核糖体工程技术选育ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌株

【目的】利用核糖体工程技术选育Streptomyces albulus AS3-14的链霉素和利福平双重抗性突变株,以提高其ε-聚赖氨酸合成能力。【方法】通过链霉素抗性筛选,获得链霉素抗性的ε-聚赖氨酸产量提高突变株;在此基础上,继续筛选其利福平抗性突变株,实现链霉素和利福平双重抗性ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌选育。【结果】获得的双重抗性高产突变株Streptomyces albulus WG-608的ε-聚赖氨酸摇瓶产量达到3.7 g/L,5 L发酵罐补料分批发酵ε-聚赖氨酸产量达到53.0 g/L,较出发菌株分别提高了42.3%和32.5%。【结论】链霉素和利福平双重抗性选育能够显著提高ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌Streptomyces albulus的产物合成能力。     

原始热带雨林鹦歌岭土壤抗MRSA放线菌的分离与筛选

鹦歌岭是位于海南省乐东县的原始热带雨林,从鹦歌岭土壤中分离与筛选抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的放线菌。采用平板稀释法分离,以MRSA作为受试菌株,测试抗菌活性,对具有抗菌活性的菌株进行16S rDNA序列测定。采用滤纸片法,测定菌株发酵粗提液对MRSA抑菌活性,并用高效液相色谱仪检测粗提液的活性物质。从鹦歌岭土壤中共分离到168株放线菌,其中10株具有较强的抗MRSA活性,发酵液粗提物抑菌圈直径在8 mm-25 mm之间;16S rDNA序列比对发现,10株菌均与链霉菌属(Streptomyces)的相似性达99%以上,初步确定是链霉菌属的放线菌。通过对比10株菌发酵液HPLC指纹图谱,发现菌株7、5和9-1的发酵液次级代谢产物丰富,活性测试表明,10株放线菌对MRSA的生长均有明显的抑制作用。     

抗性突变他克莫司高产菌株的选育

研究利用核糖体工程育种方法结合紫外诱变处理产他克莫司链霉菌SIIA-9818,以期筛选得到发酵水平有较大提高的新菌株。首轮采用链霉素抗性筛选,第二轮组合链霉素和利福平抗性结合紫外诱变育种,进一步巩固育种成效。采用链霉素抗性诱变得到突变株T-122,其气生菌丝丰满程度明显好于原对照株,发酵效价提高22.8%;采用组合链霉素和利福平抗性结合紫外诱变T-122,得到多株高产菌株,其中H-493发酵水平较原出发菌株提高82.6%;在50 L发酵罐通过增大搅拌转速,使菌种H-493发酵单位进一步提高31.0%。本方法简单经济,得到的突变株发酵单位显著提高,组分无明显变化,传代稳定。     

链霉素抗性突变——纳他霉素高产菌株的选育研究*

应用链霉素抗性筛选法 ,将经过紫外线诱变处理的纳他霉素生产菌———褐黄孢链霉菌 (StreptomycesgilvosporeusATCC1 332 6的孢子涂布在含有链霉素最小抑制浓度 (0 6μg mL)的培养基平板上 ,获得了 1 2 2株链霉素抗性突变株。其中纳他霉素产量高于出发菌株的有1 3株 ,产量阳性效率达到 1 0 6 % ,同时获得了产抗生素能力为出发菌株 1 46倍的突变株SG 56。     

微波诱变结合抗性突变筛选放线菌素D高产菌株

采用微波结合链霉素抗性筛选法选育放线菌素D的高产菌株。通过考察链霉素对Streptomyces rubiginosohelvolus FIM-N31菌株孢子生长情况的影响确定链霉素致死浓度,出发菌株FIM-N31的孢子经微波辐照处理后,涂布在含链霉素致死浓度（50 μg/mL）的培养基平板上培养,获得了大量的链霉素抗性基因突变株。摇瓶发酵筛选突变株,结果获得一株遗传性状稳定的放线菌素D高产菌Str186,其产放线菌素D的能力比出发菌株提高了8倍以上。     

链霉素抗性突变--纳他霉素高产菌株的选育研究

应用链霉素抗性筛选法,将经过紫外线诱变处理的纳他霉素生产菌——褐黄孢链霉菌(Streptomyces gilvosporeus)ATC13326的孢子涂布在含有链霉素最小抑制浓度(0．6μg／mL)的培养基平板上,获得了122株链霉素抗性突变株。其中纳他霉素产量高于出发菌株的有13株,产量阳性效率达到10．6％,同时获得了产抗生素能力为出发菌株1．46倍的突变株SG-56。     

武陵山放线菌多样性

[目的]为了探究武陵山放线菌多样性,以便从新放线菌菌株中发现新的潜在药物先导化合物.[方法]从武陵山采集280份土样,采用纯培养的方法,用4种培养基分离到1134株放线菌.选择其中30株代表菌进行了初步分类鉴定;以3株细菌和7株农作物致病真菌作为指示菌,检测其抑菌活性;利用特异性引物扩增的方法,检测是否具有聚酮合酶(PKS Ⅰ、PKSⅡ)基因、非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)基因和多烯类化合物合成酶(CYP)基因.[结果]分离到的武陵山放线菌中,链霉菌占70%以上,还有小单孢菌等8个科13个属,其中有5个菌株是潜在的新种.选取的30株实验菌对细菌、真菌有不同程度的抗菌活性;其中含有4类化合物合成基因的菌株占23%～60%.[结论]武陵山原始森林土壤中,放线菌多样性很丰富,且存在很多未开发的稀有类群.有抑菌活性的菌株,可用于进一步的药物开发利用.     

河北九莲城淖尔可培养放线菌多样性及抗菌活性筛选

【目的】勘探干涸的九莲城淖尔土壤放线菌多样性并进行活性筛选,以期发现药用微生物资源,为新抗生素的发现奠定基础。【方法】采用15种分离培养基,以稀释涂布法分离放线菌;根据分离菌株的16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析放线菌多样性;发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取,菌丝体经丙酮浸提,获得提取浓缩物样品;样品通过纸片扩散法进行抗菌活性初筛;抗菌阳性菌株采用PCR技术进行Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(PKS I)KS域、Ⅱ型聚酮合酶(PKS II)KS域和非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)A结构域抗生素生物合成基因的检测。【结果】从11份盐湖土壤样品中分离纯化到251株放线菌,其分布于放线菌纲的10个目15个科31个属,其中优势菌属为链霉菌属和拟诺卡氏菌属;251株放线菌中包括57株耐(嗜)盐放线菌,其优势菌属为拟诺卡氏菌属(22株)和涅斯捷连科氏菌属(15株)。基于16S r RNA基因序列的系统发育分析显示,菌株J11Y309为糖霉菌科潜在新属,菌株J12GA03为分枝杆菌科潜在新种。96株放线菌活性检测结果显示,56株至少对1株检定菌具有抗菌活性,阳性率为58.3%;56株有活性的放线菌中,47株至少含有1种抗生素生物合成基因,其中17株同时具有3种抗生素生物合成基因。【结论】干涸的九莲城淖尔土壤中含有较为丰富的药用放线菌资源,具有从中发现放线菌新物种和新抗生素的潜力。     

红树林放线菌分离鉴定及活性代谢产物研究

以采集自四个红树林地点的16份混合土壤为研究材料,选用7种选择性培养基,共分离获得330株放线菌。其中217株菌经16SrRNA基因序列分析,发现近75%菌株属于小单孢菌属(Micromonospora),其他还包括多形态孢菌属(Polymorphospora),疣孢菌属(Verrucosispora)等小单孢菌科的2个属和非小单孢菌科的9个属。采用美蓝酶标仪法对所分离到的放线菌进行抗菌活性检测,共50株菌表现出对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 51650)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli ATCC 25922)和白色念珠菌(Candida albicans ATCC 10231)有不同程度抗性。然后利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和液质联用技术(LC-MS)对有生物活性的菌株进行化学筛选,最后确定了5株可能产新颖化合物的小单孢菌。     

须糖多孢菌Saccharopolyspora pogona的核糖体工程改造对丁烯基多杀菌素合成的影响

核糖体工程是以微生物的各类抗生素抗性突变为筛选标记,高效获得次生代谢产物合成能力提高的突变株的一种育种新方法。通过核糖体工程技术,使用链霉素对须糖多孢菌Saccharopolyspora pogona进行抗性选育,以获得高产丁烯基多杀菌素突变菌株。对原始菌株和所获得的突变菌株代谢产物的研究发现,相对于原始菌株,其中突变株S13的丁烯基多杀菌素产量提高幅度最大,相比原始菌株提高了1.79倍。经质谱测定表明,其代谢物中比原始菌株多了一种丁烯基多杀菌素组分Spinosynα1。对抗性突变株S13的DNA序列进行分析,发现在编码核糖体S12蛋白的rps L基因保守区域中出现点突变,第314位和第320位的胞嘧啶(C)分别突变为腺嘌呤(A)和胸腺嘧啶(T),对应的氨基酸残基分别由脯氨酸突变为谷氨酰胺,丙氨酸突变为缬氨酸。研究显示,突变株S13遗传稳定性良好。     

高产Y-氨基丁酸酵母菌株的亚硝基胍诱变选育

目的：探讨亚硝基胍诱变选育高产Y-氨基丁酸酵母菌株的方法。方法：使用亚硝基胍对酵母菌株进行诱变;采用含溴甲酚绿的YEPD培养基筛选突变菌,采用薄层层析法和比色法鉴定变异菌株发酵液中的Y-氨基丁酸及其含量;对突变菌株连续继代培养4代,测定各代发酵液中Y-氨基丁酸的含量,鉴定诱变菌株的遗传稳定性：结果：亚硝基胍诱变酵母的最佳浓度为1．0g．L^-1,最佳诱变时间为15min;获得了5株突变菌株,菌落呈绿色;薄层层析法鉴定突变菌株都能产Y-氨基丁酸;诱变菌发酵液中的Y-氨基丁酸含量各异,但高于对照,且增长幅度很大;对突变菌株后代遗传稳定性进行了鉴定,结果表明突变菌株4遗传性较稳定。结论：采用1．0g．L^-1的亚硝基胍溶液处理酵母菌15min,经筛选鉴定,获得了一株遗传稳定的高产Y-氨基丁酸的酵母菌株。     

人胰腺α-淀粉酶抑制剂高通量筛选模型的建立及其应用

【目的】针对人胰腺α-淀粉酶这个糖代谢途径中重要的靶蛋白,建立α-淀粉酶抑制剂高通量筛选模型。【方法】采用毕赤酵母表达系统克隆和表达人胰腺α-淀粉酶;利用酶的催化特性建立α-淀粉酶抑制剂筛选模型;应用该模型对放线菌发酵液冻干物进行高通量筛选;通过构建16S rRNA系统发育树分析阳性菌株的分类地位。【结果】成功克隆、表达了具催化活性的人胰腺α-淀粉酶;建立了α-淀粉酶抑制剂的筛选模型;对近2000株放线菌的发酵液冻干物进行高通量筛选,最终得到14株α-淀粉酶抑制剂产生菌株,且在分类学上具有丰富的菌种多样性。【结论】本研究建立的α-淀粉酶抑制剂高通量筛选模型具有很强的实用价值,可用于新型淀粉酶抑制剂类降糖药物的开发。     

Possible involvement of bacterial autolytic enzymes in flagellar morphogenesis.

Autolytic enzymes were found to be required for flagellar morphogenesis in Bacillus subtilis 168 and Bacillus licheniformis 6346. Two previously characterized, poorly lytic, chain-forming mutants of B. subtilis 168, strains FJ3 (temperature conditional) and FJ6, each 90 to 95% deficient in the production of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase and endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, were observed to be nonmotile at 35 degrees C in a variety of liquid and semisolid meida. In contrast, cells of the isogenic wild-type strain were motile and fully separated. Electron microscopy revealed the complete absence of flagella on the mutant cells. Similar observations were made with another poorly lytic strain of B. subtilis 168 (Nil5) and with two poorly lytic, phosphoglucomutase-deficient mutants of B. licheniformis 6346 (MH-3, MH-5). In minimal media lacking galactose (restrictive conditions), the B. licheniformis mutants failed to form flagella, or had serious abnormalities in flagellar morphogenesis and motility. Under permissive conditions, mutants FJ3 (grown at 17 degrees C) and MH-5 (grown with addend galactose) showed increased autolytic activities, grew in the dechained form, and regained their capacities to synthesize functional flagella. Examination of several classes of spontaneous revertants derived from the various mutant strains further demonstrated a close relationship between autolysin acttivity and flagellation in the two Bacillus spp.     

黄孢原毛平革菌抗营养阻遏产漆酶诱变育种及其产酶特性

【目的】筛选能抗营养阻遏产漆酶的黄孢原毛平革菌,论证其产漆酶的确定性及抗营养阻遏产木质素酶的可行性,为白腐菌产酶代谢调控、木质素降解机理的研究奠定基础。【方法】利用重复紫外诱变法,以愈创木酚富氮鉴别培养基筛选目标菌株;比较不同营养条件下菌体生长与产酶动力学差异研究产酶营养调控机理;通过热处理、排除锰离子和加入过氧化氢酶等不同措施论证黄孢原平毛平革菌能否产生漆酶。【结果】3种不同方法均证实选育到的pcR5305和pcR5324菌株在限氮与富氮条件下均能产生漆酶,pcR5305和pcR5324在限氮条件下产漆酶分别达到203.5、187.6 U/L;在富氮条件下为220.6、183.9 U/L,而原菌株pc530在两种条件下都基本不产生漆酶。二菌株产漆酶调控方式不同,pcR5305漆酶产生与菌体生长同步,而pcR5324漆酶产生却受营养氮阻遏。二菌株同时具有抗营养阻遏高产木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)和锰过氧化物酶(MnP)(分别为LiP 1343.2、MnP 252.2 U/L;LiP 1169.5、MnP 172.4 U/L)的能力。【结论】筛选到的黄孢原毛平革菌变异菌株能产漆酶,同时表现了抗营养阻遏产漆酶、木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的能力,具有重要的生产应用与理论研究价值,为白腐菌产酶代谢调控机理研究提供了原始菌株并奠定了良好的基础。     

利用核糖体工程选育丙酮丁醇菌提高丁醇产量

利用核糖体工程技术对丙酮丁醇梭菌Clostridium acetobutylicum L7进行诱变筛选,以获得丁醇高产菌株。使用链霉素诱变C.acetobutylicum L7并结合设计的平板转接逐次提高链霉素浓度的筛选路线,获得丁醇产量较高的菌株S3。结果表明,S3丁醇产量为(12.48±0.03)g/L,乙醇产量为(1.70±0.07)g/L,相对于原始菌分别提高了11.2%及50%;丁醇/葡萄糖转化率由原始菌的0.19提高到0.22,丁醇生产率达到0.24 g/(L.h),相比提高30.5%;耐受丁醇浓度由原始菌的12 g/L提高到14 g/L;发酵液粘度下降到4 mPa/s,同比降低了60%,利于后续分离工作的进行,降低发酵成本。进一步研究工作表明,S3菌株遗传稳定性良好。因此,核糖体工程技术是一种选育丁醇高产菌株的有效方法。     

定向进化提高微小蛋白质内含子Ter DnaE-3 剪接活性的研究

目前,蛋白质内含子在蛋白质工程领域中得到越来越广泛的应用。为提高微小蛋白质内含子Ter DnaE-3(Trichodesmium erythraeum)在异源宿主中的剪接活性,采用易错PCR技术,通过改变反应体系中dNTP、Mg2+、Mn2+的浓度等手段,借助依赖卡那霉素的蛋白质内含子筛选系统进行筛选。Western印迹结果表明:通过定向进化,其中5号突变体的剪接活性从原始的约20%提高至约85%;9号突变体能够避免发生剪接副反应,即N端断裂反应。氨基酸突变位点与剪接活性变化的相关性分析表明:参与α-helix形成的氨基酸的突变极有可能影响蛋白质内含子的断裂反应,参与β-sheet形成的氨基酸的突变则有可能影响蛋白质内含子结构的紧凑性。通过定向进化提高微小蛋白质内含子Ter DnaE-3在异源宿主中的剪接活性,进一步验证依赖卡那霉素抗性的筛选系统的可行性,为扩大蛋白质内含子的应用范围奠定基础。     

Microorganisms capable of metabolizing the herbicide metolachlor

We screened several strains of microorganisms and microbial populations for their ability to mineralize or transform the herbicide metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)-acetami de] because such cultures would potentially be useful in the cleanup of contaminated sites. Although we used various inocula and enrichment culture techniques, we were not able to isolate microorganisms that could mineralize metolachlor. However, strains of Bacillus circulans, Bacillus megaterium, Fusarium sp., Mucor racemosus, and an actinomycete were found to transform metolachlor. Several metabolites could be determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. The tolerance of the strains to high concentrations of metolachlor was also evaluated for the usefulness of the strains for decontamination. Tolerance of the actinomycete to metolachlor concentrations over 200 ppm (200 micrograms/ml) was low and could not be increased by doubling the sucrose concentration in the growth medium or by using a large biomass as inoculum. However, a Fusarium sp. could grow and transform metolachlor up to a concentration of 300 ppm.     

Microorganisms capable of metabolizing the herbicide metolachlor.

We screened several strains of microorganisms and microbial populations for their ability to mineralize or transform the herbicide metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)-acetami de] because such cultures would potentially be useful in the cleanup of contaminated sites. Although we used various inocula and enrichment culture techniques, we were not able to isolate microorganisms that could mineralize metolachlor. However, strains of Bacillus circulans, Bacillus megaterium, Fusarium sp., Mucor racemosus, and an actinomycete were found to transform metolachlor. Several metabolites could be determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. The tolerance of the strains to high concentrations of metolachlor was also evaluated for the usefulness of the strains for decontamination. Tolerance of the actinomycete to metolachlor concentrations over 200 ppm (200 micrograms/ml) was low and could not be increased by doubling the sucrose concentration in the growth medium or by using a large biomass as inoculum. However, a Fusarium sp. could grow and transform metolachlor up to a concentration of 300 ppm.     

Morphological mutants of Gibberella fujikuroi for enhanced production of gibberellic acid

AIMS: To examine the production of gibberellic acid by selected morphological mutants of Gibberella fujikuroi in liquid cultures. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mutants of G. fujikuroi having different morphological characteristics were selected after UV irradiation. The production of gibberellic acid by mutants that had different hyphal lengths was examined in shake flasks in media with different concentrations of nutrients as well as different volumes of the medium. Fed-batch fermenter study was performed to evaluate the mutant Mor-25 for growth and production of gibberellic acid. The broth was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography for fusaric acid, the common mycotoxin produced by strains of Fusarium. A variety of morphological mutants having different mycelial and soluble pigmentation as well as colony morphologies were generated from G. fujikuroi upon exposure to UV radiation. A nonpigmented mutant (Car-1) was selected as intermediate parent and later, mutants Mor-1 and Mor-25 were selected based on their distinct morphology. The colonies on regeneration agar plates were small, compact and dry. In liquid medium, mutant Mor-25 grew in a micro-pelleted form and the mycelium had short, highly branched hyphae, curly at tips with thick, swollen cells. Mutant Mor-25 grew rapidly in a low-cost medium containing defatted groundnut flour, sucrose and salts. In media with higher nutrient concentrations as well as larger volumes, it produced twofold more gibberellic acid than the parent. Fusaric acid, the common mycotoxin, was absent in the fermentation broth of mutant Mor-25. The mutants have been deposited in National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India under following culture collection numbers (Car-1, NCIM 1323; Mor-1, NCIM 1322; and Mor-25, NCIM 1321). CONCLUSIONS: Growth of unpigmented, morphological mutants of G. fujikuroi that led to lower viscosity in fermentation broth resulted in increased production of gibberellic acid. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The use of morphological mutants that have lower viscosity in liquid cultures for gibberellic acid production is not reported earlier. Similar mutants can be useful for other types of fungal fermentations also.