA氨基酸序列进行了序列比对和系统发育分析.结果:最新爆发的甲型H1N1流感病毒的HA除了在60,259,453,512位点高度保守区域与之前爆发的流感病毒一致外,在249位点新出现1个"-NTT-"的糖基化位点.发现所有的甲型病毒的氨基酸序列在8个氨基酸位点均发生改变,而8个氨基酸位点位于6个抗原抗原决定簇上.结论:糖基化位点的增加,氨基酸位点的改变导致抗原决定簇的改变,即抗原性漂移现象,都成为引起其传染性改变的重要原因.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.