用氨基酸分析仪测定茶氨酸

茶氨酸是茶中主要的和特有的氨基酸。除山茶、茶梅等茶科植物外,至今尚未在其它植物中检出。茶叶中茶氨酸的含量甚高,约占游离氨基酸总量的50—70％,直接影响茶树的新陈代谢和茶叶品质。绿茶茶氨酸含量与滋味等级呈正相关,红茶汤味也受茶氨酸     

鱼腥草种质资源氨基酸组成及含量分析

分别对鱼腥草16个不同居群幼嫩地上和地下部分的氨基酸成分进行高效液相色谱分析。结果发现,鱼腥草不同居群的氨基酸含量不尽相同,同一居群幼嫩地上茎叶和地下茎的氨基酸含量也有差异,多以地上茎叶高于地下茎。在分析的17种氨基酸中,所有居群均含有16种氨基酸,都不含Cys-SS-Cys。地上部分氨基酸中Glu含量最高,His含量最低;地下部分氨基酸中Glu含量最高,Tyr含量最低。地上部分氨基酸总量以W01-16为最高,而地下部分氨基酸总量以W01-99为最高,分别为27.89mg/g和15.46mg/g。蕺菜与峨眉蕺菜间氨基酸成分间无显著差别。鱼腥草种质资源氨基酸含量与染色体数目间相关不显著。     

氨基酸在茶叶中的分布、变化及其提高途径

<正> 氨基酸是茶叶中的重要含氮物质。很多氨基酸是组成蛋白质的基本单位,同时又是合成许多与代谢产物有关的生理活性物质先质。茶叶中的氨基酸种类很多,已发现的有25种以上,主要分布在叶、茎、根、果等部位。众多氨基酸中,以茶氨酸、谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、精氨酸等含量较高,尤以茶氨酸含量最为突出,通常要占氨基酸总量的     

秃房茶嘌呤生物碱组成特点及生化品质成分的研究

该研究采用分光光度法和高效液相色谱法,分不同叶位对秃房茶(Camellia gymnogyna)的嘌呤生物碱组成特点以及茶多酚、儿茶素组分、游离氨基酸、黄酮、茶氨酸等生化品质成分进行了测定。结果表明:秃房茶的嘌呤生物碱组成及配比显著区别于茶叶植物凤凰单从(C.sinensis),同时具有可可碱、咖啡碱和苦茶碱三种组分,而且可可碱含量最多,为13.46~39.72 mg·g~(-1),咖啡碱含量最低,为0.51~2.02 mg·g~(-1),苦茶碱含量介于两者中间并随芽叶成熟度增加而升高。茶叶植物只存在咖啡碱和可可碱,含量变化分别为22.22~53.13 mg·g~(-1)和0.47~12.82 mg·g~(-1)。在相同叶位中,秃房茶儿茶素组分含量变化规律为EGCGCECGEGCECGCCGGCG,且儿茶素总量、酯型儿茶素含量均低于茶叶植物,而非酯型儿茶素总量接近,保持为40~50 mg·g~(-1)。除黄酮含量在各叶位变化趋势不大外,其他品质成分含量变化基本符合第1叶芽第2叶第3叶第4叶,一芽二叶的含量介于第1叶和第2叶之间的规律,而茶多酚、黄酮、茶氨酸等其它品质成分含量均低于茶叶植物。该研究首次明确了秃房茶主要生化品质成分变化规律,特别是嘌呤生物碱的组成及配比特点,且含有特征性成分—苦茶碱。该研究结果为生物碱代谢机理、特异茶加工、功能成分开发、低咖啡碱资源、选育种等提供了优良材料。     

三叶虫茶营养成分的分析与评价

通过与老鹰茶虫酿茶和一些品牌绿茶的对比,对三叶虫茶的一般营养成分、茶的生化特征、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成、维生素、矿物质元素进行分析和营养评价,为开发三叶虫茶提供科学依据。方法:用常规方法分析其主要营养素和生化成分;用氨基酸分析仪分析氨基酸组成,并采用WHO推荐的蛋白质模式对蛋白质进行营养评价;维生素和矿物元素含量直接说明其营养功能。三叶虫茶含有36.44%的水浸出物,16.28%的茶多酚、1.39%的氨基酸;氨基酸的种类较为齐全,总含量与传统茶叶相当,9种人体必需氨基酸的总量达到0.722%,是传统茶叶的3~12倍,特别是赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸的含量远远高于常规茶叶,而这4种氨基酸在一般植物食品中都是限制性氨基酸;但其茶氨酸、天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸的含量远远低于常规茶叶,而这3种氨基酸对改善茶汤滋味具有重要作用;三叶虫茶中脂肪酸含量为1.23%,其中多不饱和脂肪酸占35.25%;钙、磷、镁含量较高,铁、铜、锌、锰等的含量丰富;维生素C和维生素E含量与普通茶叶相当。三叶虫茶营养丰富,具备常规茶叶的一些生化特征,可作为茶饮料的代用品;若与普通茶叶混合使用,能在滋味和营养价值上实现互补。     

烤烟根系分泌物中单糖的组分含量及其相关分析

以4个不同烤烟品种为研究材料,采用盆栽试验,运用高效毛细管区带电泳法测定各品种根际土、非根际土、根系及叶片中的单糖组分及含量,并分析其相关关系,探究根系分泌物中糖类的分泌特性。结果表明：在各样品中,共检出木糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、核糖、阿拉伯糖和鼠李糖6种糖;不同品种根际土、非根际土、根系及叶片中检出的糖组分及含量均存在差异;同一品种中,叶片最高,根系次之,根际土和非根际土最低;相关性分析表明,木糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、鼠李糖和半乳糖总量在根际土、非根际土、叶片和根系间呈正相关关系,各单糖组分间均呈正相关关系,部分组分呈显著或极显著相关关系。研究表明,不同烤烟品种根系分泌这些单糖存在品种差异,且根系分泌单糖可能是一个沿浓度梯度的扩散过程。     

贵州五种野山茶种子氨基酸及脂肪酸成分含量的研究

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和氨基酸比值系数法,对贵州五种野山茶种子氨基酸和主要脂肪酸成分含量进行了研究。结果表明:(1)五种野山茶种子中均含有13种氨基酸,不同种类的氨基酸总量差异极显著,必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸含量的差异显著(P0.01,P0.05),且第一限制性氨基酸含量不同;长柱红山茶(Camellia longistyla)和贵州红山茶(C.kweichouensis)的氨基酸总量及人体必需氨基酸含量分别为33.01、13.29和26.33、10.38 mg·g~(-1)。(2)不同种类种子的千粒重、含油率、含水率皆呈显著差异(P0.01,P0.05),种子含油率与不饱和脂肪酸含量显著正相关(R=0.556、P0.05),种子不饱和脂肪酸含量与棕榈酸、饱和脂肪酸含量极显著负相关(R=-0.791,P0.01;R=-0.776,P0.01),其中长柱红山茶和贵州红山茶种子的含油率和不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为43.93%、71.89%和43.91%、71.85%。(3)小黄花茶(C.luteoflora)、皱叶瘤果茶(C.rhytidophylla)、贵州红山茶、长柱红山茶、美丽红山茶(C.delicata)所含必需氨基酸与总氨基酸比值分别为44.9、43.3、39.0、40.9、33.8,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值分别为81.6、76.4、64.0、67.4、51.0,除了美丽红山茶的比值系数偏低外,其余4种均达到了WHO/FAO的理想蛋白质标准,种子蛋白质均具有较高的营养价值,其中长柱红山茶和贵州红山茶的种子含油脂质量等级指标接近我国现行茶油标准(GB11765—2003),可以作为重要的优质油茶种质资源加以开发利用。     

大杯香菇辐射新株系各类氨基酸的遗传主成分分析

对大杯香菇辐射选育新株系的各类氨基酸总量进行了遗传主成分分析。结果表明,变异系数最大的为硫氨基酸总量,达到13．39％;其次为儿童氨基酸总量,变异系数为7．00％;其它变异系数较小分别为甜味氨基酸总量、芳香族氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、支链氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸总量为5．69％、5．64％、5．19％、5．24％和5．06％;在相关性上,鲜味氨基酸总量与甜味氨基酸总量、支链氨基酸总量、芳香族氨基酸总量、儿童氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸总量是呈极显著和显著的正相关,甜味氨基酸总量与支链氨基酸总量、儿童氨基酸总量和芳香族氨基酸总量呈极显著和显著的正相关,硫氨基酸总量与儿童氨基酸总量呈极显著负相关,与必需氨基酸总量是呈极显著正相关;支链氨基酸总量与芳香族氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量是呈极显著,与儿童氨基酸总量呈显著正相关;芳香族氨基酸总量与儿童氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸总量是呈极显著和显著的正相关;主成分分析结果表明,前4个特征根在7个特征根中累计贡献率达97．14％,也就是前4个主成分对变异的贡献率达96．07％。在各类氨基酸总量指标选择上,首先对变异大的各类氨基酸总量进行选择是及其重要的。在辐射选育新株系选择时,应注意选择大杯香菇中硫氨基酸总量高的新株系。     

几种茶叶生化成分及其抗氧化活性分析

目的：比较白茶与绿茶、红茶生化成分的差异,探讨生化成分与抗氧化活性的关系。方法：以寿眉、安吉白茶及白琳工夫分别为白茶、绿茶、红茶代表,分析茶叶成分,测定茶汤抗氧化活性,并对二者进行相关性分析。结果：总黄酮含量与年份呈正相关关系,而咖啡碱则相对稳定;白茶茶多酚及儿茶素含量均低于绿茶,但其酯型儿茶素所占比重显著高于绿茶,且游离氨基酸、茶氨酸及总黄酮含量也显著高于其他两种茶类;EGC所占比重与酯型儿茶素均与茶汤抗氧化活性有较强的相关性。结论：白茶与其他茶在成分和抗氧化性上均有显著差异;EGCG与抗氧化活性相关性最强。     

湖南茶叶植物资源的评价

对城步峒茶、江华苦茶、汝城白毛茶和云台山种等湖南茶叶植物资源的主要化学成分、光合特性和生产性状进行了研究。结果表明,茶多酚与儿茶素含量从高到低依次为汝城白毛茶、江华苦茶、城步峒茶、云台山种;各资源的游离氨基酸、茶氨酸和咖啡碱含量均为正常水平;汝城白毛茶属高茶多酚资源,它所含生物碱的组成方式与毛叶茶龙门模式种不同,虽可可碱和茶叶碱含量比茶种高,但仍以咖啡碱为主。在阴天阴凉条件下的净光合速率为汝城白毛茶＞城步峒茶＞江华苦茶＞云台山种,净光合速率与光量子通量、叶面温度呈极显著正相关,与气孔阻力呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为０９２７８、０９１１５和－０８９３７。在晴天高温度强光条件下,净光合速率为云台山种＞城步峒茶＞江华苦茶＞汝城白毛花,净光合速率与光量子通量、叶面温度和气孔阻力都呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为－０９１６５、－０９３２８、－０９０３１。在主要生产性状中,汝城白毛茶能安全通过－６℃的低温,在高茶多酚资源中,抗寒性突出,是选育红茶良种的一个非常有益的关键性状。     

草甘膦对茶树叶片主要生化成分的影响

以金观音茶树为试材,将草甘膦定量施于栽培基质,通过观察叶片的表观药害,并采用超高效液相串联质谱方法测定草甘膦施用前(0天)和施用后(7天和33天)叶片中的农药残留(草甘膦及氨甲基膦酸)及生化成分(游离氨基酸、儿茶素和生物碱)的含量变化,从而科学地评估草甘膦的使用对茶叶质量安全的影响。结果表明:草甘膦施用33天,茶树叶片未见明显药害表征,但可检测到草甘膦及其代谢物氨甲基膦酸;草甘膦施用后,游离氨基酸和儿茶素总量降低,生物碱总量先升后降;多元统计分析表明,草甘膦施用前后样品组间的茶氨酸、咖啡碱、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、谷氨酰胺、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、表儿茶素、精氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和表没食子儿茶素含量存在显著差异。综上,茶园草甘膦的施用不易使茶树叶片产生明显的药害表征,但可在茶树叶片中残留较长时间,并显著改变茶树叶片中游离氨基酸、儿茶素和生物碱类化合物的含量。因此,建议茶园尽量不使用草甘膦除草剂。     

Time-dependent changes of amino acids in the serum, liver, brain and urine of rats administered with theanine.

Time-dependent changes of theanine (gamma-glutamylethylamide) and other amino acids in various tissues of rats were investigated during the 24 hrs after theanine administration. When theanine (4 g/kg of body weight) was intragastrically administered to rats, the concentrations of theanine in the serum, liver and brain were significantly increased 1 hr after its administration, and thereafter gradually decreased, but reached the maximum level in the brain after 5 hrs. Theanine in these tissues had completely disappeared 24 hrs after its administration. In contrast, the administration of theanine resulted in the concentrations of theanine, urea, ethylamine and glutamic acid in the urine being significantly enhanced. These results suggest that theanine might be degraded via glutamic acid.     

Effect of Theanine,r-Glutamylethylamide,on Brain Monoamines and Striatal Dopamine Release in Conscious Rats

Theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, is one of the major components of amino acids in Japanese green tea. Effect of theanine on brain amino acids and monoamines, and the striatal release of dopamine (DA) was investigated. Determination of amino acids in the brain after the intragastric administration of theanine showed that theanine was incorporated into brain through blood-brain barrier via leucine-preferring transport system. The concentrations of norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) in the brain regions were unaffected by the theanine administration except in striatum. Theanine administration caused significant increases in serotonin and/or DA concentrations in the brain, especially in striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus. Direct administration of theanine into brain striatum by microinjection caused a significant increase of DA release in a dose-dependent manner. Microdialysis of brain with calcium-free Ringer buffer attenuated the theanine-induced DA release. Pretreatment with the Ringer buffer containing an antagonist of non-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) glutamate receptor, MK-801, for 1 hr did not change the significant increase of DA release induced by theanine. However, in the case of pretreatment with AP-5, (±)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptor, the theanine-induced DA release from striatum was significantly inhibited. These results suggest that theanine might affect the metabolism and/or the release of some neurotransmitters in the brain, such as DA.     

茶氨酸的制取及应用

茶氨酸是茶叶中的一种主要氨基酸 ,通常占茶叶干重的 2 %左右 ,约占茶树体内游离氨基酸5 0 %。茶氨酸具有鲜甜味 ,是茶叶特征物质之一 ,与茶叶品质呈正相关。现已作为食品添加剂应用于食品领域。除此以外 ,茶氨酸还具有一些重要的药理作用。如抗肿瘤、降压安神、拮抗咖啡碱等医疗功效。本文综述了茶氨酸的性质、制取方法及应用前景等方面的内容。     

Distribution and biosynthesis of theanine in Theaceae plants

The theanine content of the leaves of 27 species or varieties of Theaceae plants was investigated. Theanine was present in 21 species or varieties, but in much lower amounts (<0.2 μmol/g fresh weight) than the quantity detected in Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. The major free amino acids in leaves of four species belonging to the genera Schima and Eurya, were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine, alanine and proline and content of these amino acids is similar to or higher than theanine. Accumulation of free amino acids in these plants was generally lower than in C. sinensis var. sinensis. The biosynthetic activity of theanine, assessed by the incorporation of radioactivity from [¹⁴C]ethylamine, was detected in seedlings of two species of Schima. The theanine biosynthetic activity in roots was higher than that of leaves.     

大规模茶叶细胞悬浮培养茶氨酸合成工艺优化研究

以婺源绿茶为材料进行茶叶愈伤组织悬浮培养,采用正交实验设计进行了大规模茶叶细胞悬浮培养合成茶氨酸工艺条件优化研究。结果显示,NH4+/NO-30.0/60.0mmol/L、K+100.0mmol/L、Mg++3.0mmol/L、H2PO-43.0mmol/L、蔗糖30.0g/L、水解酪蛋白2.0g/L条件下,茶叶细胞生长量(速率)和茶氨酸积累量均达到最高值;提高培养基中蔗糖和水解酪蛋白浓度可延长细胞对数生长期和稳定生长期,从而有利于茶氨酸积累;H2PO-4浓度主要影响细胞生长速率和茶氨酸积累速率的同步性,低H2PO4-浓度环境中茶氨酸积累速率峰值滞后于细胞增长速率峰值,高H2PO4-浓度环境中早于细胞生长速率峰值出现时间;K+和Mg++对细胞生长的影响不明显,但影响茶氨酸合成酶活性,维持适量的K+和Mg++有利于茶氨酸积累。先加入一定量盐酸乙胺再每天进行少量补充,茶氨酸合成量比一次性加入的效果要好。从生产效率考虑,培养周期以19～22d为宜。     

Theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, increases neurotransmission concentrations and neurotrophin mRNA levels in the brain during lactation

Theanine (r-glutamylethylamide) is one of the major amino acid components in green tea. Recent studies suggest that theanine affects neurotransmission, especially inhibitory neurotransmission. In this study, we investigated whether theanine affects brain development in infant rats, because inhibitory neurotransmission is required for mature brain function. Mother rats were fed theanine ad libitum after confinement. The body weight gain rate of infants was not different from control infants. We detected theanine in the infant serum and measured neurotransmitter concentration and nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA level in the infant rat brain. Some neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, glycine and GABA concentration, increased in the infant brain and NGF mRNA level increased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. However, these differences were lost by the end of nerve maturity. These results suggest that theanine enhanced synthesis of nerve growth factor and neurotransmitters during a nerve maturing period and promoted central nerve system maturation (CNS). Thus, theanine accelerated maturation. In conclusion, theanine may assist in healthy brain function development.     

汉中茶叶氨基酸含量测定及营养价值评价分析

为了解汉中茶区不同品种茶叶的营养成分,采用氨基酸自动分析仪法对南郑县、镇巴县目前种植的五种茶树品种中的氨基酸含量进行测定。结果表明,共检测出31种氨基酸,总含量(以干质量计)分别为中茶102 60.43 mg·g~(-1)、中茶108 66.14mg·g~(-1)、名山131 51.17mg·g~(-1)、乌牛早66.15mg·g~(-1)、南郑县紫阳群体种27.92mg·g~(-1)、镇巴县紫阳群体种33.45mg·g~(-1);必需氨基酸共7种,乌牛早中必需氨基酸含量最高,为2.83 mg·g~(-1);中茶108中茶氨酸含量最高,达53.73mg·g-1,占总含量93.6%;比较不同品种茶叶的氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)发现,中茶108、中茶102的SRC值最高,达68.504和62.663,营养价值高且均衡。综合比较,新引进品种的营养价值优于群体种。     

Effect of shade treatment on theanine biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis seedlings

Theanine synthetase (TS) is a key enzyme involved in theanine biosynthesis. In our recent study, it has been revealed that theanine biosynthesis derived from nitrogen metabolism in tea (Camellia sinensis) plants can be influenced by shading treatment. The expression patterns of CsTS protein in the roots and shoots of tea seedlings were examined by western blot using a self-prepared polyclonal antibody with high specificity and sensitivity. The effect of long-term shade treatment on the levels of theanine synthesis was also investigated using roots and shoots of tea seedlings. Levels of theanine and total free amino acids gradually increased in shoots, reaching their maximum after 22 days of treatment (DOT). The immunoblotting analysis suggested that CsTS protein levels increased gradually up to 22 DOT and expression remained at a high level, except after 1 DOT where levels were low in both roots and shoots. The increased theanine concentration we observed in the shading treatment may be due to increased nitrogen assimilation and reduced theanine catabolism under shade conditions.     

Theanine transporters identified in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)

Theanine, a unique non‐proteinogenic amino acid, is an important component of tea, as it confers the umami taste and relaxation effect of tea as a beverage. Theanine is primarily synthesized in tea roots and is subsequently transported to young shoots, which are harvested for tea production. Currently, the mechanism for theanine transport in the tea plant remains unknown. Here, by screening a yeast mutant library, followed by functional analyses, we identified the glutamine permease, GNP1 as a specific transporter for theanine in yeast. Although there is no GNP1 homolog in the tea plant, we assessed the theanine transport ability of nine tea plant amino acid permease (AAP) family members, with six exhibiting transport activity. We further determined that CsAAP1, CsAAP2, CsAAP4, CsAAP5, CsAAP6, and CsAAP8 exhibited moderate theanine affinities and transport was H⁺‐dependent. The tissue‐specific expression of these six CsAAPs in leaves, vascular tissues, and the root suggested their broad roles in theanine loading and unloading from the vascular system, and in targeting to sink tissues. Furthermore, expression of these CsAAPs was shown to be seasonally regulated, coincident with theanine transport within the tea plant. Finally, CsAAP1 expression in the root was highly correlated with root‐to‐bud transport of theanine, in seven tea plant cultivars. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that members of the CsAAP family transport theanine and participate in its root‐to‐shoot delivery in the tea plant.