长江安庆新洲水域鱼类群落结构及多样性

沙洲水域环境良好,饵料资源丰富,栖息生境多样,为鱼类的生长繁殖提供了优良的生存环境。为了解长江安庆新洲水域鱼类群落结构特征,于2017年4月、7月、10月和12月对安庆江段新洲水域鱼类群落进行季节性调查。共采集鱼类64种,分属5目11科48属,其中62.5%为鲤科鱼类。以物种数和多样性指数分析群落多样性特征,结果表明新洲水域鱼类种类多样性水平较高。单因素方差分析表明,该群落多样性季节差异显著(P0.05),空间差异不明显。新洲水域鱼类群落优势种为鳊(Parabramis pekinensis Basilewsky, 1855)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758)、贝氏■(Hemiculter bleekeri Warpachowsky, 1887)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus Sauvage et Dabry, 1874)和似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni Bleeker, 1864)。4种摄食功能群中,杂食性(42.19%)和肉食性(35.94%)鱼类物种数比例较高;3种生态类群中,淡水定居性鱼类占绝对优势(84.37%);3种栖息水层类型中,底层鱼类物种数比例较高,占37.50%。大型经济鱼类占总渔获物比例低(0.01%),但个体较大,因而相对重要性指数(IRI)高。总体上,新洲鱼类群落多样性和丰富度指数较高,均匀度指数偏低,个体小型化趋势明显。捕捞强度过大、水利工程建设导致的江湖阻隔及外来物种入侵是新洲水域渔业资源衰退的主要因素。由此,建议持续开展长江渔业资源监测,加强长江干流沙洲水域渔业资源保护。     

环境DNA技术在长江口鱼类多样性分析中的应用

研究采用高通量测序技术对长江口水域环境DNA(Environmental DNA, eDNA)样品进行分析,并与传统渔业资源调查结果对比,阐述长江口鱼类群落在其生境内的多样性特征,探讨eDNA技术在长江口水域鱼类多样性研究中的应用前景。结果显示, eDNA技术共检测到10目21科41属45种鱼类,各站点鱼类丰富度之间无显著差异,而多样性之间存在显著差异性。底拖网法共捕获11目16科29属33种鱼类。有18种鱼类在两种方法中均检测到,占鱼类总数的30%。两种方法检测到的鱼类中均以鲈形目(Perciformes)最多,其次是鲤形目(Cypriniformes),两种方法的结果均表明刀鲚(Coilia nasus)和凤鲚(Coilia mystus)为优势物种。研究表明环境DNA技术在长江口水域渔业资源监测中具有可行性,在禁捕环境下可根据实际情况采用不同方法对渔业资源进行监测。     

漓江中下游鱼类物种组成及其多样性研究

2014年4月—2015年1月,按季度对漓江中下游进行了4次鱼类物种多样性调查研究,共采集鱼类10 161尾,计74种,隶属于5目15科55属。以鲤形目为主,占总物种数的66.67%,总个体数的64.29%;且鲤科占优势,占总个体数的59.30%。夏季鱼类多样性指数最高,物种最丰富,春季鱼类多样性相对较低,鱼类物种相对较少。秋冬两季多样性指数相差不大,鱼类的季节变化不明显;春季优势度指数λ最高,优势种较明显;鱼类群落结构相似性分析(ANOSIM)结果显示,平乐县鱼类群落结构与其他采样点间存在显著差异;但鱼类群落的季节性差异不明显。     

黄浦江和苏州河上游鱼类多样性组成的时空特征

为初步了解黄浦江和苏州河的鱼类多样性组成及其时空分布特征,2005年6月至2006年5月,对黄浦江上游河段的淀峰、松浦大桥两个站点,以及苏州河上游河段的白鹤、黄渡两个站点进行了逐月的鱼类监测。四个站点共采集到鱼类44种,隶属10目14科35属,其中苏州河上游30种,隶属6目10科25属,黄浦江上游39种,隶属10目13科32属。黄浦江上游鱼类的物种多样性明显高于苏州河上游,白鹤、松浦大桥、淀峰之间的鱼类群落为中等相似,黄渡与松浦大桥、淀峰之间的鱼类群落为中等不相似。各站点的鱼类具明显的季节性变化,夏、秋季大于冬、春季。四个站点的鱼类均以杂食性和定居性的物种为主,杂食性鱼类物种数占51.5–62.5%。松浦大桥站的江海洄游性和河湖洄游性鱼类数量明显多于其他站点。鱼类物种的时空重现率计算结果反映了黄浦江、苏州河上游各水域的鱼类群落具相对独立性。初步研究结果表明长期恶化的水质问题和较差的水系连通度可能是影响苏州河上游鱼类多样性的关键因素,而黄浦江具更大水域面积,以及较好水质状况和水系连通度,有利于丰富鱼类多样性。     

江西柘林水库鱼类群落结构及功能多样性分析

为了解江西柘林水库鱼类群落结构和多样性的时空变化特征,研究鱼类物种多样性和功能多样性的关系,于2020年9月至2021年4月在该水库调查分析了鱼类物种组成、优势度及群落物种多样性和功能多样性。结果表明,共采集鱼类53种,分属于5目12科36属。其中,鲤形目(38种)种类最多,占调查物种数的71.69%,柘林水库上、中、下游库区分别采集到鱼类36、40和32种,各库区均以鲤形目鱼类为主,分别占采集物种数的72.97%、85.00%和75.00%。优势物种主要是■(Hemiculter leucisculus)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)和黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi),重要种主要是草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、蒙古红鲌(Erythroculter mongolicus)等。鱼类群落结构季节性差异大于空间格局差异,主要表现为秋季和冬季之间;生物多样性指数Margalef和功能丰富...     

太湖鱼类群落结构及多样性

为了解太湖鱼类群落结构和多样性的分布特征,于2009-2010年利用拖网等网具对该水域的鱼类资源进行了调查.结果表明:本次调查共采获鱼类50种,隶属10目15科40属,其中鲤形目种类最多,占总数的68％;鱼类生态类型以湖泊定居性种类为主,群落优势种为湖鲚(Coilia ectenes taihuensis)、间下鱵(Hyporhamphus intermedius)和陈氏短吻银鱼(Salangichthys jordani)等小型鱼类;与历史资料相比,太湖鱼类的物种数量下降,优势种组成发生较大变化,鱼类群落中体质量＜30 g的小型鱼类占绝对优势,渔业资源小型化趋势明显.由于过度捕捞和湖泊环境恶化,鱼类群落生物多样性指数均表现偏低,物种丰富度指数D为1.54,多样性指数H’N、H’w分别为0.21和0.46,均匀度指数J'N、.J'w分别为0.07和0.14;太湖各湖区间鱼类种群和多样性的差别一定程度上反映出鱼类群落结构与湖泊营养盐、透明度等环境特征相适应的特点.     

海南尖峰岭国家级自然保护区雨季鱼类群落结构特征研究

为了了解海南尖峰岭国家级自然保护区雨季鱼类群落结构和多样性特征,于2018年8月采用地笼、手抄网等网具对该区域内溪流的鱼类资源进行了调查。结果表明:本次调查共采集到鱼类样本310尾,隶属于6目13科21属23种。新记录鱼类共有14种,其中9种为外来物种。鱼类香农-威纳多样性指数(H')为2. 41,物种丰富度(D)为3. 84,均匀度指数(J')为0. 77,优势度为(λ)为0. 14。与历史资料相比,群落多样性显著升高,同时外来物种入侵生态风险也在升高。该研究结果丰富了尖峰岭国家自然保护区鱼类多样性基础资料,为海南热带雨林国家公园生物多样性保护策略制定提供科学依据。     

海州湾鱼类群落功能多样性的时空变化

功能多样性是联系物种、生态环境和生态系统功能的基础.从功能多样性的角度研究群落结构,有助于更好地理解生物多样性与生态系统功能之间的关系.本研究根据2011—2017年(除2012年外)春、秋季海州湾渔业资源底拖网调查数据,选取反映鱼类摄食、运动、生态适应性、繁殖行为和种群动态特征的13个功能性状,利用功能丰富度指数、功能均匀度指数、功能离散度指数和群落特征加权平均数指数(CWM),研究了海州湾鱼类群落功能多样性的季节、年际和空间的变化.结果表明: 海州湾鱼类群落功能多样性指数具有显著的季节差异,其中秋季功能丰富度指数显著高于春季,春季功能离散度指数显著高于秋季,鱼类洄游是造成功能多样性指数季节变化的主要原因;CWM分析表明,春季鱼类群落优势种为营养级较高、运动能力较强、生长系数、恢复力和脆弱性较高的冷/暖温性鱼类,秋季则相反,春、秋季鱼类群落均以产浮性卵鱼类为主;鱼类群落功能多样性指数呈现一定的年际变化,其中春、秋季各功能多样性指数在不同年际均呈波动趋势,表明海州湾鱼类群落稳定性较低;鱼类群落功能多样性指数呈现显著的空间差异,其中20 m以深远岸水域功能离散度指数较高.海州湾鱼类群落功能多样性具有明显的时空变化特征,鱼类生态位与其对资源的利用均随季节、年际和空间而变化.     

珠江水系广西江段鱼类多样性空间分布特征

研究对珠江水系广西江段15个站位的鱼类群落展开了调查, 共采集渔获物67985尾, 隶属于23科134种, 鲤形目种类(92种)最多, 占总数69%。采集到外来生物11种, 其中, 罗非鱼几乎遍布整个广西水域, 说明广西江段外来水生生物入侵严重。各江段以小型鱼类居多, 鱼类小型化严重。空间分布呈现一级河流物种多样性指数高, 均匀度高; 二级河流多样性指数低, 均匀度低的趋势。特别是经过十级水电开发后的红水河江段, 渔业资源量最低, 鱼类群落结构与其他江段具有显著的差异(P<0.05)。研究结果是珠江水系自然渔业资源长期调查的一部分, 将对广西渔业资源多样性的保护管理和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

珠江水系鱼类群落多样性空间分布格局

珠江是我国南方第一大河,是我国重要淡水渔业生产基地和水生生物资源基因库。珠江鱼类在维持生物多样性、提供鱼类种质资源方面举足轻重。但是到目前为止,关于其鱼类空间分布格局的研究甚少。特别是近几十年来各种水工建设和过度捕捞使得渔业资源急剧衰退,鱼类空间分布的研究显得尤为重要。2015年对珠江全流域13个站位进行了全面调查,共采集渔获物10119尾,隶属于94种72属17科。鲤科鱼类占显著优势,其次种类较多的依次为鲿科、鳅科。采用非度量多维标度排序(NMDS)方法对鱼类群落空间分布特征进行了分析,结果表明珠江鱼类被划分为3个类群,即以餐、南方拟餐、黄颡鱼等小型鱼类为主的中上游类群、以赤眼鳟、鲮鱼、广东鲂等中型鱼类为主的中下游类群和以罗非鱼为主的重要支流类群。同时发现中下游物种多样性高,上游及河口江段多样性低的格局。采用冗余分析方法(RDA)分析了鱼类多样性与环境因子的关系,发现年均气温、降雨量、年均径流量、河流宽度与透明度是珠江水系河流鱼类群落结构差异的主要影响因子,其中年均气温是影响鱼类群落分布的最关键因子之一。与历史资料对比后发现,珠江鱼类种类明显减少、空间分布也发生了巨大改变。研究是珠江水系野生渔业资源长期调查的一部分,研究结果将对渔业资源的多样性保护和可持续利用具有指导意义。     

长江中下游四个湖泊鱼类与渔业研究

选择长江中下游的牛山湖、东汤逊湖、龙感湖和黄湖作为研究地点,调查了这些湖泊鱼类区系组成、鱼种放养量、渔获物组成、渔产量和渔产值,现已查明牛山湖鱼类有64种,东汤逊湖53种,黄湖76种,龙感湖80种。这些湖泊的鱼类区系组成相似,鲤科鱼类最多,占总种数的60.4%-65.6%。牛山湖主要放养草鱼,东汤逊湖主要放养鲢和鳙,黄湖除鱼类外重点放养河蟹。这三个湖泊年均鱼种放养量分别为9.5kg/hm2、36.8kg/hm2、8.1kg/hm2;年均鱼产量分别为128kg/hm2、126kg/hm2、88kg/hm2;年均每公顷渔产值分别为623元、680元、1202元。龙感湖为非放养型湖泊,年均鱼产量为64kg/hm2,其中鲫、红鳍原泊和小杂鱼占有较高的比例;年均每公顷渔产值183元。文中分析了各湖泊鱼产量构成特征,讨论了未来湖泊渔业可持续发展的对策,为合理利用鱼类资源,发展可持续渔业提供重要依据。       

Power to detect trends in abundance of secretive marsh birds: Effects of species traits and sampling effort

Standardized protocols for surveying secretive marsh birds have been implemented across North America, but the efficacy of surveys to detect population trends has not been evaluated. We used survey data collected from populations of marsh birds across North America and simulations to explore how characteristics of bird populations (proportion of survey stations occupied, abundance at occupied stations, and detection probability) and aspects of sampling effort (numbers of survey routes, stations/route, and surveys/station/year) affect statistical power to detect trends in abundance of marsh bird populations. In general, the proportion of survey stations along a route occupied by a species had a greater relative effect on power to detect trends than did the number of birds detected per survey at occupied stations. Uncertainty introduced by imperfect detection during surveys reduced power to detect trends considerably, but across the range of detection probabilities for most species of marsh birds, variation in detection probability had only a minor influence on power. For species that occupy a relatively high proportion of survey stations (0.20), have relatively high abundances at occupied stations (2.0 birds/station), and have high detection probability (0.50), ≥40 routes with 10 survey stations per route surveyed 3 times per year would provide an 80% chance of detecting a 3% annual decrease in abundance after 20 years of surveys. Under the same assumptions but for species that are less common, ≥100 routes would be needed to achieve the same power. Our results can help inform the design of programs to monitor trends in abundance of marsh bird populations, especially with regards to the amount of sampling effort necessary to meet programmatic goals. © 2013 The Wildlife Society     

Winter-spring sport fishery in the heated discharge of a nuclear power plant

A substantial winter-spring sport fishery has developed along the 1.83 km heated discharge canal of a nuclear power plant. An estimated 3166 fishermen caught an estimated 11 090 fish, representing 18 species, during a creel survey conducted from January through June, 1972. Eighty-seven per cent of the canal fishermen were successful in catching one or more fish, and averaged 2.07 fish per rod-hour of effort. Fishermen averaged 1.08 fish per rod-hour and had a 61 % success rate at other areas in the vicinity of the plant from April through November, 1965–1969. There was a correlation between the water temperature of the canal and the number of fish caught per rod-hour of effort.     

A preliminary biological survey of Lake Nubia

The purpose of the survey of the newly-formed Lake Nubia is to indicate a basis for a preliminary determination of a fishery potential study that may lead to a future commercial exploitation. This has been executed by correlating the water chemistry, planktonic content, fish population and bottom fauna at six stations that almost represent the whole lake. The results have shown a rich western side and a relatively poorer eastern side. Secondly, the southern part of the lake is still riverain while the northern and middle portions show typical lake conditions.     

Red-Shouldered Hawk Occupancy Surveys in Central Minnesota,USA

ABSTRACT Forest-dwelling raptors are often difficult to detect because many species occur at low density or are secretive. Broadcasting conspecific vocalizations can increase the probability of detecting forest-dwelling raptors and has been shown to be an effective method for locating raptors and assessing their relative abundance. Recent advances in statistical techniques based on presence—absence data use probabilistic arguments to derive probability of detection when it is < 1 and to provide a model and likelihood-based method for estimating proportion of sites occupied. We used these maximum-likelihood models with data from red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) call-broadcast surveys conducted in central Minnesota, USA, in 1994–1995 and 2004–2005. Our objectives were to obtain estimates of occupancy and detection probability 1) over multiple sampling seasons (yr), 2) incorporating within-season time-specific detection probabilities, 3) with call type and breeding stage included as covariates in models of probability of detection, and 4) with different sampling strategies. We visited individual survey locations 2–9 times per year, and estimates of both probability of detection (range = 0.28-0.54) and site occupancy (range = 0.81-0.97) varied among years. Detection probability was affected by inclusion of a within-season time-specific covariate, call type, and breeding stage. In 2004 and 2005 we used survey results to assess the effect that number of sample locations, double sampling, and discontinued sampling had on parameter estimates. We found that estimates of probability of detection and proportion of sites occupied were similar across different sampling strategies, and we suggest ways to reduce sampling effort in a monitoring program.     

保水渔业对千岛湖食物网结构及其相互作用的影响

为预防千岛湖连续暴发了2a(1998—1999)的蓝藻水华和改善千岛湖水质,于2000年起在千岛湖开展了以人工放养鲢鳙和控制凶猛鱼类为主要措施的保水渔业试验。作为试验的主要研究内容之一,通过构建1999和2000年千岛湖生态系统的Ecopath模型,比较分析了实施保水渔业对千岛湖生态系统食物网结构及其相互作用的影响。结果表明:实施保水渔业,使千岛湖中的银鱼和鲤生物量减少,而鲌类(主要是蒙古鲌)、鲴类和大眼华鳊等增加;使各种鱼类的捕食者和食饵生态位重叠指数下降;各主要鱼类的相互作用中,鲢、鳙对鳡、鲌的促进作用增强,鳡对鲌的抑制作用及鲌对虾类、银鱼和鲤等以及银鱼对浮游动物的抑制作用减弱,鳙对银鱼、大眼华鳊对鲤的抑制作用增强。这些影响,使千岛湖食物网结构更趋合理,如底层碎屑食性鱼类如鲴类等的增加,有利于营养物的再循环和再利用,从而增强了水体对营养物的净化作用。     

Cohort‐specific estimates of first‐year survival are positively associated with size at stocking for lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens (Rafinesque 1817) stocked in Black Lake,Michigan, USA

The authors conducted a gillnet survey in 2013 in Black Lake, Michigan, USA to evaluate the lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) stocking programme that began in 2001. Objectives were to (i) estimate year‐class specific abundance of juvenile lake sturgeon in Black Lake; and (ii) determine year‐class specific survival of stocked year classes and determine whether year‐class‐specific first‐year survival was related to average size at the time of stocking. Deployed were 15 and 20 cm stretch mesh gillnets at 72 randomly selected sites in Black Lake over a 3‐week survey using a Schnabel multiple‐mark, multiple‐recapture estimator to determine overall abundance of stocked fish. Ages for captured fish were determined from fin ray cross sections and the presence of coded wire tags, and apportioned the overall abundance estimate of juveniles to year class using an age‐length key. Overall survival estimates were calculated by dividing the year‐class specific abundance estimates by the number of fish stocked that year. Also evaluated was the relationship between first‐year survival and average total length (TL) at time of stocking using logistic regression. Overall survival from stocking to 2013 ranged from 0.03 to 0.53. First‐year survival was positively associated with average TL at stocking, and ranged from 0.05 for fish stocked at 9 cm TL to 0.84 for fish stocked at 22 cm TL. Estimation of future cohort‐specific abundance based on size‐based expected survival allows managers to establish annual stocking targets that should lead to the achievement of long‐term population goals for adult abundance.     

色林错渔业生产的现状与可持续利用的对策

色林错裸鲤（Gymnocypris selincuoensis)是藏北色林错湖泊中惟一的一种鱼类。本文介绍了色林错渔业的开发利用情况,并对色林错裸鲤最小捕捞年龄、捕捞强度、最小网目以及最佳年捕捞产量进行了探讨。从可持续发展的角度,我们认为对色林错鱼类资源的利用必须以保证现有湖泊生态系统的稳定为核心,在满足维持一个足够数量及年龄结构的繁殖群体的基础上,以获得最佳持续经济利益为目标。以往强调甚至采用的最大持续产量理论在高原极端环境条件下并不能作为鱼类资源利用的追求目标或确定渔产量的标准,而只能作为对其捕捞强度的参考。总的允许渔获量应当根据最适捕捞死亡率F0．2来确定。本文最后提出了色林错湖泊鱼类资源可持续利用的8条具体措施。     

A dataset from bottom trawl survey around Taiwan

Bottom trawl fishery is one of the most important coastal fisheries in Taiwan both in production and economic values. However, its annual production started to decline due to overfishing since the 1980s. Its bycatch problem also damages the fishery resource seriously. Thus, the government banned the bottom fishery within 3 nautical miles along the shoreline in 1989. To evaluate the effectiveness of this policy, a four year survey was conducted from 2000-2003, in the waters around Taiwan and Penghu (Pescadore) Islands, one region each year respectively. All fish specimens collected from trawling were brought back to lab for identification, individual number count and body weight measurement. These raw data have been integrated and established in Taiwan Fish Database (http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw). They have also been published through TaiBIF (http://taibif.tw), FishBase and GBIF (website see below). This dataset contains 631 fish species and 3,529 records, making it the most complete demersal fish fauna and their temporal and spatial distributional data on the soft marine habitat in Taiwan.     

Measurement error and survey design in sightability model development

Measurement error of explanatory variables used in sightability models can result in biased population estimates and associated measures of precision. We developed a Monte Carlo simulation procedure that can be implemented within the sightability model framework when measurement error is present. Additionally, we developed simulation and sample survey methods, for determining the optimal allocation of survey effort to maximize precision of population estimates for a fixed survey cost, when a complete survey of a study area is not feasible. We used data from aerial surveys of elk during 2004–2006 in Michigan to demonstrate the application of these techniques. By accounting for measurement error and applying appropriate survey design practices, managers employing sightability models may be able to generate more accurate and cost-effective population estimates and accompanying measures of precision than is possible if these techniques are ignored. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.