虾-鱼-贝-藻生态优化养殖及其水质生物调控技术研究

建立了一种虾、鱼、贝、藻多池循环水生态优化养殖模式及水质生物调控系统,包括对虾养殖、鱼类养殖、贝类养殖和大型海藻栽培等4个不同功能养殖区,1个水处理区以及1条应急排水渠。通过在封闭循环系统内不同池塘中放养生态位互补的经济动植物对虾池水环境进行生物调控。结果表明,循环水养殖系统内虾池水层悬浮物数量、COD值、氨态氮和硝酸态氮含量比对照组对虾单养池明显降低(P<0·01)。养殖排放水不处于富营养化状态(E<1)。对虾饲料产出对虾0.667kg·kg-1、罗非鱼0.037kg·kg-1、牡蛎0.738kg·kg-1、江蓠0.437kg·kg-1,净增产值2.01元。投入产出比由对虾单养的0.588降低为优化生态养殖的0.235。该养殖模式不仅实现了虾池水环境的生物调控与养殖用水的零排放,且显著提高了饲料利用率和经济效益,具有防病、环保、高效等优点。     

凡纳对虾淡化养殖池浮游纤毛虫研究

在对虾养殖环境,纤毛虫能摄食大量的腐质和藻类,促进对虾养殖水体的自身净化;但缘毛类 Peritrichida 和吸管虫类Suctorida纤毛虫能大量固着生活在对虾的附肢、鳃等部位,是对虾养殖的重要危害生物。在我国,对海水、盐碱池和淡水养殖环境的浮游动物(包括纤毛虫)有较多的研究,对河口区斑节对虾淡化养殖环境浮游生物也有报道,本文报道了珠海市斗门区某凡纳对虾 Litopenaeus vannamei(南美白对虾)养殖基地44口淡化养殖虾池浮游纤毛虫种类及数量组成, 并对其中 1-5号虾池养殖过程中的纤毛虫种群的动态变化进行了研究,以期为凡纳对虾淡化养殖提供参考。       

高位虾池养殖过程浮游植物群落的演替

通过对湛江东海岛北寮村和庵里村各2个高位虾池养殖过程的浮游植物演替和主要理化因子进行调查,研究浮游植物群落的演替过程对高位虾池的健康养殖的影响.结果表明:4池共检出浮游植物7门76属140种;对虾生长正常的北寮高位虾池演替优势种主要有螺旋环沟藻、椭圆扁胞藻、海链藻、湖泊束球藻密胞变种、裸甲藻、卵囊藻、微囊藻、锥形斯克里普藻、色球藻和尖尾蓝隐藻等,而对虾发病的庵里高位虾池演替优势种主要有铜绿微囊藻、柔弱布纹藻、咖啡形双眉藻、小席藻、卷曲鱼腥藻、水生集胞藻、衣藻、尖尾蓝隐藻和螺旋环沟藻等,北寮正常虾池浮游植物种类(包括优势种)较对虾发病的庵里虾池多而复杂;对虾生长正常池优势种的演替快而门类交替,而对虾发病池呈现硅藻到蓝藻优势的演替;对虾生长正常池浮游植物密度随养殖过程延伸呈上升态势,而对虾发病池浮游植物密度初期增加病害后下降;养殖过程浮游植物密度与主要理化因子的相关关系不显著;对虾生长正常的北寮高位池多样性指数与均匀度高于对虾发病的庵里高位池,而优势度却较低.水体理化因子变化平缓,浮游植物有较高的多样性指数和均匀度、较低的优势度对于稳定虾池养殖水环境有重要作用.     

虾-鱼-贝-藻养殖结构优化试验研究

本研究建立了一种虾、鱼、贝、藻优化养殖结构及水质调控系统,该系统包括对虾养殖、鱼类养殖、贝类养殖、大型海藻栽培等4个功能不同的养殖区,1个益生菌及微藻培养区和1个水处理区以及1条应急排水渠。通过在封闭循环水养殖系统内不同池塘中放养生态位互补的对虾、口孵非鲫、牡蛎、江蓠等经济动植物,对虾池水质环境进行生物调控与自我修复。结果表明,循环水养殖系统内虾池水层悬浮物数量、COD值、氨态氮和总氮含量比对照组对虾单养池明显降低。养殖后排放水不处于富营养化状态(E<1)。投入每千克对虾饲料生产0.667kg对虾,同时生产0.037kg口孵非鲫、0.738kg牡蛎、0.437kg江蓠,相当于净增产值2.01元。投入与产出比,对虾单养为0.671,优化生态养殖为0.235,明显降低。该养殖模式不仅实现了虾池水质环境的自我修复与调控及养殖期间用水的零排放,而且饲料利用率大幅度提高,经济效益显著增加,还具有防病性、环保性、高效性等优点。     

虾池拟柱胞藻爆发的生态因子调查

2002～2003年,在广东珠三角地区凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)低盐度养殖虾池水体生态的调查过程中发现部分虾池爆发拟柱胞藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii).在调查的低盐度虾池中,共统计20个拟柱胞藻爆发的虾池,其种群密度平均高达7.74×10⁷ filaments·L^-1,平均优势度达47.0%.虾池水体平均水温为30.3℃,pH为8.9,盐度1.4,透明度19cm,化学耗氧量为24.3mg·L^-1.拟柱胞藻爆发的虾池水体环境表现为高水温、高pH、高有机质、低盐度且水体不断被搅动;通常爆发在对虾养殖的中后期富营养化水体.调查发现大量的拟柱胞藻对虾池其它藻类和微生物菌群表现一定的抑制作用,蓝纤维藻和小环藻等少数藻种可与拟柱胞藻形成共优势种.拟柱胞藻为广东珠三角凡纳滨对虾低盐度虾池重要优势藻种,且以螺旋型为主.     

虾-贝-红树林耦合循环水养殖系统中微生物群落分析

海水循环水养殖系统是重要的生态养殖模式发展趋势之一, 为了深入了解循环水养殖生态系统, 通过对系统各功能区水体中细菌16S rRNA基因V4V5区进行高通量测序和生物信息学分析, 从微生物生态学角度分析了循环水养殖系统不同功能区的细菌群落结构动态。测序分析结果显示, 海水循环水养殖系统中优势细菌种群分别属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)。红树林湿地水体中变形菌门和厚壁菌门丰度较高, 而对虾养殖池的拟杆菌门和浮霉菌门丰度较高。在不同优势类群中, 变形菌门多样性指数平均值最高, 其次是拟杆菌门, 厚壁菌门最低。在各功能区中, 红树林细菌多样性最高, 虾池最低。MDS分析结果显示虾池、贝池和红树林湿地水体中细菌群落结构有明显差异, 虾池与其他功能区差异最大。研究表明, 高密度对虾养殖对虾池水体中细菌群落有显著影响, 但其影响在循环水养殖系统后续功能区中逐渐减弱。     

固定化微藻对虾池弧菌数量动态的影响

引入固定化波吉卵囊藻(Oocystis borgei)和微绿球藻(Nannochloris oculata)于凡纳对虾(Litop Penaeus vannamei)养殖环境中,检测水体、对虾胃和后肠中弧菌的数量变化,研究固定化微藻对虾池弧数量动态影响。结果表明:波吉卵囊藻培养液中9d后不能检测出弧菌,微绿球藻培养液中15d后不能检测出弧菌。引入固定化波吉卵囊藻和微绿球藻的褐藻胶藻珠能抑制弧菌的生长,实验组养殖水体、对虾胃和后肠中弧菌的数量都比对照组低;抑制效果是固定化波吉卵囊藻和微绿球藻混合固定化波吉卵囊藻固定化微绿球藻;试验后期实验组弧菌的数量明显低于试验前期。试验期间固定化波吉卵囊藻和微绿球藻的生物量分别增加了约10倍和17倍,证明它们的生理活性不会因固定化而受干扰。因此,固定化微藻可应用于虾池微生态调控防病。       

两种对虾养殖模式下池塘底泥耗氧速率的研究

通过采集试验前后池塘不同位点的底泥沉积物,就对虾单养和虾蛤混养两种模式下底泥耗氧速率(SOD)做初步研究,探讨不同水温和有机质含量对不同养殖模式池塘底泥SOD 的影响。结果表明,在对虾单养和虾贝混养两种模式下池塘底泥SOD都随着水温的升高而升高,且呈良好的幂指数相关,相关系数R2分别为0.979 9、0.990 5;SOD与有机质含量相关性显著(P<0.05)。对不同养殖模式下虾池底泥SOD 分析表明,虾蛤混养池与对虾单养池的SOD 差异极显著 (P<0.01);在相同养殖模式下,SOD试验初期小于试验后期(P<0.05)。在相同时期,单养虾池底泥的SOD 高于虾蛤混养池(P<0.05)。     

沙蚕移植在对虾养殖中的应用及生态效益

日本刺沙蚕属广盐性种 ,在我国 3～ 4月生殖 ,生殖时亲体群浮 ;其幼虫在 6刚节之前营浮游生活 ,以后随海流漂至河口低盐区开始下沉营底栖生活。对虾养殖可利用这一生活习性选择有利的海区和潮汐时间纳苗或移植亲体 ,使沙蚕在虾池中大量栖居 ,既为对虾提供动物性活饵 ,带动对虾生产过程 ;又可以净化底质 ,保持虾池良好的物质循环和水质     

沙蚕移植在对是养殖中的应用及生态效益

日本刺沙蚕属广盐性种,在我国３～４月生殖,生死时亲体群;其幼虫在６刚节之前营浮游生活以后随海流漂至河口卤区开始下沉营底栖生活对虾养殖可利用这一生活习性选择有利的海区和潮汐时间纳苗或亲体,使沙蚕在虾池中大量栖居,既为对虾提供动物性活铒,带动对虾生产过程;又争化底质,保持虾池良好的物质特征和水质。     

生态理念下对虾健康养殖发展建议

随着对虾产业的不断壮大,对虾类水产养殖过程中疾病频发、水环境污染等问题日益突出,其品种和养殖模式的多样化使得这一矛盾更加难以解决。本文回顾了中国对虾产业50年发展过程中的疾病伴生史,并从生态学视角重新审视了对虾病原体的发生、进化以及与对虾免疫系统的关系,进而提出避免药物滥用、防重于治、注重对虾选育工作、基于生态系统方法开展对虾养殖工作等建议,以期将来人们能够更加重视生态系统健康,把One Health理念应用到水产养殖的生产实践中,真正实现对虾养殖的健康可持续发展。     

对虾病毒病研究现状

对虾病毒病已严重危害世界对虾养殖业的发展,引起国内外学者的广泛关注。对近几年来对虾病毒病的研究现状和动态进行了概述,重点介绍了杆状病毒科(Baculoviridae)、细小病毒科(Parvoviridae)、呼肠孤病毒科(Reoviridae)、虹彩病毒科(Iridoviridae)、小RNA病毒科(Picornaviridae)、弹状病毒科(Rhabdoviridae)、被膜病毒科(Togaviridae)等几个科15种对虾病毒的特征、临床症状、病理特征、宿主范围和主要检测方法;对病毒病的传播途径、防治措施和存在的问题也进行了简要介绍。     

吐尔吉山水库养殖季细菌数量动态及其鱼产力的研究

对吐尔吉山水库养殖季细菌数量测定表明：细菌数波动在０．２６×１０６～１８．６３×１０６ｃｅｌｓ／ｍｌ,高峰期出现在８～１０月。水库有草区细菌数明显高于无草区。浮游生物、ＣＯＤ、ＮＨ＋４－Ｎ及ＰＯ３－４－Ｐ与细菌数之间均无明显相关性。细菌数在水库表、底水层未见显著差异。养殖季细菌的平均世代时间为５２ｈ,日生长常数（ｋ）０．３８,细菌生产量１．５９ｍｇ／ｌ·ｄ,占浮游植物初级产量的２７％。养殖季细菌可提供４．７６ｇ／ｍ３的鱼产量。     

Transboundary movement of shrimp viruses in crustaceans and their products: a special risk?

Shrimp and shrimp products form the most valuable internationally traded fisheries commodity, and the volumes are huge, estimated to be about 3.6 million tonnes. However, despite the existence under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, of the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) and the activities of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), viral shrimp epizootics have spread and continue to spread, affecting world production. Though most attention has focussed on the movement of live shrimp product, the spread of new and emerging diseases through other crustaceans and their nonviable products is of increasing concern. The risks associated with the unrestricted movement of nonviable product will be outlined and measures that can be taken to mitigate the risk are discussed. Ultimately, for crustacean diseases, the paradigm under which the OIE has operated for the past 80 years needs to change.     

Virus diseases of farmed shrimp in the Western Hemisphere (the Americas): a review

Penaeid shrimp aquaculture is an important industry in the Americas, and the industry is based almost entirely on the culture of the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Western Hemisphere shrimp farmers in 14 countries in 2004 produced more than 200,000 metric tons of shrimp, generated more than $2 billion in revenue, and employed more than 500,000 people. Disease has had a major impact on shrimp aquaculture in the Americas since it became a significant commercial entity in the 1970s. Diseases due to viruses, rickettsial-like bacteria, true bacteria, protozoa, and fungi have emerged as major diseases of farmed shrimp in the region. Many of the bacterial, fungal and protozoan caused diseases are managed using improved culture practices, routine sanitation, and the use of chemotherapeutics. However, the virus diseases have been far more problematic to manage and they have been responsible for the most costly epizootics. Examples include the Taura syndrome pandemic that began in 1991-1992 when the disease emerged in Ecuador, and the subsequent White Spot Disease pandemic that followed its introduction to Central America from Asia in 1999. Because of their socioeconomic significance to shrimp farming, seven of the nine crustacean diseases listed by the World Animal Organization (OIE) are virus diseases of shrimp. Of the seven virus diseases of penaeid shrimp, five are native to the Americas or have become enzootic following their introduction. The shrimp virus diseases in the Americas are increasingly being managed by exclusion using a combination of biosecurity and the practice of culturing domesticated specific pathogen-free (SPF) stocks or specific pathogen-resistant (SPR) stocks. Despite the significant challenges posed by disease, the shrimp farming industry of the Americas has responded to the challenges posed by disease and it has developed methods to manage its diseases and mature into a sustainable industry.     

Costs and benefits of freedom from shrimp diseases in the European Union

The growth in penaeid shrimp aquaculture has been mirrored by the emergence of a number of serious diseases, some of which (e.g. white spot syndrome virus - WSSV) spread rapidly across the globe through movement of infected stock. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) lists six penaeid shrimp pathogens of which three are notifiable in the EU: WSSV (listed as non-exotic to the EU), Taura syndrome virus (TSV) and yellow head disease (YHD) (both listed as exotic). EU Member States (MS) must determine a status for non-exotic diseases (e.g. disease free, unknown, infected). In developing a policy for WSSV, import risk analysis (IRA) can be used to systematically assess the risks of introduction and justify risk mitigation to maintain freedom. OIE guidelines recommend that countries assess the risk of disease introduction via commodities, not listed by the OIE as safe, and apply sanitary measures if necessary. The sanitary measures necessary to maintain freedom from WSSV may not be compatible with current EU animal health legislation. The recent revision by OIE of products listed as safe for international trade strengthens the case for the risks of TSV and YHD introduction into the EU to be assessed. Freedom from WSSV is an important criterion for the development of shrimp aquaculture in the EU. However, in developing disease control policy, governments need to balance the potentially competing interests of all stakeholders, including consumers. Thus economic modelling of the impact of possible sanitary measures on consumer prices of imported products is needed to support decision making. The creation of disease free compartments and post-import risk mitigation for commodities may create the conditions conducive to the development of shrimp aquaculture whilst minimising the costs of maintaining disease freedom.     

Response of host–bacterial colonization in shrimp to developmental stage,environment and disease

The host‐associated microbiota is increasingly recognized to facilitate host fitness, but the understanding of the underlying ecological processes that govern the host–bacterial colonization over development and, particularly, under disease remains scarce. Here, we tracked the gut microbiota of shrimp over developmental stages and in response to disease. The stage‐specific gut microbiotas contributed parallel changes to the predicted functions, while shrimp disease decoupled this intimate association. After ruling out the age‐discriminatory taxa, we identified key features indicative of shrimp health status. Structural equation modelling revealed that variations in rearing water led to significant changes in bacterioplankton communities, which subsequently affected the shrimp gut microbiota. However, shrimp gut microbiotas are not directly mirrored by the changes in rearing bacterioplankton communities. A neutral model analysis showed that the stochastic processes that govern gut microbiota tended to become more important as healthy shrimp aged, with 37.5% stochasticity in larvae linearly increasing to 60.4% in adults. However, this defined trend was skewed when disease occurred. This departure was attributed to the uncontrolled growth of two candidate pathogens (over‐represented taxa). The co‐occurrence patterns provided novel clues on how the gut commensals interact with candidate pathogens in sustaining shrimp health. Collectively, these findings offer updated insight into the ecological processes that govern the host–bacterial colonization in shrimp and provide a pathological understanding of polymicrobial infections.     

对虾无公害高效防病养殖系统的建立

本文报道了一种不需要进行水交换的新型对虾养殖模式--对虾无公害高效防病养殖系统,这种养殖系统以新型底部增氧、微生物降解和饵料控制为技术核心。具有防病性、环保性和高效性等优点;简要介绍了这种养殖系统的原理、操作要点和主要特点,分析了这种养殖系统的意义和应用前景。     

Application of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins in the control of terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases: a review

Oral administration of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) has attracted considerable attention as a means of controlling infectious diseases of bacterial and viral origin. Oral administration of IgY possesses many advantages compared with mammalian IgG including cost-effectiveness, convenience and high yield. This review presents an overview of the potential to use IgY immunotherapy for the prevention and treatment of terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases and speculates on the future of IgY technology. Included are a review of the potential application of IgY for the treatment of livestock diseases such as mastitis and diarrhea, poultry diseases such as Salmonella, Campylobacteriosis, infectious bursal disease and Newcastle disease, as well as aquatic diseases like shrimp white spot syndrome virus, Yersina ruckeri and Edwardsiella tarda. Some potential obstacles to the adoption of IgY technology are also discussed.