小麦TaWRKY47基因的克隆与表达分析

为了探究小麦WRKY基因的功能,该研究采用RT PCR方法,在小麦叶片组织中克隆WRKY基因,并对其进行生物信息学和不同逆境胁迫下的表达分析。结果表明：(1)成功克隆得到1个小麦WRKY基因,命名为TaWRKY47。(2)TaWRKY47基因开放阅读框长度为900 bp,编码299个氨基酸,含有一个WRKY保守结构域和一个C₂HC锌指结构域,属于WRKY基因家族的第Ⅲ类成员。(3)亚细胞定位分析结果显示,TaWRKY47蛋白定位于细胞核。(4)荧光定量PCR结果表明,TaWRKY47基因在小麦根、茎、叶、雄蕊和雌蕊中均有表达,其中在雌蕊中表达量最高,且受低温、干旱、盐、ABA和H₂O₂等胁迫表达增强,推测TaWRKY47基因参与了小麦的逆境胁迫过程。该研究结果为进一步研究TaWRKY47基因功能与抗逆机制奠定了理论基础。     

‘潘那利’番茄碱性螺旋环螺旋转录因子基因的克隆与表达分析

碱性螺旋环螺旋(basic/Helix Loop Helix, bHLH)转录因子是植物最大的转录因子家族之一,其广泛参与植物逆境胁迫响应。该研究从野生‘潘那利’番茄(Solanum pennellii Correll)中成功克隆出bHLH转录因子基因SpbHLH89(Sol Genomics登录号Sopen04g001150),采用qRT PCR分析其在干旱胁迫下的表达模式,并利用异源表达初步分析其对非生物胁迫的响应。结果表明：(1)SpbHLH89编码区包含684 bp,编码227个氨基酸,具有典型的碱性螺旋环螺旋区,主要定位于细胞核中;进化树结果显示,SpbHLH89转录因子高度保守,与拟绒毛烟草NtbHLH94(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)存在高度相似性。(2)qRT PCR结果显示,SpbHLH89在‘潘那利’番茄的茎、叶和花中均有表达,其表达量受干旱胁迫诱导。(3)SDS PAGE与Western bloting结果显示,pET 30a SpbHLH89重组蛋白大小约为31 kD。(4)在盐胁迫(400 mmol/L NaCl)和干旱胁迫(600 mmol/L甘露醇)条件下,异源表达重组蛋白的E. coli BL21(DE3)重组菌生长速度提高,说明异源表达SpbHLH89转录因子基因可提高细菌对非生物胁迫的耐受性。     

草莓TCP转录因子家族生物信息学鉴定及基因表达分析

TCP转录因子家族是植物特异的一类调控逆境胁迫的重要转录因子。该研究利用生物信息学方法对草莓TCP转录因子家族成员进行鉴定,采用qRT PCR方法检测转录因子家族在非生物胁迫中的表达,并对相应转录因子家族基因的结构和功能进行了预测,为探究TCP转录因子在森林草莓非生物胁迫中的作用奠定基础。结果显示：(1)从森林草莓(Fragaria vesca)基因组和凤梨草莓(Fragaria ananassa)基因组中分别筛选了18个和58个TCP基因,并根据基因在染色体上的位置分别命名为FvTCP1~FvTCP18和FaTCP1~FaTCP58,亚细胞定位显示TCP家族基因主要位于细胞核上。(2)qRT PCR分析表明,森林草莓家族基因对逆境胁迫具有响应作用,但不同成员在不同胁迫处理下的响应程度存在差异,FvTCP14在200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl、10% PEG、100 μmol·L^-1 ABA、4 ℃低温、40 ℃高温和100 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂处理下相对表达量极显著高于对照,分别是对照的43.78倍、166.73倍、38.39倍、265.87倍、626.24倍和451.85倍,表明^FvTCP14响应干旱、盐、ABA、H₂O₂、低温和高温胁迫;另外发现,FvTCP12在4 ℃低温、100 μmol·L^-1 ABA和100 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂胁迫下与对照相比呈下调趋势,推测FvTCP12基因对低温、ABA和H₂O₂胁迫具有负调控作用。研究表明,森林草莓TCP转录因子在不同逆境胁迫中的表达存在一定的差异。     

中粒咖啡WRKY基因家族的生物信息学分析

WRKY转录因子是植物信号网络中不可缺少的部分,作为植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物的多种应激反应中发挥着重要作用。该文利用生物信息学方法对中粒咖啡WRKY蛋白家族的理化特性及其分子进化进行了详细分析。结果表明:(1)CcWRKY蛋白氨基酸数量在103～994个之间,均无信号肽,推测其为非分泌性蛋白; 其二级结构以无规则卷曲为最主要的结构元件,三级结构主要分为6类,其中以CcWRKY15、CcWRKY25、CcWRKY37和CcWRKY42为主要成员的D类结构最稳定。(2)保守结构域及进化树分析结果显示,中粒咖啡WRKY基因家族含有49个成员,其中的10个成员归为WRKY第Ⅰ家族,34个成员归为WRKY第Ⅱ家族,5个成员归为WRKY第Ⅲ家族。(3)中粒咖啡 WRKY47基因与其他物种的系统进化分析结果显示,WRKY47与烟草亲缘关系最近,与非洲油棕(Elaeis guineensis)亲缘关系最远,说明WRKY47蛋白在生物进化过程中比较保守。该研究结果可为中粒咖啡WRKY基因家族分子功能的深层次研究提供一定的借鉴作用,对进一步探究中粒咖啡WRKY基因的功能、进化以及分子育种具有重要意义。     

葡萄Alfin like转录因子家族的鉴定和表达分析

Alfin like (AL) 转录因子家族对高盐、低温、干旱等非生物胁迫反应具有重要的调控作用。该研究采用同源比对的方法检索鉴定葡萄AL转录因子家族基因、分析其生物信息学特性,并采用qRT PCR方法分析非生物胁迫下AL基因的表达特征,以探究葡萄AL基因在非生物逆境胁迫中的功能。 结果表明：(1)在葡萄中共鉴定出6个AL基因家族成员,分别命名为VvAL1~VvAL6,且6个成员分别分布在6条染色体上。(2)葡萄中AL转录因子具有高度保守的DUF3594结构域和PHD结构域,各家族成员均含有5个外显子和4个内含子;上游启动子区域分析发现大量植物激素与非生物胁迫响应相关的顺式作用元件。(3)基因芯片表达模式分析显示,盐、干旱、ABA胁迫以及低温(5 ℃)处理均显著影响葡萄AL家族基因(VvAL1~VvAL6)的表达。(4)qRT PCR检测显示,不同胁迫处理下AL基因在葡萄叶片中的表达水平不同;ABA处理下葡萄AL转录因子家族基因表达量较对照均显著下调,但在PEG处理下差异不显著;在盐胁迫处理下,VvAL2、VvAL4、VvAL5基因的表达量均显著上调,分别是对照的23倍、8.5倍和10.5倍,而VvAL1和VvAL6基因的表达量均显著下调,分别是对照的33倍和25倍。研究发现,葡萄AL转录因子家族与植物激素和非生物胁迫密切相关,尤其是该家族基因强烈响应高盐胁迫。     

秋石斛钙依赖蛋白激酶基因的克隆及表达分析

钙依赖蛋白激酶(calcium dependent protein kinase,CDPK)在植物的生长发育及逆境胁迫方面发挥着重要作用。该研究以秋石斛品种‘水芙蓉’为试验材料,采用 RT PCR方法克隆钙依赖蛋白激酶基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析;采用qRT PCR方法对CDPKs基因在‘水芙蓉’不同组织及不同低温胁迫下的表达情况进行分析,为秋石斛CDPK基因的功能验证以及抗寒分子机制研究奠定基础。结果表明：(1)成功克隆获得了DenCDPK1(GenBank登录号为MZ322902)、DenCDPK2(GenBank登录号为MZ322903)、DenCDPK3(GenBank登录号为MZ322904)基因,序列长度依次为1 934、1 971和2 302 bp,分别编码534、541和536个氨基酸。 (2)序列一致性结果显示,DenCDPKs蛋白质与铁皮石斛相应CDPK蛋白质序列的一致性均高于97%,且DenCDPKs均存在STKc_CAMK结构域和4个EF hand结构域。(3)qRT PCR分析显示,DenCDPK1、DenCDPK2和DenCDPK3基因均在叶中高表达,分别在茎、花、茎中低表达;且‘水芙蓉’叶片中DenCDPK1和DenCDPK2的表达量高于其他3个供试品种;经8 ℃胁迫12 h后,叶片中DenCDPKs的表达量均显著高于对照组(25 ℃条件下),且DenCDPK3的表达量在0 ℃胁迫12 h时达到最高值。(4)常温(25 ℃)下‘水芙蓉’叶片中的相对电导率显著低于其他3个供试品种;经低温(8 ℃、0 ℃)胁迫12 h后,叶片中的相对电导率均显著高于对照组,且随温度的降低呈上升趋势。研究认为,DenCDPKs基因可能参与秋石斛低温胁迫的响应过程,特别是DenCDPK2可能在秋石斛抗寒过程中发挥着重要作用。     

茶树CsLEA5基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以茶树‘龙井长叶’为材料,克隆获得了茶树胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白基因CsLEA5的cDNA序列,该序列全长515 bp,包含一个375 bp的开放阅读框,编码124个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为13.5 kD,理论等电点为5.92。蛋白序列分析结果显示,CsLEA5为高亲水性和稳定性蛋白,且含有一个典型的LEA_3保守结构域,属于LEA蛋白中LEA_3亚家族成员。CsLEA5基因启动子区域包含多种与逆境响应相关的顺式作用元件,如乙烯响应元件（ERE）、胁迫响应元件（STRE）、创伤响应元件（WUN motif）及MYB、MYC转录因子识别位点等。qRT PCR分析显示,CsLEA5基因表达具有明显的组织特异性,在叶片中的表达量最高,其次是嫩茎,而在其他组织器官中的表达量较低,且CsLEA5基因表达受低温和干旱胁迫的诱导。研究表明,CsLEA5基因可能在茶树响应低温和干旱胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。该研究对了解茶树抗逆分子机制,筛选抗性候选基因资源提供了重要理论依据。     

白菜型油菜RbohC和RbohF基因克隆与表达分析

该研究以白菜型油菜（Brassica rapa L.）‘陇油6号’为实验材料,采用RT PCR方法克隆油菜RbohC和RbohF基因,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对RbohC、RbohF基因在不同组织及非生物胁迫下的表达进行分析,为深入研究油菜RbohC、RbohF基因的生物学功能提供依据。结果显示：(1) 成功克隆得到2个全长分别为3 050 bp和2 995 bp的油菜RbohC (GenBank登录号：XM_009134386) 和RbohF (GenBank登录号：XM_009114548) 基因序列。(2) 生物信息学分析显示,油菜RbohC和RbohF基因开放阅读框（ORF）分别为2 733 bp和2 847 bp,编码910和948个氨基酸,推测二者的蛋白质分子量分别为103 kDa和108 kDa,理论等电点分别为9.47和9.21; 油菜RbohC、RbohF编码的氨基酸序列与萝卜等多种植物相应蛋白氨基酸序列具有较高的同源性,且这些序列高度保守并含有NADPH氧化酶的典型保守结构域,包括2个可以与Ca²⁺结合的EF手性模体结构、6个跨膜结构域、黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸结合结构域、NAD焦磷酸结合结构域和C末端区域中的NADP核糖保守结合位点。(3) 油菜RbohC和RbohF基因在根、茎、叶和下胚轴中均表达,无组织特异性,但RbohC基因在根中表达量最高, RbohF基因在下胚轴中表达量最高。(4) 低温、干旱、盐、ABA、H₂O₂处理都能够诱导油菜RbohC和RbohF基因的表达,但抗寒性强的 ‘陇油6号’的RbohC和RbohF基因对胁迫的响应更敏感,且RbohC基因的表达量均高于RbohF基因。(5) 用H₂O₂清除剂DMTU、NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI和IMD、MAPKK抑制剂U0126处理后,油菜RbohC和RbohF基因的表达均较对照下降,说明U0126和DMTU对油菜RbohC和RbohF基因的表达有抑制作用。研究认为,油菜RbohC和RbohF基因在油菜适应逆境胁迫中具有重要作用,两基因的表达均受MAPK激酶信号途径的调节,并受到H₂O₂的反馈调节,而且抗寒性强的‘陇油6号’品种中RbohC和RbohF基因对H2O2和MAPK激酶信号途径的响应更敏感。     

草菇热激蛋白60基因(Vvhsp60)生物信息学分析及低温下的表达

【背景】生物受到温度胁迫时,热激蛋白被诱导并在短时间内大量产生,可以使受损的蛋白质恢复正常构象,增强生物对逆境胁迫的耐受性。【目的】初步探究草菇热激蛋白60(Vvhsp60)与低温耐受性的关系,为深入开展草菇不耐低温特性的遗传改良奠定理论基础。【方法】对Vvhsp60进行生物信息学分析,以低温敏感型草菇菌株V23及耐低温菌株VH3为实验材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析低温胁迫及热激诱导后在低温下草菇菌丝体中Vvhsp60基因的表达水平。【结果】草菇Vvhsp60编码蛋白不存在信号肽,不属于分泌蛋白,在线粒体和细胞质内发挥生物学作用,属于双向跨膜蛋白。低温处理显著提高了V23与VH3菌丝体中Vvhsp60基因的表达量,而且VH3中的表达量显著高于V23,推测Vvhsp60基因的表达量高可能有助于增强草菇对低温胁迫的耐受性。经热激处理后两菌株Vvhsp60基因的表达量显著高于各自未热激处理的对照组,表明热激处理可诱导Vvhsp60基因的表达。【结论】Vvhsp60与草菇低温耐受性相关,并且热激可以诱导Vvhsp60基因的表达。     

辣椒CaWRKY14转录因子的生物学特性研究

WRKY转录因子是植物响应病原菌胁迫最重要的转录因子之一,且参与抗病反应及信号传导通路的调控。为研究辣椒WRKY基因的生物学特征,以辣椒高抗疫病材料CM334为试材,克隆获得响应疫霉菌诱导的转录因子CaWRKY14。生物信息学分析表明,该基因DNA全长2 530 bp,cDNA全长1 662 bp,含有5个内含子,编码553个氨基酸,含有1个WRKY保守结构域,属于Group Ⅱ(b)。实时荧光定量表达分析表明,CaWRKY14不仅受ABA和疫霉菌胁迫诱导表达,且表达量分别在12 h和24 h时达到峰值,分别是对照的8.54和8.04倍,同时也受高盐、热激和干旱胁迫诱导。利用VIGS技术对CaWRKY14转录因子进行沉默后发现,抗病材料CM334接种疫霉菌后趋于发病。研究表明,CaWRKY14基因在辣椒响应疫霉菌胁迫进程中可能发挥着重要作用。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.     

Biogeography of Hysterangiales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota)

To understand the biogeography of truffle-like fungi, DNA sequences were analysed from representative taxa of Hysterangiales. Multigene phylogenies and the results of ancestral area reconstructions are consistent with the hypothesis of an Australian, or eastern Gondwanan, origin of Hysterangiales with subsequent range expansions to the Northern Hemisphere. However, neither Northern Hemisphere nor Southern Hemisphere taxa formed a monophyletic group, which is in conflict with a strictly vicariant scenario. Therefore, the occurrence and importance of long-distance dispersal could not be rejected. Although a pre-Gondwanan origin of Hysterangiales remains as a possibility, this hypothesis requires that Hysterangiales exist prior to the origin of the currently recognized ectomycorrhizal plants, as well as the arrival of mycophagous animals in Australia. This also requires that a basal paraphyletic assemblage represents parallel evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, or that Hysterangiales was mycorrhizal with members of the extinct flora of Gondwana. Regardless, models for both ancient and more recent origins of Hysterangiales are consistent with truffle-like fungi being capable of transoceanic dispersal.