珠江水系广西江段鱼类多样性空间分布特征

研究对珠江水系广西江段15个站位的鱼类群落展开了调查, 共采集渔获物67985尾, 隶属于23科134种, 鲤形目种类(92种)最多, 占总数69%。采集到外来生物11种, 其中, 罗非鱼几乎遍布整个广西水域, 说明广西江段外来水生生物入侵严重。各江段以小型鱼类居多, 鱼类小型化严重。空间分布呈现一级河流物种多样性指数高, 均匀度高; 二级河流多样性指数低, 均匀度低的趋势。特别是经过十级水电开发后的红水河江段, 渔业资源量最低, 鱼类群落结构与其他江段具有显著的差异(P<0.05)。研究结果是珠江水系自然渔业资源长期调查的一部分, 将对广西渔业资源多样性的保护管理和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

基于划分强度的巢湖流域河流鱼类群落的空间格局

确定河流鱼类群落的空间分布特点是保护和管理鱼类多样性的科学基础。基于2013年10月对巢湖流域66个河道样点的调查数据,本文研究了水系、河流级别、生态亚区3个空间体系和鱼类分类聚类支系对鱼类群落空间分布的划分强度,解析了巢湖流域河流鱼类群落的空间分布特征。结果表明:河流鱼类群落与水系和河流级别无显著相关,但随生态亚区间显著变化;水系和河流级别对鱼类群落的划分强度较低,其组内相似性与组间相似性无显著差异;生态亚区的划分强度较高,组内相似性显著高于组间相似性;但同鱼类的分类聚类支系相比,生态亚区的划分强度却相对较低;巢湖流域河流鱼类群落的空间分布在一定程度上取决于陆地景观条件,也受景观因子以外的局域环境因素的影响。在未来的相关研究中,有必要进一步理清影响巢湖流域河流鱼类群落空间分布的关键环境因子,并探明这些关键因子的空间分布特征,从而为巢湖流域河流鱼类多样性的保护和管理提供科学基础。     

连江鱼类群落多样性及其与环境因子的关系

目前连江梯级开发至12级,为了解梯级开发后连江鱼类群落状况,于2009年3月和2010年4月对连江上、中、下游7个代表江段的鱼类群落结构以及环境因子分别进行了调查,共采集鱼类98种,分属于9目20科75属。海南墨头鱼Garra pingi hainanensis、南方长须鳅鮀Gobiobtia longibarba meridionalis为连江新纪录种。银鮈Squalidus argentatus、黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco、小鳈Sarcocheilichthys parvus、马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens、餐Hemiculter lecuisculus等小型鱼类在鱼类群落结构中占优势地位。对鱼类群落进行聚类分析(CLUSTER)和非度量多维标度排序(NMDS)分析结果表明连江鱼类被划分为3个类群,即下游河口类群、中下游类群及中上游类群;S2、S3两个站位鱼类物种多样性(H’)、丰富度(D’)和均匀度(J’)均高于其他站位。通过对连江各站位鱼类群落与环境因子的典型对应分析发现:河宽、温度、海拔、pH值和水坝之间的距离5个因子与鱼类群落相关性较强(P<0.05)。与历史资料对比后发现,连江鱼类种类、分布、生态类型都发生了巨大变化。     

柳江鱼类群落结构及多样性研究

为了解柳江鱼类群落结构、多样性及其与环境因子的关系, 2018年7月和12月在柳江9个江段(榕江、从江、融安、柳城、象州、永福、鹿寨、河池和宜州)开展鱼类和环境调查。共采集鱼类36474尾, 隶属于5目20科80属115种; 其中, 鲤科鱼类最多(68种), 占59.13%。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数的变化范围分别为2.13—3.12、0.81—0.93、0.58—0.80和4.65—7.18。鱼类优势种以银Squalidus argentatus、大眼华鳊Sinibrama macrops、胡Microphysogobio chenhsienensis、银鲴Xenocypris macrolepis和南方拟?Pseudohemiculter dispar等小型鱼类为主。丰度/生物量比较曲线表明, 宜州、榕江、鹿寨、柳城、象州和融安江段鱼类群落受到中度或严重干扰, 河池、从江和永福鱼类群落结构相对稳定。采用非度量多维标度排序(NMDS)方法对鱼类群落的时空分布特征进行分析, 将鱼类划分为3个类群: 柳江上游的从江-榕江类群, 洛清江支流的永福-鹿寨类群, 柳江中下游及龙江支流的融安-柳城-象州-河池-宜州类群。采用典范对应分析(CCA)分析鱼类群落与环境因子的关系, 发现河宽、海拔和pH是柳江鱼类群落结构差异的主要影响因子。与历史资料相比, 柳江鱼类群落结构发生显著变化, 经济鱼类占比减少, 鱼类个体呈现小型化和低龄化。建议从以下几个方面加强柳江鱼类多样性保护: 加强执法力度, 严厉打击偷捕、电捕等非法行为; 对主要经济鱼类开展增殖放流; 恢复河流的连通性; 对流域珍稀特有鱼类进行监测、救护和繁育。     

基于eDNA metabarcoding探究北京市主要河流鱼类分布及影响因素

使用eDNA宏条形码(eDNA metabarcoding)和地笼法检测了北京市3条水系在夏季和秋季两个季节的鱼类多样性, 旨在研究北京市鱼类群落的空间格局特征, 探索适用于北京鱼类生物多样性监测及保护的新方法。结果表明: 在北京市的34个采样点中, 利用eDNA metabarcoding共检测出鱼类55种, 显著高于传统方法所捕获的鱼类种数(35种), 鱼类组成以鲤形目和鲈形目为主。山区河流清水鱼的多样性要显著高于城区河流, 城区河流(北运河水系)群落结构较为单一, 以鲫(Carassius auratus)、麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)等耐污种为优势种; 山区河流(潮白河水系及大清河水系)以宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、拉氏鱥(Rhynchocypris lagowskii)、马口鱼(Opsariichthys uncirostris)等为优势种。不同季节影响清水鱼群落结构的环境因子不同, 夏季主要是总溶解固体和电导率, 秋季主要是海拔和温度。清水鱼丰富度与环境因子及人类活动的相关性表明, 清水鱼的丰富度随着总溶解固体及灯光指数增加而显著降低, 且均与海拔、温度等存在显著相关性。本研究证明了eDNA metabarcoding方法用于监测北京市鱼类多样性及其时空分布的可行性。     

珠江水系四大家鱼资源现状及空间分布特征研究

四大家鱼是我国淡水养殖和捕捞的主要对象, 但关于珠江水系四大家鱼资源状况的研究甚少。研究于2015—2016年对珠江全流域16个站位分春夏秋3个季节进行了全面调查, 调查的渔具主要为钩钓网、流刺网、定置刺网和虾笼。共采集四大家鱼965尾, 其中青鱼41尾、草鱼454尾、鲢351尾、鳙119尾, 均以1—2龄为主, 占所有个体的70%左右。四大家鱼主要分布于西江桂平至肇庆江段, 以及上游南盘江万峰湖库区江段。其在整个流域CPUE最高为南盘江鲁布革江段(5.68 kg); 而在中上游红水河大化、合山江段, 其资源量较低, CPUE值不足1.50 kg。重要的东江、柳江、郁江等支流, 资源量也较少, CPUE值不足2.00 kg。采用冗余分析方法(RDA)分析了四大家鱼种群空间分布格局与环境因子的关系, 发现河流等级、河流水电站总装机容量、径流量与河流深度是珠江水系四大家鱼空间分布格局差异的主要影响因子。总体上, 四大家鱼主要分布于干流, 鲢、鱅和草鱼的分布主要受径流量和河流深度的影响, 河流水电站的建设对草鱼分布的影响最大。研究结果将对渔业资源多样性保护和可持续利用具有指导意义。     

鄂尔多斯高原荒漠化草原与草原化荒漠灌木类群生物多样性的研究

研究了灌木群落生物多样性随环境梯度变化的分布特点并分析了各环境因子对群落生物多样性的影响．结果表明，灌木类群多样性取决于群落的空间配置，特别是群落的草本层组成．从荒漠化草原到草原化荒漠灌木类群的多样性逐渐减小；水分梯度变化是诸生态因子（ 地理坐标、年均温度、最冷、最热月均温、年均蒸发量、日照百分率、年均风速和年均沙暴日数等） 中对群落多样性影响最大的因子，但其显著性偏低，这主要是人类过度放牧和破坏给灌木群落的烙印远远超过了水分梯度变化的影响．     

广东鉴江水系底栖硅藻多样性与时空分布特征

为了解广东省鉴江水系底栖硅藻多样性和时空分布特征,对全流域进行了底栖硅藻采样调查。结果表明,从19个采样点4次采样中共检出底栖硅藻10科52属242种,其中舟形藻属(Navicula)、菱形藻属(Nitzschia)和异极藻属(Gomphonema)是优势类群,出现频次和相对丰度较高。硅藻多样性指数(丰富度、真香农多样性指数和真辛普森多样性指数)随河流等级呈现一定的空间分布特征,但它们季节变化不明显。底栖硅藻群落相异性在上游和下游河段较高,从一级到三级河流递减,四级河流又增加。底栖硅藻群落结构空间变化明显,季节变化显著。群落丰富度的稀疏曲线表明,热带河流底栖硅藻群落以400个体计数,不能完整反映底栖硅藻多样性。这些为鉴江水系河流健康监测和水生态保护奠定了基础。     

毛竹林节肢动物群落的组成与结构

通过对福建三明和沙县23块毛竹林试验标准地节肢动物群落1a的系统调查,结果表明:竹冠层节肢动物隶属于3纲、21目、124科、332种,林下层节肢动物隶属于3纲、22目、130科、349种。竹冠层和林下层类群分别有92.77%和94.54%的物种为稀有种或偶见种,林下层类群种-丰盛度关系符合对数正态分布。二类群目或功能集团的科、物种的数量分布相近,个体数量分布差异大。竹冠层类群以蜱螨目和同翅目为主,林下层类群以蜘蛛目、膜翅目、同翅目和双翅目为主。前者的科、物种以及个体数的益害比分别为1∶1.18、1∶0.83和1∶4.62,后者为1∶0.91、1∶0.85和1∶0.55。竹冠层类群的物种多样性和均匀度均显著低于林下层类群,植食性集团多样性在林下层类群各功能集团中最高,在竹冠层类群中则最低。群落和功能集团各参数对二类群多样性的影响均以相应类群总体的均匀度最大,功能集团因子中均以相应类群蜘蛛类的均匀度最大。人为排除群落优势种后,二类群的多样性均显著增加,但林下层类群增加的幅度显著低于竹冠层类群。植食性和中性集团作为空间食物种类资源能显著促进群落容纳较多天敌物种,天敌对二集团的空间数量跟随效应强,二集团与天敌的多样性之间相互促进。     

拉萨河中下游纤毛虫群落时空分布模式及其驱动机制

为了探究拉萨河中下游纤毛虫群落的组成模式、时空多样性格局及其维持机制, 本文于2015年5月和8月以及2016年10月在拉萨河中下游17个样点进行采样, 采用活体观察、鲁哥氏碘液固定染色以及Wilbert蛋白银法相结合的物种鉴定方法, 对纤毛虫群落结构进行了研究。通过Shannon多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、物种数分析群落结构时空上的差异性; 通过共现网络分析纤毛虫类群之间的相互作用; 通过冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)探讨水体理化因子对纤毛虫群落结构的影响。结果表明, Shannon多样性指数在季节和河段间没有显著性差异; Margalef丰富度指数、物种数在河段间存在极显著性差异; 中游和下游河段共现网络节点间的相关关系均以正相关为主; 溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总溶解盐(TDS)是影响纤毛虫群落结构的关键因子。综上所述, 拉萨河中下游纤毛虫群落结构在季节间没有显著差异, 在空间上具有显著差异; 纤毛虫在纲级水平上类群间的相互作用以协同作用为主导, 不同类群间存在复杂的相互作用, 整体上互作关系在春季较为复杂、夏季较为简单; 影响拉萨河中下游纤毛虫群落结构是多个环境因子共同作用的结果。     

Fish assemblage in the Pearl River Estuary: Spatial‐seasonal variation,environmental influence and trends over the past three decades

The Pearl River Estuary is the largest estuary in South China and plays a considerable role in the local fisheries economy, yet little is known about the current state of fish assemblage in this ecosystem. To quantify spatial‐seasonal variations, environmental influences, and trends over the past three decades of the fish assemblage in the Pearl River Estuary, we sampled 11 sites seasonally from December 2013 to September 2016. Throughout the study, 285 species from 88 families and 195 genera were collected. There were obvious spatial and seasonal variations of the fish assemblage in terms of the dominant species, species richness, and composition of ecological types. Mouth distance, NH₄⁺ N, chlorophyll‐a, flow, DO, salinity and water transparency were the main variables influencing the spatial‐temporal dynamic of fishes within the estuarine systems. Compared with the record of 330 species in the 1980s, the number of fish species in the Pearl River Estuary has declined by 45 fish species. The Jaccard's similarity of fish composition between the historical investigation (the 1980's) and the present investigation (2013–2016) was 0.62, with 95 species undiscovered and 50 species increased in the present study compared to the 1980s, indicating the assemblage structure has obviously changed. However, in term of ecological guilds, there was no significant difference in the composition of all the selected ecological traits between these two periods. Anthropogenic activities including overfishing, introducing alien fish, dam construction and pollution were considered the main disturbance on fish composition over the past three decades. We conclude that there existed pronounced spatiotemporal changes of fish assemblages, which arises from the compounding effects of environmental factors and anthropogenic activities. These findings are beneficial to understanding and developing suitable conservation strategies for the management and protection of fish resources in the Pearl River Estuary.     

Changes in fish bycatch during the shrimp fishing season along the eastern coast of the mouth of the Gulf of California

One of the main concerns of shrimp fisheries is the associated impact on ecosystem biodiversity, particularly on fish assemblages that are poorly characterized yet likely very relevant to the health of the ecosystem. The continental shelf along the eastern coast of the mouth of the Gulf of California is a region of high biodiversity that harbors highly productive fisheries. This study aimed to analyze the changes in the soft bottom fish assemblages caught as bycatch in the shrimp fishery located in this region. Sampling was conducted with commercial trawls at 16 fixed stations during the 2006–2007 shrimp‐fishing season. A total of 103 fish species from 80 genera and 47 families were collected. The ecological and taxonomic diversity as well as the composition and abundance of the fish community caught as bycatch in the shrimp trawl fishery were found to be significantly different in the autumn and winter. Ordination and similarity analyses also revealed differing patterns. Species abundance was strongly associated with sea bottom temperature, depth and latitude. The effects of these abiotic variables on the observed diversity patterns and the possible influences of the fishery are discussed.     

Native bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix populations in the Pearl River are threatened by Yangtze River introductions as revealed by mitochondrial DNA

Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix have been two economically important aquaculture species in China for centuries. In the past decades, bighead and silver carp have been introduced from the Yangtze River to many river systems in China, including the Pearl River, in annual, large-scale, stocking activities to enhance wild fisheries. Nonetheless, few studies have assessed the ecological or genetic impacts of such introductions on native conspecific fish populations. An mtDNA D-loop segment of 978 bp from 213 bighead carp samples from 9 populations and a 975 bp segment from 204 silver carp samples from 10 populations were obtained to evaluate genetic diversity and population integrity. Results from a haplotype network analysis revealed that most haplotypes of the Pearl River clustered with those of Yangtze River origin and only a small proportion were distinct, suggesting that both the native Pearl River bighead and silver carp populations are currently dominated by genetic material from the Yangtze River. The genetic diversity of Pearl River populations is high in both species because of this inter-population gene flow, but the diversity of native Pearl River populations is low. To preserve the native genetic diversity, stocking of non-native fingerlings should cease immediately and native Pearl River bighead and silver carp fish farms should be established. This research demonstrates the danger to native biodiversity across China because of the substantial, ongoing stock-enhancement activities without prior genetic assessment.     

尼罗罗非鱼早期发育形态及其在珠江水系的空间分布

【背景】罗非鱼作为联合国粮农组织（FAO）向全世界推广养殖的优良品种之一,有多个品系,其养殖范围已遍布85个国家和地区。1956年我国从越南引进莫桑比克罗非鱼,经过养殖及推广,2006年我国罗非鱼产量达到100万t。但是,该外来物种在给我国带来良好经济价值的同时,对土著种类及水环境造成了极大的影响。【方法】对近几年珠江水系渔获物的调查数据进行整理,并观察尼罗罗非鱼早期发育形态,统计尼罗罗非鱼苗对其他鱼苗的最大捕食量及捕食规格,以分析罗非鱼生物学特性及其在珠江水系的入侵现状。【结果】尼罗罗非鱼早期发育快,卵黄营养非常丰富,比珠江水系土著种类更有竞争性;罗非鱼苗呈现很强的攻击性与捕食性;尼罗罗非鱼已经扩散到珠江水系各主要河流,并在部分江段形成优势种群。【结论与意义】尼罗罗非鱼种群快速扩张,对土著种已构成严重威胁,有必要将其列为珠江水系高危入侵种。     

Use of artificial structures to enhance fish diversity in the Youjiang River,a dammed river of the Pearl River in China

The fragmentation and homogenization of habitats have seriously affected the fishery resources of the Pearl River. To protect the fishery resources, a novel artificial habitat, constructed using bamboo and palm slices, was deployed in the Youjiang River, a tributary of the Pearl River in China. The results of field and laboratory experiments showed that fish abundance, species richness and Shannon–Wiener diversity index were higher in the artificial habitats than at the control sites. There was no significant impact on fish biomass, as the artificial habitats attracted more Cultrinae and Gobioninae fish that are of a smaller size. Artificial habitats can serve as spawning grounds for fish that produce sticky eggs and refuges that improve the survival rates of juvenile fishes. This study revealed that this novel artificial habitat created suitable habitats and suitable spawning substrate for fish, improved fish richness and diversity in the structureless freshwater ecosystem like the Youjiang River.     

三峡水库蓄水后长江上游鱼类群聚沿河流-水库梯度的空间格局

研究对2005—2012年长江上游合江、木洞、万州和秭归江段的鱼类群聚结构进行了调查, 以分析三峡水库蓄水后长江上游鱼类群聚沿河流-水库梯度的空间格局。结果显示, 在三峡蓄水后, 在合江至秭归江段累计采集到土著鱼类368706尾, 合计132种, 隶属于17科, 其中鲤科鱼类为优势类群。沿河流-水库纵向梯度, 土著鱼类物种数下降而外来鱼类物种数增加。对应分析表明, 合江至秭归江段的鱼类群聚呈现出明显分化: 库区以上河段鱼类组成以流水性鱼类为主, 库区鱼类则以静水缓流型为主。指示物种分析进一步指出, 河流区鱼类以犁头鳅(Lepturichthys fimbriata)、红唇薄鳅(Leptobotia rubrilabris)、圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)、圆筒吻(Rhinogobio cylindricus)等22种鱼类为指示物种, 其功能群特征表现为偏好流水生境、生活史为均衡主义及食性为昆虫食性; 库区鱼类以宽口光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus monticolus)、宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)等16种鱼类为指示物种, 其功能群特征表现为偏好静水生境、食性为草食性或浮游食性。以上研究表明, 三峡水库蓄水导致的水环境变化是影响长江上游鱼类纵向格局的主要驱动力。建议相关管理部门根据不同河段鱼类群聚特征制定不同的渔业管理措施, 如保护土著鱼类资源、控制外来入侵鱼类。