公立医院组织公民压力对护理人员工作倦怠的影响

目的 首次检验护理职场中的组织公民压力对护理人员工作倦怠的影响并进行机制阐释。方法 使用组织公民压力量表和工作倦怠量表进行了一个横断面问卷调查,收集了845份护士的调查问卷,有效回收率为85.61%。结果 组织公民压力得分均值为（1.67±0.64）分,处于低水平;工作倦怠得分均值为（2.50±1.12）分,处于中等偏下水平;组织公民压力显著预测护理人员的工作倦怠（β= 0.566,P＜0.01）。结论 组织公民压力虽然程度不高,但是较普通存在护理职场,并能加剧护理人员的工作倦怠感。     

理论与实践交互渗透培养方案对实习护士的培训效果

目的 探究理论与实践交互渗透培养方案对普外科实习护士的培训效果。 方法 2013年4月—2014年4月期间60例普外科室实习护士进行培训,实验组采取理论与实践交互渗透培养方案,对照组采取常规培养方案。对两组学员培训前、培训后的理论成绩、操作成绩、患者对学员的满意度以及学员队培训方案满意度进行比较。 结果 培训后,实验组的理论成绩为（91.18±3.61） 分,对照组为（82.73±4.84） 分;实验组的操作成绩为（97.34±1.15） 分,对照组为（91.75±2.12） 分。患者对实验组的沟通能力、观察力、主动服务能力、职业操作规范性、职业道德的满意度均高于对照组。实验组学员对本次培训方案的满意度为100.00%,对照组学员的满意度为83.33%。经比较以上项目均具有显著差异,具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 理论与实践交互渗透培养方案更有利于提高普外科室实习护士的培训效果,学员的满意度更高,值得广泛推广。     

公立医院分级护理标准探索与研究

目的 探索一种基于病情和自理能力的病人分级护理标准。方法 调查2015年5—12月江苏省某三级教学医院内科、外科共10个普通成人病房的住院病人，采用Barthel指数评定量表和急性生理功能和慢性健康状况评估系统Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评价病人自理能力及疾病严重程度，采用自行设计的直接护理工时测量表记录病人24 h所需直接护理时间，根据不同病情及自理能力病人24 h直接护理时间的不同进行护理等级的划分。结果 共调查病人570例，有效问卷551份（96.67%），不同疾病严重度和病人自理能力病人24 h所需直接护理时间不同，共形成4个新的护理等级。结论 以Barthel指数评定量表和急性生理功能和慢性健康状况评估系统Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）作为分级护理标准，依据不同病情、自理能力病人所需直接护理时间的差异可将病人划分等级，新的分级方法较原有护理等级划分方法更加客观、方便，有利于满足病人需求，指导人力资源配备和成本核算。     

研究报告: 基于AS1411适配体的DNA-RNA杂交载体的抗肿瘤研究

目的 研究连接适配体的DNA-RNA分子作为杂交载体靶向肿瘤细胞并导入功能性RNA分子进入细胞的有效性，以及对肿瘤细胞的影响。方法 设计合成短的互补DNA、RNA分子，组装成DNA-RNA杂合链；连接AS1411适配体为靶向分子，再分别连接p21 saRNA和TIGIT siRNA作为药物分子，记为P21 saRNA和TIGIT siRNA，构成杂交载体，通用结构式为AS1411-DNA/RNA-sxRNA；检测AS1411-DNA/RNA-sxRNA能否靶向结合并进入肿瘤细胞及其对瘤细胞生存、迁移、侵袭和凋亡的影响。结果 将设计的杂交载体各部分等摩尔加入杂交缓冲体系并于特定温度条件下孵育，TBM聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测到AS1411-DNA/RNA-sxRNA成功组装；AS1411-DNA/RNA-sxRNA杂交载体在10%血清条件下也显示出良好的抗降解稳定性；荧光显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜下观察，SKOV3细胞表面及胞内存在绿色大量荧光信号，杂交载体成功进入肿瘤细胞。杂交载体孵育后：在mRNA水平上，p21基因表达（2.14±0.25）是对照组（1.02±0.10）2倍以上，P<0.05；TIGIT基因表达（0.63±0.09）低于对照组（1.09±0.15），P<0.05；在蛋白质水平上，p21基因表达（1.57±0.16）是对照组（1.10±0.09）1.5倍以上，P<0.05；TIGIT基因表达（0.61±0.12）低于对照组（1.01±0.07），P<0.05。CCK-8实验显示，P21 saRNA（3.10±0.13）和TIGIT siRNA（2.91±0.13）杂交载体孵育组与空白对照组（3.67±0.15）相比，卵巢癌细胞增殖能力显著下降（P<0.05）；划痕实验结果显示，P21 saRNA孵育组愈合率（42.53±2.90）%、TIGIT siRNA孵育组愈合率（36.23±3.43）%，明显低于空白对照组（76.47±3.64）%，P<0.05；Transwell检测迁移能力发现：P21 saRNA孵育组（128.25±5.36）、TIGIT siRNA孵育组（119.50±8.79）低于对照组（186.5±8.56）；侵袭能力：P21 saRNA孵育组（145.5±9.45）、TIGIT siRNA孵育组（112.25±5.63）也显著低于对照组（202.50±10.12），P<0.05；细胞凋亡率：P21 saRNA孵育组（11.74%±2.47%）、TIGIT siRNA孵育组（17.12%±2.04%）明显高于对照组（5.66%±1.44%），P<0.05。结论 所制备的AS1411-DNA/RNA-sxRNA杂交载体能够有效靶向肿瘤细胞，携带功能性小RNA靶向导入肿瘤细胞并调控目的基因表达，使肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移能力受到抑制；该结果为利用DNA-RNA偶联AS1411适配体作为靶向工具的杂交载体，靶向杀伤表面表达NCL蛋白的肿瘤细胞提供了实验基础。     

公立医院职场排斥对护士情绪耗竭和工作满意度的影响

目的 探讨公立医院职场排斥对护士情绪耗竭和工作满意度的影响以及可能的机制。方法 采用横断面问卷调查法收集数据,采用多元阶层回归分析法进行数据统计分析。结果 职场排斥得分均值为（1.53±0.72）,处于较低水平;52.2%护士表现出情绪耗竭倾向;职场排斥能够显著预测护士的情感耗竭（β=0.186,P＜0.01）和工作满意度（β= -0.252,P＜0.01）。其中,情绪耗竭在二者之间扮演部分中介作用。结论 公立医院职场排斥在护理人群中并不普遍,但却应该引起关注;护士情绪耗竭较为严重。而且,职场排斥将直接或者通过情绪耗竭中介作用影响她们的工作满意度评价。     

木麻黄根乙酸乙酯部位化学成分研究

为阐明木麻黄（Casuarina equisetifolia）的化学成分,采用有机溶剂提取、萃取及多种分离技术,从其根中分离得到14个化合物。经光波谱分析,其结构分别鉴定为5-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-6-O-syringoyl-β-d-glucopyranoside （1）,高良姜苷A （2）,heterophylloside C （3）、6''-O-vanilloylisotachioside （4）、3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-6-O-syringoyl-β-d-glucopyranoside （5）、香草醛（6）、丁香醛（7）、3,4-二羟基苯甲醛（8）、齐墩果酸（9）、桦木酸（10）、胡萝卜苷（11）、胡萝卜苷亚油酸酯（12）、（±）-lyoniresinol 2-O-a-rhamnoside （13）和（-）-9-acetyl-isolariciresinol 9''-O-a-l-rhamnopyranoside （14）,其中化合物14为新的木脂素。     

三级医院新护士职业价值观及离职意愿现状调查

目的 调查新护士的职业价值观及离职意愿现状, 为护理管理者培养社会需要的护理人才、稳定护理队伍提供借鉴。 方法 采用护士职业价值观量表和离职意愿量表对496名新护士进行调查, 并对结果作统计学分析。 结果 新护士职业价值观各条目的总均分为（3.579±0.681）分;不同学历的新护士,其职业价值观评分的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;新护士离职意愿量表总平均分为（2.68±0.69）分;不同任职方式、学历、科室的新护士,其离职意愿总平均得分的差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论 大部分新护士的职业价值观较为积极,但离职意愿较高。护理管理者应加大对新护士的重视,协助其完成职业过渡。     

上海家庭病床患者对社区护理的需求调查与分析

目的 调查家庭病床患者护理服务需求情况及影响因素,为卫生管理部门制定家庭病床护理服务规范提供决策依据。方法 采用问卷调查方法,对本辖区2013年1月—2014年12月建立的160例家庭病床患者进行护理服务需求调查。结果 被调查的160名家庭病床患者中,以高龄患者为主,平均年龄（82.95±1.43）岁;疾病构成中脑血管意外后遗症康复期居首位（占58.75%）,有2种及以上慢性病者143名（占89.37%）;生活需要他人帮助的或完全不能自理146名（占91.25%）。家庭病床患者对居家护理指导、康复指导等服务项目需求较高,尤其对膀胱冲洗、居家护理指导和送药上门等存在巨大缺口,文化程度、生活自理程度、疾病了解程度和医疗保险类型为家庭病床患者对社区护理需求的影响因素。结论 要增加居家护理指导、康复指导等家庭病床护理服务项目种类,加大对患者健康知识宣教力度,增强患者的自我护理意识。     

护士工作压力与生活质量的相关性研究

??????? 目的 研究护士的工作压力及生活质量状况,探讨工作压力与生活质量之间的相关性。方法 对138名护士进行问卷调查。采用李小妹修订的护士工作压力源量表测定护士工作压力,用世界卫生组织的生活质量评定量表（WHOQOL-BREF）测定护士的生活质量。结果 护士工作压力总均分为（15.11±2.18）分,护士生活质量总得分为（58.07±8.43）分,护士工作压力各维度与生活质量各维度之间大多呈负相关。结论 护士工作压力为重度压力水平。护士生活质量得分明显低于常模,其生活质量较差。护士工作压力与生活质量之间关系呈显著负相关,工作压力大的护士其生活质量差。     

ICU护士工作压力与创新行为的相关性分析

目的 了解医院ICU护士工作压力和创新行为现状及二者之间的关系。方法 抽取哈尔滨市三所大型综合医院的10个ICU病区的289名护士为研究对象,采用一般资料、护士工作压力源量表和创新行为量表对护理人员进行调查。结果 ICU护士工作压力平均分为2.63±0.64分,创新行为平均分为4.21±0.92分。工作压力各维度中,管理及人际关系、护理专业及工作和工作环境及仪器设备三个维度为创新行为的主要影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论 临床护理管理者应想方设法减轻ICU护士的工作压力,才有利于促进临床护理工作者的创新行为,提高护理工作质量。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor