烟草Nt4CL与虎杖PcSTS基因的融合表达与功能分析

4-香豆酰辅酶A连接酶(4-coumarate-Co A ligase,4CL)和芪合酶(stilbene synthase,STS)是白藜芦醇苯丙氨酸代谢合成的最后两个关键酶。运用悬挂PCR(overlap PCR)的方法将烟草4CL基因(Nt4CL)和虎杖STS基因(Pc PKS5)用3个中性氨基酸链连接,得到融合基因Nt4CL-Pc PKS5,将其插入原核表达载体中,构建p ET30a-Nt4CL-Pc PKS5重组质粒,表达Nt4CL-Pc PKS5融合蛋白。经Ni2+纯化和PD-10柱脱盐后,得到可溶性纯化蛋白。体外酶促反应结果表明该融合酶具有4CL和STS的双重活性,其催化产物为白藜芦醇。酶促反应最适条件为:p H 6.5,反应温度为45℃。研究结果获得了有效催化白藜芦醇生物合成的双功能融合酶,为进一步利用融合酶基因转化工程菌株实现白藜芦醇工业化生产奠定了基础。     

天蓝色链霉菌孢子色素whiE在大肠杆菌中的异源生物合成

【目的】在大肠杆菌中完整重构孢子色素whiE的生物合成途径,分离纯化表达体系中合成的新化合物,并解析whiE的生物合成途径。【方法】构建whiE-ORFII、whiE-ORFVII和whiE-ORFI的单基因重组质粒,SDS-PAGE检测蛋白表达情况;借助Xba I与Spe I互为同尾酶的特性,实现多基因组合串联;构建好的重组质粒再导入大肠杆菌菌株BAP1中进行异源表达,并用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测发酵产物;依次使用正相硅胶柱和反向半制备柱分离发酵产物,四级杆飞行时间质谱仪(Q-TOFMS)鉴定发酵产物分子量。【结果】whiE-ORFII、whiE-ORFVII和whiE-ORFI均获得可溶性表达;这3个基因单个串联到菌株BTw95中均未检测到新的产物生成;而whiE-ORFII和whiE-ORFVII、 whiE-ORFI和whiE-ORFVII双基因组合以及三基因组合串联到BTw95中可检测得到两种化合物ZYC-1和ZYC-2。在负离子模式下进行Q-TOFMS检测,ZYC-1的[M-H]-为419.0748,推测分子式为C_(23)H_(16)O_8;ZYC-2的[M-H]-为465.0743,推测分子式为C_(24)H_(18)O_(10)。【结论】本研究推进了孢子色素whiE生物合成途径在大肠杆菌中的异源重构,分离鉴定了2个十二酮II型聚酮化合物,并推测了孢子色素whiE的生物合成途径。     

鲑鱼降钙素串联基因的克隆、表达及重组蛋白的生物学活性

目的：将鲑鱼降钙素(salmon calcitoni,sCT)基因以同向串联方式连接,构建串联多拷贝基因的表达质粒pHis-nCT(n≤3),并在原核中表达,研究表达产物的降钙活性。方法：采用半化学半酶促法合成sCT基因,利用基因的特点及特殊的酶切位点NdeI和SamI在表达载体pTrcHisC中进行sCT基因与载体基因的融合及sCT基因的串联,并在TOP10中表达串联多拷贝基因。表达产物形成包含体,对包含体变性、复性后,以Ni-Chelating Sepharose亲和纯化。用血清钙浓度测定法研究串联表达产物及裂解产物的降钙活性。结果：重组菌表达的串联融合蛋白经过变性、复性及亲合层析,纯度达到90％以上。活性试验表明,串联融合蛋白及其裂解产物可以抑制破骨细胞,降低血清钙浓度,且呈剂量效应关系。结论：原核表达质粒pTreHisC可以有效表达串联的sCT基因,重组的串联蛋白及裂解产物均有降钙活性。     

独行菜LaMCT基因的克隆、序列分析与原核表达

强心苷作为药用植物独行菜( Lepidium apetalum)的活性成分,其化学和药理学研究已有良好的基础,但其生物合成途径目前仍不清楚。该研究以独行菜幼苗为材料,通过分析独行菜转录组数据,设计特异性引物,PCR扩增得到了强心苷生物合成MEP途径的关键酶2-C-甲基赤藓醇-4-磷酸胞苷酰转移酶( MCT)基因的开放阅读框( ORF),命名为LaMCT( Genbank注册号KT832554),并进行序列分析和原核表达。序列分析结果表明：LaMCT基因ORF全长为912 bp,编码304个氨基酸。亚细胞定位和保守结构域分析结果表明：LaMCT蛋白位于叶绿体中,不含信号肽,没有跨膜区,含有类异戊二烯合成酶保守结构域( isoprenoid synthase domain)。系统进化树结果表明：LaMCT蛋白与拟南芥的MCT蛋白具有94％的序列相似性,亲缘关系较近。通过构建pET-32a-LaMCT原核表达载体,成功在大肠杆菌BL21( DE3)菌株中诱导表达LaMCT重组蛋白,并得到了纯化的LaMCT重组蛋白。该研究首次从独行菜中克隆了LaMCT基因,建立其稳定的原核表达体系,为LaMCT蛋白抗体的制备以及研究LaMCT基因在独行菜强心苷类化合物生物合成途径中的功能奠定了基础。     

三种禽病毒抗原的串联表达、纯化及活性鉴定

为实现多个基因在同一菌株中均一可溶性表达,简化基因工程亚单位多联多价疫苗中抗原生产的工艺步骤,本研究选用Ⅰ群4型禽腺病毒(FAdV-4) Fiber-2蛋白、鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV) VP2蛋白和减蛋综合征病毒(EDSV)Fiber蛋白3种来自不同禽病毒的抗原为研究对象,利用原核表达系统,通过密码子优化、载体启动子改造和基因串联顺序优化,获得单一载体/多重转录单元的共表达重组质粒。将共表达重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株,进行3个基因的共表达。纯化后的蛋白进行Western blotting和蛋白活性检测。结果表明,目的基因经过密码子优化、载体启动子改造和基因串联顺序的优化后,获得均一可溶性共表达的3种蛋白,纯化后蛋白纯度大于80%,Western blotting分析和琼脂扩散试验表明串联表达的3种蛋白具有免疫反应性和抗原活性。文中通过目的基因密码子优化、表达载体启动子改造和基因串联等关键技术的突破,首次实现了3种不同禽病毒抗原的高效、均一、可溶性串联表达和纯化,为基因工程亚单位多联多价疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

南极深海底泥中度嗜盐菌盐单胞菌属Nj223 ectC基因的克隆表达及ectoine合成酶性质分析

从南极深海底泥中筛选得到一株中度嗜盐菌Halomonas sp.Nj223,利用PCR技术,以该菌株基因组为模板,扩增出ectC基因。将目的基因的PCR扩增产物克隆至表达载体pET-his。经酶切、PCR鉴定、测序验证结果表明,目的基因插入的位置、大小和读码框均正确,表达载体构建成功。经SDS-PAGE分析,出现预期大小的目的蛋白条带。分离纯化复性的ectoine合成酶后测定其酶活力,在体外验证了ectoine的部分生物合成途径。进一步分析了pH和温度对酶活的影响发现,该酶最适pH为8.0,最适温度为25℃。     

过表达腺苷生物合成正相关基因GlPNP提高灵芝腺苷的含量

【背景】灵芝被纳入我国“药食同源”试点名单，腺苷作为其主要活性物质之一，在免疫调节、抗炎、抗癌等方面发挥着重要作用。【目的】调控腺苷生物合成关键酶基因的表达来提高灵芝腺苷产量。【方法】将不同培养时间阶段腺苷合成酶基因(包括5-氨基咪唑-4-甲酰胺核糖核苷酸甲酰转移酶GlATIC、嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶GlPNP、腺苷激酶GlADK)的表达量与腺苷含量相关联，筛选出与灵芝腺苷含量呈正相关的关键酶基因。克隆关键酶基因并在灵芝中过表达，探究关键酶基因过表达对灵芝腺苷积累的影响。【结果】GlPNP的表达与灵芝腺苷含量呈正相关。GlPNP的cDNA全长为969 bp，预测GlPNP蛋白的相对分子量为34.6 kDa，呈三聚体的四元结构。研究结果表明，过表达菌株中GlPNP的表达量在第4天比野生型菌株(WT)上调了2.9-3.9倍，与含空载体的菌株(CK)相比，腺苷含量分别提高了78%和63%。【结论】过表达嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶是提高灵芝腺苷产量的一种有效手段。     

木荷属和柃木属植物的嘌呤代谢及嘌呤碱合成研究

以［8-¹⁴C］标记的腺嘌呤和黄嘌呤为底物,对两种可以合成少量咖啡碱和茶叶碱的木荷属和柃木属植物（Schima mertensiana,Eurya japonica）叶片的嘌呤代谢进行了检测研究。发现木荷属和柃木属植物中嘌呤代谢相似,¹⁴C标记的腺嘌呤可以整合到嘌呤核苷酸、RNA、酰脲（包括尿囊素和尿囊酸）、二氧化碳中。经过24 h培养,在叶片吸收的放射能中,仅有6%～7%用于甲基黄嘌呤类化合物的合成（3-甲基黄嘌呤、7-甲基黄嘌呤核苷、7-甲基黄嘌呤、茶叶碱）。和其他植物一样,绝大多数¹⁴C标记的黄嘌呤整合到嘌呤的分解代谢物中（二氧化碳和酰脲）,少量的放射能分布在3-甲基黄嘌呤及茶叶碱中。根据结果可以推断木荷属和柃木属植物具有N-甲基转移酶活性,可以用来合成咖啡碱和茶叶碱,相对于茶树而言,活性不高。综上,本文对木荷属和柃木属植物的嘌呤代谢以及嘌呤碱合成进行了研究。     

定点突变提高虎杖聚酮合酶的苯亚甲基丙酮合酶活性北大核心CSCD

虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum)聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase 1,PcPKS1)同时具有查尔酮合酶(chalcone synthase,CHS)及苯亚甲基丙酮合酶(benzylidene acetone synthase,BAS)催化活性,能够催化生成聚酮类化合物柚皮素查尔酮和苯亚甲基丙酮,进而催化合成黄酮类或覆盆子酮等具有多种生物学活性的化合物。本研究通过分析虎杖PcPKS1与掌叶大黄(Rheum palmatum)BAS、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)CHS等家族成员的序列以及酶催化位点的构象,确定可能影响酶功能的3个氨基酸位点:Thr133、Ser134、Ser339。采用定点突变对PcPKS1进行分子修饰,成功获得2个突变体并进行相关体外酶促反应,高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)产物分析结果表明,在pH 7.0和pH 9.0的体外酶促条件下,突变体T133LS134A和S339V维持BAS和CHS双功能活性,且BAS活性显著高于原PcPKS1。本研究为利用PcPKS1进行基因工程调节黄酮类和覆盆子酮化合物的生物合成提供理论依据。     

禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒p30-gp90串联表达蛋白及其免疫原性

摘要:【目的】研究禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒(Reticuloendotheliosis Virus,REV)群特异性抗原P30与囊膜糖蛋白gp90体外共表达蛋白的免疫原性,为研发新型REV 抗体诊断试剂盒提供基础。【方法】根据REV脾脏坏死病毒(spleen necrosis virus,SNV)株的前病毒基因组cDNA序列,设计合成2对引物,以pPB101质粒为模板,分别扩增REV p30基因和gp90基因片段。将PCR产物依次克隆入表达载体pET-28a(+)中,通过酶切鉴定和测序分析,筛选阳性重组克隆pET-p30-gp90。重组菌经异丙基硫代D-半乳糖苷( IPTG)诱导后,通过SDS-PAGE电泳分析表达情况,Western blot检测表达蛋白与特异性血清之间的反应性。制备表达蛋白的抗血清,以该抗血清与REV感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞( CEF)进行间接免疫荧光实验(IFA),验证表达蛋白的免疫原性。【结果】经SDS-PAGE电泳后能观察到预期大小的表达条带,Western blot结果显示,重组蛋白能与REV抗血清反应。将表达产物纯化后免疫Balb/c小鼠,制备p30-gp90抗血清,该抗血清与REV感染CEF在IFA中呈现特异性荧光反应。【结论】体外串联表达REV p30-gp90蛋白,表达蛋白具有良好的免疫原性。     

秃房茶嘌呤生物碱组成特点及生化品质成分的研究

该研究采用分光光度法和高效液相色谱法,分不同叶位对秃房茶(Camellia gymnogyna)的嘌呤生物碱组成特点以及茶多酚、儿茶素组分、游离氨基酸、黄酮、茶氨酸等生化品质成分进行了测定。结果表明:秃房茶的嘌呤生物碱组成及配比显著区别于茶叶植物凤凰单从(C.sinensis),同时具有可可碱、咖啡碱和苦茶碱三种组分,而且可可碱含量最多,为13.46~39.72 mg·g~(-1),咖啡碱含量最低,为0.51~2.02 mg·g~(-1),苦茶碱含量介于两者中间并随芽叶成熟度增加而升高。茶叶植物只存在咖啡碱和可可碱,含量变化分别为22.22~53.13 mg·g~(-1)和0.47~12.82 mg·g~(-1)。在相同叶位中,秃房茶儿茶素组分含量变化规律为EGCGCECGEGCECGCCGGCG,且儿茶素总量、酯型儿茶素含量均低于茶叶植物,而非酯型儿茶素总量接近,保持为40~50 mg·g~(-1)。除黄酮含量在各叶位变化趋势不大外,其他品质成分含量变化基本符合第1叶芽第2叶第3叶第4叶,一芽二叶的含量介于第1叶和第2叶之间的规律,而茶多酚、黄酮、茶氨酸等其它品质成分含量均低于茶叶植物。该研究首次明确了秃房茶主要生化品质成分变化规律,特别是嘌呤生物碱的组成及配比特点,且含有特征性成分—苦茶碱。该研究结果为生物碱代谢机理、特异茶加工、功能成分开发、低咖啡碱资源、选育种等提供了优良材料。     

Biosynthesis and metabolism of purine alkaloids in leaves of cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla)

The biosynthesis and metabolism of purine alkaloids in leaves ofCamellia ptilophylla (cocoa tea), a new tea resource in China, have been investigated. The major purine alkaloid was theobromine, with theophylline also being present as a minor component. Caffeine was not accumulated in detectable quantities. Theobromine was synthesized from [8-¹⁴C] adenine and the rate of its biosynthesis in the segments from young and mature leaves from flush shoots was approximately 10 times higher than that from aged leaves from 1-year old shoots. Neither cellfree extracts nor segments fromC. ptilophylla leaves could convert theobromine to caffeine. A large quantity of [2-¹⁴C] xanthine taken up by the leaf segments was degraded to¹⁴CO₂ via the conventional purine catabolic pathway that includes allantoin as an intermediate. However, small amounts of [2-¹⁴C] xanthine were also converted to theobromine. Considerable amounts of [8-¹⁴C] caffeine exogenously supplied to the leaf segments ofC. ptilophylla was changed to theobromine. These results indicate that leaves ofC. ptilophylla exhibit unusual purine alkaloid metabolism as i) they have the capacity to synthesize theobromine from adenine nucleotides, but they lack adequate methyltransferase activity to convert of theobromine to caffeine in detectable quantities, ii) the leaves have a capacity to convert xanthine to theobromine, probably via 3-methylxanthine.     

Metabolism of purine bases, nucleosides and alkaloids in theobromine-forming Theobroma cacao leaves

We examined the purine alkaloid content and purine metabolism in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plant leaves at various ages: young small leaves (stage I), developing intermediate size leaves (stage II), fully developed leaves (stage III) from flush shoots, and aged leaves (stage IV) from 1-year-old shoots. The major purine alkaloid in stage I leaves was theobromine (4.5 μmol g^–1 fresh weight), followed by caffeine (0.75 μmol g^–1 fresh weight). More than 75% of purine alkaloids disappeared with subsequent leaf development (stages II–IV). In stage I leaves, ¹⁴C-labelled adenine, adenosine, guanine, guanosine, hypoxanthine and inosine were converted to salvage products (nucleotides and nucleic acids), to degradation products (ureides and CO₂) and to purine alkaloids (3- and 7-methylxanthine, 7-methylxanthosine and theobromine). In contrast, ¹⁴C-labelled xanthine and xanthosine were not used for nucleotide synthesis. They were completely degraded, but nearly 20% of [8-¹⁴C]Xanthosine was converted in stage I leaves to purine alkaloids. These observations are consistent with the following biosynthetic pathways for theobromine: (a) AMP → IMP → 5′-xanthosine monophosphate → xanthosine → 7-methylxanthosine → 7-methylxanthine → theobromine; (b) GMP → guanosine → xanthosine → 7-methylxanthosine → 7-methylxanthine → theobromine; (c) xanthine → 3-methylxanthine → theobromine. Although no caffeine biosynthesis from ¹⁴C-labelled purine bases and nucleosides was observed during 18 h incubations, exogenously supplied [8-¹⁴C]Theobromine was converted to caffeine in young leaves. Conversion of theobromine to caffeine may, therefore, be slow in cacao leaves. No purine alkaloid synthesis was observed in the subsequent growth stages (stages II–IV). Significant degradation of purine alkaloids was found in leaves of stages II and III, in which [8-¹⁴C]Theobromine was degraded to CO₂ via 3-methylxanthine, xanthine and allantoic acid. [8-¹⁴C]Caffeine was catabolised to CO₂ via theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) or theobromine.     

Caffeine biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis

The metabolism of adenine and guanine, relating to the biosynthesis of caffeine, in excised shoot tips of tea was studied with micromolar amounts of adenine-[8-¹⁴C] or guanine-[8-¹⁴C]. Among the presumed precursors of caffeine biosynthesis, adenine was the most effective, whereas guanine was the least effective. After administration of a ‘pulse’ of adenine-[8-¹⁴C], almost all of the adenine-[¹⁴C] supplied disappeared by 30 hr, and ¹⁴C-labelled caffeine and RNA purine nucleotide (AMP and GMP) synthesis increased throughout the experimental period, whereas the radioactivities of free purine nucleotides, 7-methylxanthine and theobromine increased during the first 10 hr incubation period, followed by a steady decrease. By contrast, more than 45% of the guanine-[8-¹⁴C] supplied remained unchanged even after a 120 hr period. The main products of guanine-[8-¹⁴C] metabolism in tea shoot tips were guanine nucleotides, theobromine, caffeine and the GMP of RNA. The results support the hypothesis that the purine nucleotides are synthesized from adenine and guanine via the pathway of purine salvage. Adenylate is readily converted into other purine nucleotides, whereas the conversion rate of guanylate into other purine nucleotides is very low.The results also support the view that 7-methylxanthine and theobromine are precursors of caffeine. For the origin of the purine ring in caffeine, purine nucleotides in the nucleotide pool rather than in nucleic acids are suggested.     

茶树CsPAL3基因的亚细胞定位及遗传转化

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)由多基因家族编码,是花青素等多酚物质合成途径的起始酶,对其合成具有调控作用。以紫化茶树武夷奇种C18为材料,采用Gateway技术体系分别构建了茶树的CsPAL3过表达载体pGWB502:CsPAL3和pGWB505:CsPAL3:GFP,并成功将其转入根癌农杆菌GV3101。注射烟草瞬时表达激光共聚焦扫描显微镜可观察到GFP绿色荧光,结果表明CsPAL3主要集中在细胞核和细胞膜中。通过侵染拟南芥,筛选纯合子,获得稳定表达的转CsPAL3基因拟南芥。实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测发现,CsPAL3在转CsPAL3基因拟南芥中的根部表达量显著高于叶片,且CsPAL3基因受光照调控。该结果为进一步研究茶树CsPAL3基因功能以及促进茶树花青素合成与积累的分子调控机理提供科学依据。     

Biosynthesis of Caffeine in Flower Buds of Camellia sinensis

The biosynthesis of purine alkaloids in flower buds of tea plantswas investigated. More than 25% of total radioactivity of [8-¹⁴C]adeninetaken up by stamens isolated from tea flower buds was foundto have been incorporated into purine alkaloids, namely, theobromineand caffeine, 24 h after administration of the labelled compound.Pulse-chase experiments indicated that [8-¹⁴C]adenine takenup by the stamens was converted to adenine nucleotides and subsequentlyincorporated into theobromine and caffeine. Since 5 µMcoformycin, an inhibitor of AMP deaminase, inhibited the incorporationof radioactivity into the purine alkaloids, synthesis of caffeinefrom adenine nucleotides seems to be initiated by the reactionof AMP deaminase. Although most of the radioactivity from [8-¹⁴C]inosinewas recovered as CO₂ and ureides, considerable amounts of radioactivitywere recovered as purine alkaloids. The incorporation of radioactivityfrom [8-¹⁴C]inosine into the purine alkaloids was not affectedby coformycin. The five enzymes involved in synthesis of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphatefrom glucose were present in the stamens and petals of tea flowerbuds. From present and previous results, the pathway for thebiosynthesis of caffeine from adenine nucleotides in flowerbuds of tea is discussed.Copyright 1993, 1999 Academic Press Camellia sinensis, tea, stamen, flower, biosynthesis, purine alkaloids, caffeine, theobromine, adenine nucleotides, nucleotide biosynthesis     

茶树CsPLK基因的鉴定与表达分析

茶树中富含茶氨酸、儿茶素和咖啡碱等重要功能成分,具有较高的价值功效,茶树在生命周期中经常遭受逆境胁迫,维生素B6(VB6)在植物体内参与逆境应答,吡哆醛激酶(pyridoxal kinase,PLK)是VB6补救途径中的关键酶。为进一步了解PLK在茶树生物合成中的功能和作用机理,该研究基于茶树基因组数据库,以龙井43为材料,采用逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)的方法从茶树中克隆出CsPLK的基因。结果表明:该基因序列长为1 179 bp,编码393个氨基酸; CsPLK蛋白和已知物种中PLK蛋白具有较高的同源性,都是核糖激酶超家族成员;通过构建pET-CsPLK载体进行原核表达,并鉴定出重组蛋白有很强的催化活性;组织表达特异性分析表明,叶中的表达量比茎、根的高,在根中最低;荧光定量PCR表示,低温诱导CsPLK上调表达,干旱诱导CsPLK下调表达,发现该基因在茶树中有明显的逆境应答,推测CsPLK在茶树的生长发育、逆境胁迫发挥重要作用。     

A Total Synthesis of (±)-Gibberellin A12 via Methyl (±)-7,16-dioxo-17-norkauran-19-oate

¹⁴C-labelled methionine, xanthosine, and 7-methylxan-thosine were given to excised tea shoots. The methyl group of methionine was incorporated into 7-methylxanthosine (ca. 10%) in the earlier period of incubation after the uptake. About 50% of the radioactivity of xanthosine was rapidly incorporated into caffeine via 7-methylxanthosine, 7-methylxanthine, and theobromine within 24 hr. 7-Methylxanthosine was also converted into caffeine at a high rate. The results suggest that the pathway for caffeine biosynthesis is as follows: xanthosine → 7-methylxanthosine → 7-methylxanthine → theobromine → caffeine.     

生物大分子从头合成和设计的研究进展

生物大分子指生物体内存在的DNA、蛋白质、多糖等物质,其对生物体正常生命活动至关重要.从头合成和设计技术在生物大分子的合成和结构设计上具有自由度高、前体简单等特点,能够按照特定研究目的对生物大分子进行全新设计和高效合成.近年来,从头合成与设计技术在人造基因组合成、新型蛋白质类药物设计、糖缀合物合成等领域已开始受到重视.基于生物大分子从头合成和设计技术,可以定向制备全新设计的DNA或全新的基因表达产物,以及具有识别功能的糖链或糖缀合物,将大大推进诸如细胞因子模拟物、基因治疗递送载体等生物活性物质的开发,为人工生物系统的构建、罕见疾病的治疗等提供新的解决方法.本文就DNA、蛋白质和多糖的从头合成和设计进行了综述,阐述了相关方法及应用,最后概括分析了三者之间的关系.