不同理化因子对雪莲培养细胞中黄酮类形成的影响

研究了不同理化因子对水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa Maxim)愈伤组织生长及黄酮类化合物生物合成的影响。结果表明,有利于细胞生长及黄酮形成的合适温度为25℃。白光对愈伤组织生长无促进作用,但有利于黄酮的形成。培养基中添加1mg／L NAA和O．2mg／L的KT组合对细胞的生长较有促进作用。5％蔗糖和1％葡萄糖的组合有利于细胞的生长和黄酮的形成。用⁶⁰C0-γ射线辐照愈伤组织,在剂量为4000Gy的条件下,获得一个合成黄酮能力高于原愈伤组织70％的细胞系。用高效液相和紫外分光光度法,测定离体培养光照条件下干细胞总黄酮的含量为3．2％,是暗培养的4．4倍。培养温度25℃时干细胞黄酮的含量为2．02％,分别为20℃,35℃时的5倍和3．2倍。     

过量铜对4种外生菌根真菌的生长、碳氮和铜积累的影响

为了了解外生菌根真菌在过量铜胁迫下的生长和物质积累特点,揭示外生菌根真菌对过量铜胁迫的抵抗能力,研究了四种外生菌根真菌—美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、铆钉菇(Gomphidius viscidus)、厚环乳牛肝菌(Suillus grevillei)和红绒盖牛肝(Xerocomus chrysenteron)在过量铜胁迫条件下菌丝中铜积累量、菌丝生长特性以及碳氮积累速率。四种测试菌种菌丝中的铜积累量,随营养液中铜浓度的增加而增加,在46mg/L铜培养基下生长15d,四种菌种菌丝内铜浓度分别是对照的40～60倍。B.edulis和X.chrysenteron菌丝中铜浓度与培养基中铜浓度呈直线相关,S.grevillei和G.viscidus为指数相关。菌丝在铜胁迫下依然呈S曲线增长,但初始生长推迟,指数增长期比对照晚1～2d。菌丝生物量和碳氮积累随铜浓度增加而显著降低。综合所有试验结果显示,四种测试菌种对过量铜的抗性强度为：B.edulis＞G.viscidus＞S.grevillei＞X.chrysenteron。     

碳源和氮源对水母雪莲悬浮培养细胞生长和黄酮合成的影响

在MS培养基上进行水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa Maxim)细胞悬浮培养时研究了碳源和氮源的影响。结果表明碳源以蔗糖最适合,蔗糖浓度则以40g/L较好,细胞生长量干重为18.12g/L,总黄酮合成量达到1423.25mg/L。在培养过程中,水母雪莲细胞能够快速将蔗糖水解为葡萄糖和果糖,并首先利用葡萄糖。氮源总浓度(包括NH⁺₄和NO^-₃)为60～120mmol/L,NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例为20/40有利于雪莲细胞生长和黄酮合成。用HPLC检测显示4′,5,7-三羟基3′,6-二甲氧基黄酮(Jaceosidin)和4′,5,7-三羟基-6-甲氧基黄酮(Hispidulin)2种黄酮的含量分别达到细胞干重的1.46%和0.010%     

内生真菌Colletotrichum sp. B501的寡糖提取物对黄花蒿发根中青蒿素生物合成的诱导

在黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.)发根液体培养中,黄花蒿内生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum sp. B501)细胞壁寡糖提取物可促进发根青蒿素的合成.经寡糖诱导子(20 mg/L)处理4 d后,发根青蒿素含量达1.15 mg/g, 比对照高出64.29%.诱导作用与诱导子浓度、作用时间相关.诱导处理1 d后,X射线能谱分析表明黄花蒿发根细胞中Ca2+积累量显著增高,电镜观察发现液泡内出现高电子致密物,具活性氧清除作用的过氧化物酶表现出高活性(6.5 unit*min-1*g-1 FW).诱导处理第三天,细胞核DNA呈梯度条带降解,部分细胞出现程序化死亡.内生菌细胞壁寡糖提取物引起的生理反应有利于细胞中青蒿素的生物合成.     

促进黄花蒿发根青蒿素合成的内生真菌诱导子的制备

应用酸解法对黄花蒿(ArtemisiaannuaL.)内生胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichumgloeosporioides)菌丝体进行提取,在黄花蒿发根培养系统中比较了各制备提取物的青蒿素诱导活性。活性提取物经过SephadexG25层析后,部分纯化的内生菌寡糖提取物(MW<2500)可显著促进发根青蒿素的合成,培养23d的发根经诱导子(0.4mg/mL)处理4d后,青蒿素产量可达13.51mg/L,比同期对照产量提高51.63%,诱导作用与诱导子浓度、作用时间相关。内生菌寡糖诱导子的制备和使用,在青蒿素生物技术生产研究中为首次应用。     

乳糖发酵短杆菌L－氨酸产生菌的选育

从谷氨酸产生菌Brevibacterium lactofermentum XQ5121出发选育L-苏氨酸产生菌。以硫酸二乙酯(Des)和甲基磺酸乙酯(Ems)诱变处理,用α-氨基-β-羟基戊酸(Ahv)和s－(2－氨基乙基)－L－半胱氨酸(Aec)药物平板及琥珀酸培养基(Sam)平板定向筛选,最后获得一株L－苏氨酸高产菌Zt－1株(AHV^г AEC^г SAM^g),可在适宜的培养条件下积累16mg／m1 L－苏氨酸。试验结果表明,在以琥珀酸为唯一碳源的平板培养基(sAM)上生长迅速即sAM 变异可导致L－苏氨酸积累大幅度提高。 文中对B.lactofermentum L-苏氨酸产生菌的选育机理作了讨论。     

三裂叶野葛毛状根的诱导及其固体培养和液体培养

发根农杆菌（Agrobacterium rhizogenes）ATCC15834感染三裂叶野葛(Pueraria phaseoloides)叶片外植体20 d后产生毛状根,毛状根可直接从叶片外植体叶脉处或从叶脉处产生的愈伤组织上产生。感染35d后,约85%的叶片外植体产生毛状根。毛状根能在无外源生长调节剂的 MS固体和液体培养基上自主生长。PCR扩增结果表明,发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rolB和rolC基因已在三裂叶野葛毛状根基因组中整合并得到表达。与固体培养的毛状根相比,在液体培养基中培养的毛状根不仅生长迅速,也不会形成愈伤组织。在无外源生长调节剂的液体MS培养基中培养15d的三裂叶野葛毛状根的鲜重、干重、可溶性总糖含量及细胞内活性氧(ROS)含量分别为固体培养毛状根的1.59倍、1.18倍、5.25倍和1.16倍。     

钙离子对293细胞结团和生长的影响

分别在有血清和无血清条件下、方瓶和转瓶中考察了Ca²⁺ 对2 93细胞结团和生长的影响。通过实验发现,Ca²⁺ 浓度在0 1～1 0mmol L范围内对2 93细胞的贴壁和结团性质有显著影响,而对生长影响不大。结果表明:有血清贴壁培养时,较高的Ca²⁺ 浓度有利于细胞贴壁;无血清悬浮培养中,Ca²⁺ 浓度越高,细胞结团越严重,细胞结团达到平衡后的平均粒径(D ,μm)与Ca²⁺ 浓度(c,mmol L)在0.1～0.5mmol L范围内可用一次函数D =58.65c +16.96描述,细胞结团尺寸是可调控的;而细胞在不同的Ca²⁺ 浓度下有相似的生长规律。     

青蒿发根生长及青蒿素生物合成动态的研究

从747条发根农杆菌ATCC15834转化的青蒿株系025发根中,筛选出7个生长较快的发根系,这7个系在生长速度和青蒿素含量上均有显著差异,其中发根系HR9青蒿素产率最高,达到每月3325mg/L。青蒿发根的生长量和青蒿素含量极显著高于未转化根和愈伤组织。青蒿发根在分批培养中没有明显的迟滞期,接种后第7天进入指数生长期,第11天生长最快,第20天进入稳定期。青蒿发根中青蒿素含量呈明显的“与生长相关”特性,在指数生长期,青蒿素含量缓慢下降,生长速度减缓后,青蒿素含量上升,发根生长停止后,继续延长培养时间,青蒿素含量也不再提高。在分批培养中,青蒿发根适宜的培养时间为21d。     

内生真菌Colletotrichum sp. B501的寡糖提取物对黄花蒿发根中青蒿素生物合成的诱导(英文)

在黄花蒿 (ArtemisiaannuaL .)发根液体培养中 ,黄花蒿内生炭疽菌 (Colletotrichumsp .B5 0 1)细胞壁寡糖提取物可促进发根青蒿素的合成。经寡糖诱导子 (2 0mg/L)处理 4d后 ,发根青蒿素含量达 1.15mg/g ,比对照高出6 4 .2 9%。诱导作用与诱导子浓度、作用时间相关。诱导处理 1d后 ,X射线能谱分析表明黄花蒿发根细胞中Ca2 积累量显著增高 ,电镜观察发现液泡内出现高电子致密物 ,具活性氧清除作用的过氧化物酶表现出高活性 (6 .5unit·min-1·g-1FW)。诱导处理第三天 ,细胞核DNA呈梯度条带降解 ,部分细胞出现程序化死亡。内生菌细胞壁寡糖提取物引起的生理反应有利于细胞中青蒿素的生物合成。     

Artemisinin production in Artemisia annua hairy root cultures with improved growth by altering the nitrogen source in the medium

Murashige & Skoog medium was modified for enhancing artemisinin production in Artemisia annua hairy root cultures by altering the ratio of NO ₃ ^– /NH ₄ ⁺ and the total amount of initial nitrogen. Increasing ammonium to 60 mM decreased both growth and artemisinin accumulation in hairy root cultures. With NO ₃ ^– /NH ₄ ⁺ at 5:1 (w/w), the optimum concentration of total initial nitrogen for artemisinin production was 20 mM. After 24 days of cultivation with 16.7 mM nitrate and 3.3 mM ammonium, the maximum artemisinin production of hairy roots was about 14 mg l^–1, a 57% increase over that in the standard MS medium.     

Effects of Fungal Elicitors on Cell Growth and Artemisinin Accumulation in Hairy Root Cultures of Artemisia annua

The artemisinin accumulation in the hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L. was enhanced via a treatment of three fungal elicitors separately ( Verticillium dahliae Kleb., Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. ex Fr. ) Vuill and Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove). Among these three elicitors, V. dahliae had the highest inducing efficiency, but none of them manifests any noticeable effects on the cell growth of the hairy root cultures. The artemisinin content of the hairy root cultures treated with V. dahliae elicitor was 1.12 mg/g DW, which was 45% higher than the control (0.77 mg/g DW). The results showed that elicitation was dependent on the elicitor concentration, the incubation period and the physiological stage at which the hairy root cultures were treated. In addition, the authors found that for V. dahliae, the optimum concentration was 0.4 mg carbohydrate per millilitre medium, the strongest response of A. annua hairy root cultures to the elicitation was at the late exponential growth stage, and the highest artemisinin content of the hairy root cultures was on the 4th day post treatment.     

真菌诱导子对青蒿发根细胞生长和青蒿素积累的影响

３种真菌诱导子（大菌丽花轮枝孢（Ｖｅｒｔｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍ ｄａｈｉａｅ Ｋｌｅｂ．）、葡枝根霉（Ｒｈｉｚｏｐｕｓ ｓｔｏｌｏｎｉｆｅｒ（Ｅｈｒｅｎｂ．ｅｘＦｒ．）Ｖｕｉｌｌ）和束状刺盘孢（Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｒｉｃｈｕｍ ｄｅｍａｔｉｕｍ（Ｐｅｒｓ．）Ｇｒｏｖｅ）处理青蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ ａｎｎｕａＬ．）的发根,均能促进发根中青蒿素的积累,其中以大丽花轮枝孢的诱导效果最好;对细胞生长均没有明显影响,     

Improvement of artemisinin accumulation in hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L by fungal elicitor

The effect of fungal elicitor, derived from mycelial extracts of Penicillium chysogenum 3446, on artemisinin production in hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L was studied. Various concentrations of elicitor were added to the culture medium after 18 days. Time course experiments were carried out using a defined concentration of elicitor after 18 days. Various ages of hairy root cultures were elicited using a defined concentration of elicitor for 3 days. Artemisinin production in 21-day hairy root cultures treated with 0.3 mg total sugar/ml medium elicitor for 3 days reached to 549.1 mg/l.     

Isolation and production of artemisinin and stigmasterol in hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua

Scaled-up hairy root culture of Artemisia annua L. was established in three-liter Erlenmeyer flask. Both artemisinin and stigmasterol that derive from the common precursors of isopentenyl diphosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate were isolated from hairy roots. The production rate of artemisinin isolated by column chromatography from hairy root cultures was 0.54% (mg.gDW⁻¹). Stigmasterol was identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The production of stigmasterol isolated by column chromatography from hairy root cultures was 108.3% (mg.gDW⁻¹). In hairy root cultures, the production rate of stigmasterol was estimated to be 201 times greater than that of artemisinin. Our results suggest that investigation of secondary metabolites may provide a new insight to study artemisinin production in hairy root cultures. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Nitric oxide potentiates oligosaccharide-induced artemisinin production in Artemisia annua hairy roots

The purpose of the present study was to characterize the generation of nitric oxide （NO） in Artemisia annua roots induced by an oligosaccharide elicitor （OE） from Fusarium oxysporum mycelium and the potentiation role of NO in the elicitation of artemisinin accumulation. The OE （0.3 mg total sugar/mL） induced a rapid production of NO in cultures, which exhibited a biphasic time course, reaching the first plateau within 1.5 h and the second within 8 h of OE treatment. Artemisinin content in 20-day-old hairy roots was increased from 0.7mg/g dry wt to 1.3 mg/g dry wt by using the OE treatment for 4d. In the absence of OE, the NO donor sodium nitroprusside （SNP） at 10, 50 ~1 and 100 ~1 enhanced the growth of hairy roots, but had no effect on artemisinin synthesis, The combination of SNP with OE increased artemisinin content from 1.2 mg/g drywt to 2.2 mg/g dry wt, whereas the maximum production of artemisinin in cultures was 28.5 mg/L, a twofold increase over the OE treatment alone. The effects of SNP on the OE-induced artemisinin were suppressed strongly by the NO scavenger 2-（4- carboxyphenyl）-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide （cPTIO）. The results suggest that NO can strongly potentiate elicitor-induced artemisinin synthesis in A. annua hairy roots.     

Enhanced production of artemisinin by Artemisia annua L hairy root cultures in a modified inner-loop airlift bioreactor

Hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L were cultured in a modified inner-loop airlift bioreactor for achieving maximum artemisinin production. The effects of initial pH, air flow rate, cycle of light irradiation and temperature on growth and artmisinin production in Artemisia annua L hairy root cultures were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum production of artemisinin reached to 577.5?mg/l after 20 days.