曼陀罗叶水浸液对大豆幼根生长及细胞分裂的影响

以曼陀罗叶干粉为供体,大豆种子为受体,用室内培养皿法研究了曼陀罗叶水浸液化感胁迫对大豆种子萌发、幼根生长、根毛发育和根尖细胞分裂的影响。结果表明:各试验浓度的曼陀罗叶干粉水浸提液均抑制了大豆种子的萌发以及幼根和侧根的生长,且幼根生长随胁迫浓度的增加呈现逐渐缩短变粗变褐的趋势;化感胁迫还使根尖分生区细胞的染色体畸变和微核高频率发生。根毛发生和根尖细胞的分裂对化感胁迫都表现出"低促高抑"的响应,即轻度胁迫能显著促进根毛的生长并提高根尖细胞的分裂指数,而高度胁迫对根毛的生长有极显著的抑制作用,且使根尖细胞的分裂指数显著下降。     

入侵植物香丝草水浸提液对蚕豆和玉米根尖染色体行为的影响

以采自农田中自然生长的植物群落中的香丝草为供体,以典型的双子叶植物蚕豆和典型的单子叶植物玉米的幼苗为受体,运用根尖微核试验和染色体畸变试验,研究了香丝草的根、茎、叶和幼果4种器官水浸提液对受体的遗传毒性。结果表明:(1)在香丝草不同器官水浸提液作用下,蚕豆和玉米根尖细胞的有丝分裂各时期均受到明显影响,细胞中出现了微核、染色体桥、染色体断片、染色体环、染色体粘连及染色体滞后等多种染色体畸变。(2)香丝草各器官水浸提液对蚕豆幼苗根尖细胞分裂的抑制作用明显大于玉米。(3)香丝草各器官水浸提液对蚕豆和玉米幼苗根尖的染色体畸变诱导存在显著的浓度效应,即水浸提液浓度越高,受体的微核率和畸变率越高,相应的有丝分裂指数越低,水浸提液的诱导作用与浓度呈正相关关系,但不是简单的加和作用。(4)香丝草各器官水浸提液均具有较强的遗传毒性,但整体化感效应表现为叶＞幼果＞茎＞根,即叶片产生的化感作用最强。因此,香丝草分泌的化感物质可能通过对受体植物生长点的细胞有丝分裂和细胞形态产生影响,造成受体植物染色体的多种畸变和不可逆的遗传损伤,从而成功入侵新的栖息地。     

青藏高原“黑土滩”常见毒草对甘肃马先蒿的化感作用

以青藏高原"黑土滩"典型毒草黄花棘豆(Oxytropis ochrocephala)、瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)、黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)、密花香薷(Elsholtzia densa)和南山蒿(Artemisia nanschanica)为供体材料,在实验室条件下测试了它们的根、茎、叶水浸提液对甘肃马先蒿(Pedicularis kansuensis)的化感作用,以期寻找对甘肃马先蒿种子萌发和幼苗生长具有生态化感抑制作用的植物种类及部位。结果表明,随着5种毒草各器官水浸提液浓度的升高,其对甘肃马先蒿化感作用增强;且同一植物在测试浓度相同的条件下,表现为叶、根的水浸提液对甘肃马先蒿种子和幼苗的抑制作用强于茎的浸提液。从5种毒草化感作用的综合表现看,黄花棘豆的叶和根、南山蒿的叶在浸提液浓度为25 g/L时对甘肃马先蒿幼苗生长的抑制作用显著大于其他毒草;当作用浓度升至100 g/L时,对甘肃马先蒿种子萌发和幼苗生长都表现出致死作用。因此,对黄花棘豆叶、根和南山蒿叶等植物器官的化感作用应作进一步的研究,将有望开发出针对甘肃马先蒿的专用生物源控制剂。     

黄花蒿对4种受体植物的化感作用研究

采用室内生物测定法,以小麦、燕麦、黄瓜和萝卜为受体,研究了黄花蒿对受体植物的化感作用,结果显示:黄花蒿水浸提液对小麦、燕麦的化感综合效应(SE)为56.29、57.17;其地上部淋溶物对小麦和黄瓜表现为抑制作用,对燕麦和萝卜表现为促进作用;其茎叶挥发物对4种受体植物根长生长有较强的抑制作用;其残体分解物前10d对受体有很强的抑制作用,根系分泌物对小麦和燕麦抑制作用较强,对萝卜和黄瓜表现为促进作用。结果表明,黄花蒿5种不同途径来源的化感物质对4种受体植物都有不同程度的化感作用,且黄花蒿主要是通过地上部淋溶、挥发向环境中释放化感物质,其次是通过根系分泌物对授体植物产生化感作用。     

反枝苋水浸提液与挥发油对黄瓜根尖的影响

采用悬空气法研究了在入侵植物反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus L.)水浸提液和挥发油作用下,黄瓜根缘细胞活性、根冠果胶甲基酯酶(PME)、根尖过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化规律.结果表明:反枝苋水浸提液对黄瓜根的生长无显著性影响而挥发油显著抑制黄瓜根的生长,且随浓度增大抑制作用显著增强.PME活性随着水浸提液浓度的增大呈先上升后下降趋势,而随着挥发油浓度的升高呈现逐渐上升的趋势;水浸提液和挥发油均降低了对根缘细胞的存活率,这种抑制作用随浓度的增加而增大;随着处理液浓度增大,黄瓜根尖中MDA含量、CAT活性整体表现为增加,SOD活性先升高后降低,POD活性与对照差异不显著.反枝苋挥发油的化感效应大于水浸提液的化感效应.     

“黑土滩”退化高寒草地6种常见毒杂草水浸液对垂穗披碱草的化感作用

以青藏高原"黑土滩"退化高寒草地中常见的6种毒杂草(黄花棘豆、秦艽、南山蒿、黄帚橐吾、瑞香狼毒和密花香薷)的根、茎、叶的水浸液为材料,通过研究不同浓度(25、50、100 g.L-1)水浸提液对垂穗披碱草种子萌发以及胚芽和胚根伸长的影响,以探寻具有化感作用的植物种类和部位。结果显示:(1)6种毒杂草不同部位(除密花香薷根外)全部具有化感作用,且叶的化感抑制作用要强于茎和根。其中,黄花棘豆根、茎和叶的化感抑制作用均强于其他5种毒杂草相同部位,秦艽叶和根的化感作用仅次于黄花棘豆叶和根,南山蒿和密花香薷叶也有很强的化感抑制作用。(2)全部水浸液的化感抑制作用均随浓度的增大而增强。瑞香狼毒、密花香薷和南山蒿茎水浸液浓度为25 g.L-1时,对垂穗披碱草种子胚芽伸长产生促进作用,在水浸液浓度达到100 g.L-1时,全部水浸液(除密花香薷根外)的化感抑制作用都达到显著水平(P<0.05),其中黄花棘豆和南山蒿的叶和根以及秦艽和密花香薷的叶对垂穗披碱草种子萌发、胚芽和胚根都表现出致死作用。(3)黄花棘豆、南山蒿、秦艽和密花香薷等具有强化感抑制作用的植物主要通过抑制种子胚根伸长来发挥化感抑制作用,而瑞香狼毒和黄帚橐吾主要通过抑制种子发芽指数来发挥化感抑制作用,且测定指标对化感作用的敏感性大小顺序为:发芽指数>萌发率;胚根>胚芽。实验表明,毒杂草的化感抑制作用是影响利用垂穗披碱草改建"黑土滩"的重要因素,因此"黑土滩"改建前应尽量清除这些毒杂草,以防影响人工草地的质量。     

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)的化感作用研究

通过对鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙地油蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ ｏｒｄｏｓｉｃａ）化感作用研究,发现油蒿茎叶的水浸提液对几种受体植物种子的萌发率,幼苗长和根长生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,随水浸提液浓度的增加抑制作用逐步增加;用油蒿茎叶水浸提液进行盆栽试验,受体植物的出苗率,苗高,根长和干物重也受到抑制,苗的形态也与对照有较明显的差异;     

黄花棘豆水提液对燕麦的化感作用及其机理研究

以燕麦种子和幼苗为受体,采用室内培养皿法、室内盆栽法和生化分析法,研究了甘肃天祝草地有毒植物黄花棘豆水浸提液对燕麦种子、幼苗的化感作用及其作用机理.结果表明:(1)黄花棘豆水提液均可抑制燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,且化感抑制作用随着水提液浓度的增大显著增强;燕麦幼苗根在高浓度的黄花棘豆水提液作用下表现出畸形.(2)随着水提液浓度的增大,根尖有丝分裂逐渐减弱及分裂高峰时间逐渐推迟,种子淀粉酶活性也逐渐下降.(3)燕麦幼苗茎叶部和根部的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素的含量随着水提液浓度的增大以及作用时间的延长逐渐降低,丙二醛含量则逐渐升高.(4)随着黄花棘豆水提液浓度的增大,其对燕麦幼苗过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的抑制作用逐渐增强,随着作用时间的延长抑制作用逐渐减弱.研究发现,黄花棘豆水提液通过降低燕麦幼苗渗透调节物质含量,抑制保护性酶活性,增加膜脂过氧化伤害,导致根尖细胞分裂缓慢,抑制燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,从而表现出化感作用,且化感作用随着浓度的增加而增强.     

薄壳山核桃根系水浸提液对2种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探讨薄壳山核桃根系水浸提液对小麦、大豆的影响,采用蒸馏水浸提法收集薄壳山核桃根系化感物质,并运用室内生物测定法检测不同浓度(0.025、0.05和0.1 g·mL~(-1))根系水浸提液对小麦、大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:各浓度处理的根系水浸提液对小麦、大豆萌发及幼苗生长的化感抑制作用较为显著,且具有显著的浓度效应(浓度低抑制作用弱,浓度高抑制作用强);薄壳山核桃根系水浸提液对小麦、大豆种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势和活力指数的抑制作用分别依次为:活力指数发芽势发芽指数发芽率和活力指数发芽势发芽率发芽指数;薄壳山核桃根系水浸提液各浓度处理对小麦、大豆幼苗根长、苗高、鲜质量和干质量的化感效应均为:根长苗高鲜质量干质量,其中薄壳山核桃根系水浸提液对2种受体植物幼苗根长均有显著的抑制作用,而对幼苗干、鲜质量的影响则因受体植物种类的不同而不同;薄壳山核桃根系水浸提液对2种受体植物的综合化感效应顺序为:小麦大豆;生长7 d的幼苗体内,SOD活性降低,MDA含量、POD活性和CAT活性与对照相比均随浓度的增加而增加。综合分析认为:小麦对薄壳山核桃根系水浸提液更为敏感。     

桔梗水浸提液对小麦幼苗的化感作用

采用培养皿滤纸法研究了不同浓度桔梗水浸提液对小麦的幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响,探讨桔梗植株水浸提液对小麦的化感作用,推测其可能的生理机制。结果表明：桔梗植株水浸提液对小麦幼苗的地上部生长表现为低浓度（≤1mg／mL）促进、高浓度（5—20mg／mL）抑制作用;对根部生长为抑制作用,且抑制强度大于地上部。随处理浓度的升高,小麦幼苗体内POD活性、脯氨酸含量、MDA含量逐渐升高;CAT活性、根系活力、光合色素含量先升高后降低;可溶性蛋白含量和伤害率先降低后升高。桔梗植株水浸提液对小麦总体的化感效应表现为低促高抑,小麦可作为桔梗的轮作作物种植。     

The involvement of wheat and common bean lectins in the control of cell division in the root apical meristems of various plant species

The effects of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at the concentration of 1 mg/l on the rate of cell division in the root apical meristem of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings were compared. WGA enhanced cell division in the roots of barley and rice approximately similarly as in wheat roots but did not affect division of meristematic cells in the roots of common bean seedlings. In contrast PGA enhanced mitotic activity in the root apical meristem of common bean seedlings but did not affect division in the wheat and barley roots. Seedling treatment with lectins shifted the hormonal balance in them toward accumulation of growth activators (IAA and cytokinins). The relationship between lectin and hormonal systems in the control of cell division is discussed.     

磺胺对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

初步探讨了磺胺对小麦种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响。研究表明,用低浓度（＜6.0mg/L)的磺胺溶液浸泡小麦种子,能显著增加幼苗的根重,根长和根冠比,提高根系活力和叶片叶绿素的含量,降低幼苗的苗高,苗重,但对发芽率影响不大。高浓度（＞10．0mg/L)和安则强烈抑制小麦幼苗根,芽的生长,并导致幼苗形态的不良变化。     

Laser ablation ICP-MS reveals patterns of copper differing from zinc in growth zones of cucumber roots

Laser ablation coupled with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to find Cu and Zn concentration in surface tissue along a longitudinal developmental gradient with meristem, rapidly elongating tissue, and nongrowing tissue in a model system of seedling roots of Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber). Tissue metal accumulation was determined for roots of seedlings growing on cellulosic germination paper treated with nutrient solution (controls), and also treated with concentrations of Zn (40 ppm) and Cu (10 ppm) that reduced growth. Cu content of all roots is highest at the apex and falls sharply to lower values by 2 mm from the root tip. In contrast, at moderate Zn availability (0.07 ppm), Zn content rises from the apex to 2 mm then falls throughout the remainder of the growth zone. At high external Zn the spatial pattern resembles that of Cu. Cucumber root growth zones accumulate more of each metal with higher external availability. Metal deposition rates were calculated using a continuity equation with data on local metal content and growth velocity. Deposition rates of both metals are generally highest in the rapidly elongating region, 1.5–3.5 mm, even where metal concentration is decreasing with position and root age and even when the accumulation is inhibitory to growth.     

Nickel-induced Inhibition of Wheat Root Growth is Related to H2O2 Production, but not to Lipid Peroxidation

Effects of exogenous nickel (Ni: 10 and 200 μM) on growth, mitotic activity, Ni accumulation, H₂O₂ content and lipid peroxidation as well as the activities of various antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were investigated in wheat roots. A considerable Ni accumulation in the roots occurred at both the concentrations. Although Ni at 10 μM did not have any significant effect on root growth, it strongly inhibited the root growth at 200 μM. Mitotic activity in the root tips was not significantly affected by exposure of the seedlings to 10 μM Ni; however, it was almost completely inhibited at 200 μM treatment. Ni stress did not result in any significant changes in CAT and APX activities as well as lipid peroxidation. However, H₂O₂ concentration increased up to 82% over the control in the roots of seedlings exposed to 200 μM Ni. There was a significant decline in both SOD (50%) and GSH-Px (20–30%) activities in the roots when the seedlings were treated with 200 μM Ni. The results indicated that a strong inhibition of wheat root growth caused by Ni stress was not due to enhanced lipid peroxidation, but might be related to the accumulation of H₂O₂ in root tissue.     

Ethylene as a possible mediator of light-induced inhibition of root growth

Eliasson, L. and Bollmark, M. 1988. Ethylene as a possible mediator of light-induced inhibition of root growth. - Physiol. Plant. 72: 605–609.
Pea seedlings ( Pisum sativum L. cv. Weibull's Marma) were used to investigate the possible role of ethylene in light-induced inhibition of root elongation. Illumination of the roots with white light inhibited root elongation by 40–50% and increased ethylene production by the roots about 4-fold. Our main approach was to use exogenous 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), supplied in the growth solution, to monitor ethylene production of the roots independent of light treatment. Ethylene production of excised root tips increased with increasing ACC concentrations. The rate of ethylene production in dark-grown roots treated with 0.1 μ M ACC was similar to that caused by illumination. Low ACC concentrations (0.01–0.1 μ M ) decreased the rate of root elongation, especially in seedlings grown in the dark, and 0.1 μ M ACC inhibited elongation to about the same extent as light. In light the roots curved and grew partly plagiogravitropically. This effect was also simulated by the 0.1 μ M ACC treatment. At 1 μ M and higher concentrations, ACC inhibited root growth almost completely and caused conspicuous curvatures of the root tips both in light and darkness. Inhibitors of ethylene synthesis and action partially counteracted the inhibition of root elongation caused by light. These observations suggest that the increase in ethylene production caused by light is at least partly responsible for the decreased growth of light-exposed roots.     

青蒿素对蔬菜种子发芽和幼苗生长的化感效应

试验以菜豆、豇豆、大白菜和小白菜为对象,用不同浓度的青蒿素浸种,研究了黄花蒿产生的化感物质??青蒿素对蔬菜种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,青蒿素对蔬菜种子发芽和幼苗生长的化感作用表现出浓度效应和品种差异,即浓度越高,抑制作用愈强,尤以豇豆种子发芽率和小白菜生长的表现最为明显,前者的发芽率可降低75.00%,后者的苗高降幅高达88.37%,且胚根停止生长。青蒿素抑制同季和后季作物的种子发芽和幼苗生长,有利于扩大黄花蒿的生存空间,增强生存竞争优势。在黄花蒿?蔬菜种植体系中,选择抗化感作用较强的大白菜和菜豆可提高土地利用率和整体生产水平。用青蒿素浸种后,蔬菜幼苗的根系活力降低,菜豆和豇豆叶绿素含量提高,而大、小白菜降低,均可视为妨碍生长的生理原因。此外,青蒿素浸种还提高蔬菜种子可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量,推测青蒿素对种子水解酶活性的影响较小,但抑制合成酶催化的生化反应,导致代谢紊乱,抑制幼苗生长。     

Ri质粒转化的青蒿发根培养及青蒿素的生物合成

用发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)转化药用植物青蒿(Artemisia annua L．)并建立了发根体外培养系统。Southern杂交、NPT Ⅱ酶的检测证明Ri质粒的T—DNA转移并整合到植物的核基因组上。在发根培养系统中,检测了青蒿的重要次生代谢物一青蒿素的含量,检测了不同理化因子对发根生长及青蒿素含量的影响。结果表明：光照(日光灯,12h光周期,20001x)有利于次生产物青蒿素的积累。培养基的pH值为5．4。蔗糖浓度为3％不仅促进发根的生长,而且促进青蒿素的积累。低浓度萘乙酸(NAA)对发根生长具有促进作用,但抑制青蒿素的合成。赤霉素GA,对发根的生长及次生产物的合成都具有促进作用,其最适浓度为4．8mg／L。     

青蒿转杜松烯合成酶基因发根系的培养

将已克隆的棉花杜松烯合成酶的ｃＤＮＡ（ｃａｄＣ１４）插入到植物表达载体ｐＢＩ１２１中,构建含ＣａＭＶ３５Ｓ启动子驱动下的杜松烯合成酶基因的植物表达载体ｐＢＩＣ１４。用含ｐＢＩＣ１４质粒的发根农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｒｈｉｚｏｇｅｎｅｓ）１５８３４感染青蒿（ＡｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａａｎｎｕａＬ．）叶片并诱导发根,共建立１２１个生长迅速的发根系。经浓度为２０ｍｇ／Ｌ的Ｋａｎ筛选,获得１２个抗Ｋａｎ阳性根系。ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ分析表明,外源杜松烯合成酶基因已整合到青蒿基因组中,其转基因频率为３％。ＲＴＰＣＲ分析表明,外源杜松烯合成酶基因在Ｃ３７根系中,在转录水平上已有表达。     

Silicon and copper interaction in the growth of spring wheat seedlings

Shoot and root fresh and dry matters and their Cu content were determined in 7-d-old seedlings of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Alkora treated with Cu (10,20, 40 μg cm-3) and Si (500 μg cm-3). Si significantly reduced the toxic effect of Cu on fresh and dry matter production of wheat seedlings. Moreover, plants treated with Cu and Si absorbed less Cu from the solution and had higher water content in shoots and roots than that treated with Cu only. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.