鼠李糖脂快速定量分析方法及其影响因素研究*

为探寻简单、快速的由铜绿假单胞菌生产鼠李糖脂的定量分析方法,对比分析了蒽酮-硫酸法、L-半胱氨酸-硫酸法、苯酚-硫酸法及其影响因素。结果显示,蒽酮-硫酸法优于其它两种方法,并得出了其最佳测试条件。发酵液中剩余的葡萄糖、上清液对鼠李糖脂定量分析的影响可以忽略,菌体和中层杂质对鼠李糖脂的定量分析有一定程度的影响。因而,分析时要去除菌体。而中层杂质对定量分析的影响可以通过制备含中层杂质的鼠李糖溶液标准曲线而消除。     

基于糖显色法测定鼠李糖脂的比例、含量

目的:确定微生物培养液中鼠李糖脂的组成、含量和鼠李糖脂在电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)中的离子化效率.方法:用薄层色谱分离并结合ESI-MS分析培养液中的糖脂产物、测定样品中单鼠李糖脂和双鼠李糖脂比例及离子化强度.结果:根据苯酚-硫酸法和蒽酮光度法中糖及糖脂与吸光度的定量关系[A=0.0103X+0.0465(X为鼠李糖量,μg),A=0.0043X+0.0446(X为鼠李糖脂量,μg)],用化学计量方法确定了糖脂含量84.8%,其中单鼠李糖脂的质量分数0.344,双鼠李糖脂的质量分数0.656,并基于电喷雾质谱中的离子强度和测定的浓度计算了鼠李糖脂的离子化效率,双鼠李糖脂的钠离子化效率仅为单鼠李糖脂钠离子化效率的50%.结论:可用于定量分析单双糖脂及评价鼠李糖脂的生产.     

铜绿假单胞菌XJ601产鼠李糖脂的优化培养及其稳定性

以1株从原油污染样品中分离获得的铜绿假单胞菌XJ601为研究对象,采用蒽酮比色法定量分析鼠李糖脂,优化其产鼠李糖脂的培养基组成。研究表明:疏水性底物优于亲水性底物,具有更高的鼠李糖脂产量,尤以菜籽油最佳;氮源中,硝酸盐、NH_4Cl能促进鼠李糖脂的合成,以菜籽油为碳源时,最佳氮源为NaNO_3;C/N比值在20时,鼠李糖脂产量最高;P元素的微量添加会影响鼠李糖脂的合成。摇瓶培养获得的鼠李糖脂对不同温度、pH及NaCl浓度都具有较好的稳定性,表明其在三次采油及原油污染生物治理等领域具有较好的应用前景。     

铜绿假单胞菌中鼠李糖脂生物合成的研究进展*

鼠李糖脂因其具有环境友好和卓越的物理化学特性,而有望成为化学合成表面活性剂的替代物。近年来鼠李糖脂得到了广泛的研究,其目的是利用低价的可再生资源进行大规模生产,但目前的研究成果仍不足以选育出更具商业竞争力的鼠李糖脂过量合成菌株。为此,进一步理解鼠李糖脂生物合成的复杂基因调控网络,探索降低生产成本的发酵工艺势在必行。综述了铜绿假单胞菌中鼠李糖脂的生物合成途径、群体感应对主要基因的调控、鼠李糖脂在生物膜形成中所发挥的作用,以及发酵优化对鼠李糖脂产量的影响。有助于加深对鼠李糖脂生物合成的认识,为提高鼠李糖脂产量提供重要参考信息。     

铜绿假单胞菌中鼠李糖脂生物合成的研究进展*

鼠李糖脂因其具有环境友好和卓越的物理化学特性,而有望成为化学合成表面活性剂的替代物。近年来鼠李糖脂得到了广泛的研究,其目的是利用低价的可再生资源进行大规模生产,但目前的研究成果仍不足以选育出更具商业竞争力的鼠李糖脂过量合成菌株。为此,进一步理解鼠李糖脂生物合成的复杂基因调控网络,探索降低生产成本的发酵工艺势在必行。综述了铜绿假单胞菌中鼠李糖脂的生物合成途径、群体感应对主要基因的调控、鼠李糖脂在生物膜形成中所发挥的作用,以及发酵优化对鼠李糖脂产量的影响。有助于加深对鼠李糖脂生物合成的认识,为提高鼠李糖脂产量提供重要参考信息。     

脂肽-糖脂混合生物表面活性剂产生菌筛选和优化培养

结合脂肽和糖脂的性能优势,致力于产脂肽-鼠李糖脂混合型生物表面活性剂的新菌株选育和培养条件优化。采用血平板溶血圈法初筛菌株、改进排油圈法快速检测产量以及飞行时间质谱鉴定产物结构。对优选菌株的碳源、氮源和磷酸盐缓冲液、重要金属离子浓度等进行了单因子和正交试验,优化了培养基和培养条件。采用高压液相色谱和蒽酮比色法定量分析了产物组成。筛选获得了同时积累糖脂和脂肽的新菌株,鉴定命名为芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis THY-7。摇瓶分批培养48 h,细胞OD600为37.0,产物浓度2.4 g/L,分别是优化前的3.4倍和3.1倍。发酵罐补料分批培养,泡沫中产物浓度达到4.5 g/L,且74％为表面活性素,22％为鼠李糖脂。B. subtilis THY-7是具有脂肽-鼠李糖脂高产潜力的优选菌株。     

一株产鼠李糖脂菌株的筛选、鉴定及其产物特性分析

鼠李糖脂是最常见,研究最深入,应用最广泛的一类生物表面活性剂。从油田附近、沼气池旁的土壤中分离得到了25株菌,通过硫酸-苯酚反应,乳化实验,排油性实验,薄层色谱实验筛选产鼠李糖脂的菌株并表征产生的鼠李糖脂,通过16S r DNA序列确定细菌的种属。硫酸-苯酚反应显示有2株菌可能产鼠李糖脂;5株菌的发酵液具有明显的乳化效果,命名为"其红"这株菌的乳化指数可达58.97%;1株菌的发酵液上清稀释10倍后排油圈直径仍可达3.53 cm;薄层色谱实验也显示"其红"菌产鼠李糖脂。在四个实验中"其红"菌都检测到了鼠李糖脂,故确认"其红"菌可以产鼠李糖脂。16S r DNA序列分析表明"其红"菌属于希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)并与腐败希瓦菌(S.putrefaciens LMG 26268(T))相似度最高。     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌的体外抗菌活性

【背景】甘蔗黑穗病是一种主要的甘蔗病害,易造成甘蔗严重减产;鼠李糖脂是一种生物表面活性剂,可作为多种植物真菌病害的抑菌剂。【目的】研究生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌的体外抗菌活性及初步的抗菌机理。【方法】采用甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子萌发试验研究鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子的抗菌作用。采用菌丝生长速率法和菌丝干重法对鼠李糖脂的体外抑菌试验进行检测;通过菌丝电导率的变化研究鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌细胞膜通透性的影响。【结果】鼠李糖脂能显著抑制甘蔗黑穗病菌孢子萌发,其中2.0 g/L鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子萌发的抑制效果最好,抑制率达45.03%。鼠李糖脂能显著抑制甘蔗黑穗病菌双核菌丝体、单胞菌a和单胞菌b的生长。鼠李糖脂能使甘蔗黑穗病单胞菌细胞膜透性增加,与对照相比,2.0 g/L鼠李糖脂处理甘蔗黑穗病双核菌丝体0.5min后电导率升高了约9倍,处理单胞菌a30min后电导率提高了94.23%;0.1g/L鼠李糖脂处理甘蔗黑穗病单胞菌b30min后电导率升高了54.49%,随着浓度的增加,各处理电导率升高显著。【结论】鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌有良好的抗菌作用,有望为甘蔗黑穗病的防治提供新方法。     

微生物合成鼠李糖脂的高产优化策略研究进展

鼠李糖脂是当前研究和应用最热门的生物表面活性剂之一,广泛应用于石油开采、环境修复、农业等领域。与化学表面活性剂相比,鼠李糖脂较低的合成产量导致其生产成本相对较高,限制了鼠李糖脂的大规模推广应用。因此,开展鼠李糖脂的高产优化调控研究,对于推动鼠李糖脂的研究与应用具有重要意义。本文简要介绍了鼠李糖脂的生物合成与影响因素;重点综述了鼠李糖脂的高产菌株选育、异源合成、代谢途径调控、发酵优化等高产优化策略研究进展,分析了各种高产优化策略的优缺点,并对当前鼠李糖脂高产优化研究提出了一些思考与展望。     

以抽油烟机废油为原料发酵产鼠李糖脂的研究

鼠李糖脂是一种具有巨大潜力的阴离子生物表面活性剂,可应用于石油、食品、农业、日化工业等领域。探讨以抽油烟机废油为碳源发酵产鼠李糖脂的可能性,以铜绿假单胞菌WB505为出发菌体,在7 L发酵罐中鼠李糖脂的产量达到12.3±0.52 g/L。利用基质辅助激光解析飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)分析出所产鼠李糖脂的组成,结果显示其主要含Rha-C_(10)-C_(10)和Rha_2-C_(10)-C_(10),其中单鼠李糖脂和双鼠李糖脂的总相对丰度分别为49.7%和50.3%。所产鼠李糖脂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为45.0 mg/L,能将表面张力从60.5±0.81 mN/m降至25.3±0.68 mN/m,乳化系数E24均60%,并且对苯的乳化系数达到80.3±0.85%。以抽烟机废油为底物生产鼠李糖脂降低底物成本,为抽油烟机废油提供一种循环再利用处理方式。     

Influence of a Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant on the Transport of Bacteria through a Sandy Soil

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of an anionic rhamnolipid biosurfactant on the transport of bacterial cells through soil under saturated conditions. Three cell types with various hydrophobicities, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, ATCC 27853, and ATCC 15442, were used in this study. In a series of experiments, columns packed with sterile sand were saturated with sterile artificial groundwater for 15 h, and then 3 pore volumes of (sup3)H-labeled bacterial suspensions with various rhamnolipid concentrations was pumped through the column. This was followed by 4 pore volumes of the rhamnolipid solution alone. The measured bacterial cell breakthrough curves were optimized by using an advection-dispersion transport model incorporating two-domain reversible sorption (instantaneous and rate limited) and with two first-order sink terms for irreversible adsorption. The influence of the rhamnolipid on the surface charge densities of the bacteria and the porous medium was also investigated. The results show that the rhamnolipid enhanced the transport of all cell types tested. For example, the rhamnolipid increased the recovery of the most hydrophilic strain, ATCC 9027, from 22.5 to 56.3%. Similarly, the recovery of ATCC 27853 increased from 36.8 to 49.4%, and the recovery of ATCC 15442, the most hydrophobic strain, increased from 17.7 to 40.5% in the presence of the rhamnolipid. The negative surface charge density of the porous medium was increased, while the surface charge density of the bacteria was not changed in the presence of the rhamnolipid. The model results suggest that the rhamnolipid predominantly affected irreversible adsorption of cells.     

鸭毛梗制备复合氨基酸工艺条件的研究

采用正交试验方法 ,研究了鸭毛梗水解制备复合氨基酸的工艺条件 ,结果表明 :温度 /压力是影响氨基酸转化率最主要的因素。鸭毛梗水解制备的复合氨基酸转化率盐酸法最高 (82 .36 % ) ,氢氧化钠法最低 (5 8.4 6 % ) ,硫酸法与盐酸法接近(79.4 4 % )。硫酸法产率较高 ,操作方便 ,环境污染和设备腐蚀均小 ,适合大量生产 ,确定为水解制备复合氨基酸介质 ,其最佳工艺条件为 :水解时间 8.0h ,硫酸浓度 3.0mol·L-1,水解温度 12 5℃。氨基酸分析表明 ,水解液中均含有 18种以上氨基酸。     

Interference in adhesion of bacteria and yeasts isolated from explanted voice prostheses to silicone rubber by rhamnolipid biosurfactants

AIMS: The effects and extent of adhesion of four different bacterial and two yeast strains isolated from explanted voice prostheses to silicone rubber with and without an adsorbed rhamnolipid biosurfactant layer obtained from Pseudomonasaeruginosa DS10-129 was studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ability of rhamnolipid biosurfactant to inhibit adhesion of micro-organisms to silicone rubber was investigated in a parallel-plate flow chamber. The anti-adhesive activity of the biosurfactant at different concentrations was significant against all the strains and depended on the micro-organism tested. The results showed an effective reduction in the initial deposition rates, and the number of bacterial cells adhering after 4 h, for all micro-organisms tested at the 4 g l(-1) undiluted rhamnolipid solution. Maximum initial reduction of adhesion rate (an average of 66%) occurred for Streptococcus salivarius GB 24/9 and Candida tropicalis GB 9/9. The number of cells adhering after 4 h on silicone rubber conditioned with biosurfactant was reduced to 48% for Staphylococcus epidermidis GB 9/6, Strep. salivarius GB 24/9, Staphylococcus aureus GB 2/1 and C. tropicalis GB 9/9 in comparison to controls. Perfusing the flow chamber with biosurfactant containing solution followed by the passage of a liquid-air interface, to investigate detachment of micro-organisms adhering to silicone rubber, produced high detachment (96%) of adhered cells for all micro-organisms studied, except for Staph. aureus GB 2/1 (67%). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It is concluded that biosurfactant represent suitable compounds that should be considered in developing future strategies to prevent the microbial colonization of silicone rubber voice prostheses.     

Heterologous production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa EMS1 biosurfactant in Pseudomonas putida

A new bacterial strain isolated from activated sludge, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa EMS1, produced a biosurfactant when grown on acidified soybean oil as the sole carbon source. An optimum biosurfactant production of 5 g/L was obtained with the following medium composition: 2% acidified soybean oil, 0.3% NH4NO3, 0.03% KH2PO4, 0.03% K2HPO4, 0.02% MgSO4.7H2O and 0.025% CaCl2.2H2O, with shaking at 200 rpm for an incubation period of 100 h at 30 degrees C. The production of the biosurfactant was found to be a function of cell growth, with maximum production occurring during the exponential phase. Hemolysis of erythrocytes and thin-layer chromatography studies revealed that the secreted biosurfactant was rhamnolipid. To overcome the complex environmental regulation with respect to rhamnolipid biosynthesis, and to replace the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa with a safe industrial strain, attempts were made to achieve rhamnolipid production in a heterologous host, Pseudomonas putida, using molecular cloning of rhlAB rhamnosyltransferase genes with the rhlRI quorum sensing system, assuming that a functional rhamnosyltransferase would catalyze the formation of rhamnosyl-6-hydroxydecanoyl-6-hydroxydecanoate (mono-rhamnolipid) in P. putida. It was shown that rhamnolipid can be produced in the heterologous strain, P. putida, when provided with the rhamnosyltransferase genes.     

Improved production of biosurfactant with newly isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa S2

An indigenous strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa S2 (P. aeruginosa S2), isolated from diesel-contaminated soil, produced extracellular surface-active material identified as rhamnolipid. Due to its excellent surface activity, rhamnolipid is known to be well-suited for stimulating the bioremediation efficiency of oil contaminated sites. To improve production yield of rhamnolipid with P. aeruginosa S2, various carbon and nitrogen sources were screened to select favorable ones leading to better biosurfactant production yield. It was found that using 4% glucose could attain better rhamnolipid yield, while 50 mM NH4NO3 appeared to be the most preferable nitrogen source. Meanwhile, the effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) on rhamnolipid yield was also investigated, and the optimal C/N ratio was identified as approximately 11.4. Moreover, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the trace element concentration for rhamnolipid production. Results from two-level design indicate that concentrations of MgSO4 and FeSO4 were the most significant factors affecting rhamnolipid production. Using steepest ascent method and RSM analysis, an optimal medium composition was determined, giving a rhamnolipid production yield of 2.37 g/L in 100 h at 37 degrees C and 200 rpm agitation. Scale-up production of rhamnolipid in a well-controlled 5 L jar fermentor using the optimal medium and operating condition (at 37 degrees C and pH 6.8) further elevated the biosurfactant production yield to 5.31 g/L (in 97 h), which is over 2-fold higher than the best results obtained from shake-flask tests.     

Effect of a Pseudomonas rhamnolipid biosurfactant on cell hydrophobicity and biodegradation of octadecane.

In this study, the effect of a purified rhamnolipid biosurfactant on the hydrophobicity of octadecane-degrading cells was investigated to determine whether differences in rates of octadecane biodegradation resulting from the addition of rhamnolipid to four strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa could be related to measured differences in hydrophobicity. Cell hydrophobicity was determined by a modified bacterial adherence to hydrocarbon (BATH) assay. Bacterial adherence to hydrocarbon quantitates the preference of cell surfaces for the aqueous phase or the aqueous-hexadecane interface in a two-phase system of water and hexadecane. On the basis of octadecane biodegradation in the absence of rhamnolipid, the four bacterial strains were divided into two groups: the fast degraders (ATCC 15442 and ATCC 27853), which had high cell hydrophobicities (74 and 55% adherence to hexadecane, respectively), and the slow degraders (ATCC 9027 and NRRL 3198), which had low cell hydrophobicities (27 and 40%, respectively). Although in all cases rhamnolipid increased the aqueous dispersion of octadecane at least 10(4)-fold, at low rhamnolipid concentrations (0.6 mM), biodegradation by all four strains was initially inhibited for at least 100 h relative to controls. At high rhamnolipid concentrations (6 mM), biodegradation by the fast degraders was slightly inhibited relative to controls, but the biodegradation by the slow degraders was enhanced relative to controls. Measurement of cell hydrophobicity showed that rhamnolipids increased the cell hydrophobicity of the slow degraders but had no effect on the cell hydrophobicity of the fast degraders. The rate at which the cells became hydrophobic was found to depend on the rhamnolipid concentration and was directly related to the rate of octadecane biodegradation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

中药厚朴中群体感应抑制剂的分离与活性评价

目的:从中药厚朴中分离得到群体感应抑制剂,并对其活性进行评价。方法:利用铜绿假单胞菌QSIS-las I对中药厚朴的粗提物进行活性检测及追踪,采用生物自显影薄层色谱、制备薄层色谱和高效液相色谱技术,分离纯化厚朴中的活性化合物,应用核磁共振波谱解析确定其结构。分别利用分光光度法及地衣酚法测定绿脓菌素和鼠李糖脂的产量,并通过半固体培养基检测铜绿假单胞菌的swarming运动,利用RT-PCR检测与QS调控相关基因的m RNA表达的影响。结果:厚朴粗提物具有群体感应抑制活性,其活性化合物结构鉴定为和厚朴酚。亚抑菌浓度下的和厚朴酚能明显抑制毒力因子如鼠李糖脂和绿脓菌素的产量以及swarming运动,且能够有效抑制QS相关基因m RNA水平的表达(P0.05)。结论:和厚朴酚是一种新的群体感应抑制剂,可能发展成为一种治疗细菌感染的潜在新药。     

嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌的分离、鉴定及其系统发育分析

利用纤维素降解细菌和纤维素粘附的方法分别从新鲜牛粪、高温堆肥和本实验室保存的纤维素降解富集物中分离得到4株嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌。分离菌株为革兰氏染色阴性,直的或稍弯曲杆菌,菌体大小为0.4μm～0.6μm×3μm～15μm,严格厌氧,不还原硫酸盐,形成芽孢。多数芽孢着生于菌体顶端。分离菌株能利用纤维素滤纸、纤维素粉Whatman CFII、微晶纤维素、纤维素粉MN300和未经处理的玉米秆芯、甘蔗渣、水稻秸杆。分离菌株在pH6.2～8.9、温度45℃～65℃范围内利用纤维素,最适pH为7.0～7.5,最适温度为55℃～60℃,发酵纤维素产生乙醇、乙酸、H2和CO2。分离菌株还可利用纤维二糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇作为碳源。部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株EVAI与Clostridium thermocellum具有99.8%相似性。     

Engineering bacteria for production of rhamnolipid as an agent for enhanced oil recovery

Rhamnolipid as a potent natural biosurfactant has a wide range of potential applications, including enhanced oil recovery (EOR), biodegradation, and bioremediation. Rhamnolipid is composed of rhamnose sugar molecule and beta-hydroxyalkanoic acid. The rhamnosyltransferase 1 complex (RhlAB) is the key enzyme responsible for transferring the rhamnose moiety to the beta-hydroxyalkanoic acid moiety to biosynthesize rhamnolipid. Through transposome-mediated chromosome integration, the RhlAB gene was inserted into the chromosome of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1-rhlA(-) and Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), neither of which could produce rhamnolipid. After chromosome integration of the RhlAB gene, the constitute strains P. aeruginosa PEER02 and E. coli TnERAB did produce rhamnolipid. The HPLC/MS spectrum showed that the structure of purified rhamnolipid from P. aeruginosa PEER02 was similar to that from other P. aeruginosa strains, but with different percentage for each of the several congeners. The main congener (near 60%) of purified rhamnolipid from E. coli TnERAB was 3-(3-hydroxydecanoyloxy) decanoate (C(10)-C(10)) with mono-rhamnose. The surfactant performance of rhamnolipid was evaluated by measurement of interfacial tension (IFT) and oil recovery via sand-pack flooding tests. As expected, pH and salt concentration of the rhamnolipid solution significantly affected the IFT properties. With just 250 mg/L rhamnolipid (from P. aeruginosa PEER02 with soybean oil as substrate) in citrate-Na(2)HPO(4), pH 5, 2% NaCl, 42% of oil otherwise trapped was recovered from a sand pack. This result suggests rhamnolipid might be considered for EOR applications.     

A new rapid method of glycolate test by diethyl ether extraction,which is applicable to a small amount of bacterial cells of less than one milligram

The glycolate test is a method to discriminate N-acyl groups of muramyl residue in peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls by color reaction without purification of the cell walls. The glycolyl residue presents red purple color by heating with 0.02% 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene (DON) dissolved in concentrated H(2)SO(4). Instead of the previous column methods for quantitative analysis, a qualitative method by solvent works was developed to simplify and to miniaturize the analysis. In this method, solvents played two roles, removal of interfering materials and extraction of glycolic acid from the cell hydrolysates. Of several solvent systems tested, diethyl ether was studied in detail on such properties as the efficiency of glycolic acid extraction under several conditions, the ability of removing various interfering compounds, and the advantage on evaporation procedure of the solvent from extracts. DON reaction of the second diethyl ether extract from cell hydrolysate of "Micromonospora nigra" JCM 3328 showed a clear red purple color of a strong absorbance at 530 nm, which is the same as that of authentic glycolic acid. The solvent method was applied to 20 strains of typical actinomycete species whose acyl types have already been known (Uchida and Seino, 1997). All glycolate test positive strains showed the clear red purple color mentioned above, whereas acetyl type strains revealed no apparent color by the same procedures. Additional experiments indicated that the glycolate test could be determined with less than 1 mg of actinomycete cells by using a smaller amount of DON reagent and ordinary polypropylene tubes. The new method was discussed for advantages in the identification of actinomycetes and for possible applications to other fields.