CLSI三代头孢菌素新旧折点对判定肺炎克雷伯茵药物敏感性及产ESBLs菌株分布的影响

目的了解CLSI2010（S20）及2009（S19）头孢他啶（CAZ）、头孢噻肟（CTX）新旧折点变化对本地区肺炎克雷伯菌药物敏感性及产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株分布的影响。方法收集安徽医科大学第一附属医院临床分离的50株肺炎克雷伯菌;纸片扩散法测定菌株对CTX及CAZ的敏感性,CLSI表型确证试验确定产ESBLs菌株,改良三维试验检测CTX和／或CAZ耐药、非产ESBLs菌株的产酶情况。结果在S19折点下,CTX和CAZ耐药率分别为54．0％、30．0％;在S20折点下,耐药率分别为68．0％、42．0％。产ESBLs菌株总检出率为64．0％（32／50）。旧折点下,分别有81．3％、43．8％的产ESBLs菌株分布在CTX和CAZ耐药菌株中;新折点下,升高至100％、62．5％。2株对CTX和／CAZ耐药、非产ESBL菌株中,1株同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶,1株仅产AmpC酶。结论根据S20,肺炎克雷伯菌对CTX和CAZ的耐药率较S19均有所增高;并提高了耐药表型与产ESBLs菌株的一致性。产AmpC酶可影响表型确证试验对产ESBLs菌株的检出。     

临床分离奇异变形杆菌耐药性及产ESBLs菌株的流行现状

【摘 要】 目的 了解临床分离奇异变形杆菌的耐药性及产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的流行情况,为临床治疗提供实验室依据。方法 收集临床分离的奇异变形杆菌共33株, 用琼脂稀释法检测其对14种抗菌药物的耐药性,并用超广谱β-内酰胺酶确证试验筛选出产ESBLs细菌。结果 33株奇异变形杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率为0、对头孢唑啉耐药率为100%,对哌拉西林、头孢呋辛、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、阿米卡星、庆大霉素和氯霉素耐药率分别为12.1%、30.3%、24.2%、27.3%、18.2%、21.2%、12.1%、18.2%和48.5%,氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率较高,加替沙星、环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星耐药率分别为45.5％、39.4％和39.4％;产ESBLs菌株检出率为18.2%(6/33),除了头孢唑啉、哌拉西林、亚胺培南外,产ESBLs菌株的耐药率比非产ESBLs菌株都有不同程度地增加（P<0.01）。结论 临床分离奇异变形杆菌对亚胺培南均敏感,对头孢唑啉均耐药,对其他抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药,产ESBLs菌株的检出率高,且对抗菌药物的耐药程度比非产ESBLs菌株高。     

奇异变形杆菌β-内酰胺酶检测及耐药性分析

目的了解奇异变形杆菌临床分离株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)、头孢菌素酶(AmpC)、金属酶(MBLs)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌碳青霉烯酶(KPC)情况,并分析其对18种常见抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 ESBLs、AmpC和MBLs采用三维试验检测,KPC采用改良Hodge试验进行检测,并以K-B法测定18种常见抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 302株奇异变形杆菌单产ESBLs 60株,检出率为19.87%;单产AmpC 40株,检出率为13.25%;KPC 3株,检出率为0.99%;所有菌株中未检出金属β-内酰胺酶(MBLs);同产ESBLs及AmpC 36株,检出率为11.92%;未发现其他双产酶菌株。奇异变形杆菌非产酶分离株对常用抗生素(呋喃妥因、复方新诺明除外)的耐药率均低于50.00%;奇异变形杆菌产酶分离株对亚胺培南、美罗培南培南的耐药率低于10.00%,与非产酶菌株相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);对其余大部分抗生素的耐药率均明显高于非产酶菌株(P0.05)。同产ESBLs+AmpC与耐亚胺培南奇异变形杆菌分离株呈多重耐药。结论我院奇异变形杆菌分离株产生ESBLs、AmpC及KPC,且对常用抗生素耐药性比较严重,建议临床医师根据实验室药敏试验结果,合理使用抗生素。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测及其临床应用

目的：提高产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌的检出率,以利于对产ESBLs菌株的监控和治疗。方法：采用NCCLS推荐的确认法进行试验。结果：CAZ/clav对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌确认率分别64．7％和42．9％,CTX/c1av对其确认率分别为76．5％和71．4％。24株产ESBLs对10种抗生素的耐药性分析,结果24株产EBSLs对亚胺培南全部敏感。结论：确认试验中CTX优于CAZ;对产EBSLs菌的治疗以亚胺培南最佳。     

2004～2010年武汉同济医院临床分离多重耐药菌株监测分析

目的了解武汉同济医院2004年至2010年临床分离多重耐药菌株的检出情况。方法对临床分离菌株,采用纸片扩散法按统一的方案进行药敏试验。按照CLSI 2009年标准进行判断。结果 2004年至2010年该院耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRSCN）的检出率分别在35.6%～63.8%和21.5%～61.4%。2004年至2010年共检出36株耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）。大肠埃希菌产ESBLs株检出率在29.6%～81.7%,肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株检出率在36.0%～56.6%,产酸克雷伯产ESBLs株检出率在35.3%～67.4%,奇异变形杆菌产ESBLs株检出率在0～26.2%。自2005年起每年均有泛耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的检出。结论该院2004年至2010年多重耐药菌株呈增多趋势,尤其是VRE和泛耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的出现,给临床治疗带来了严峻挑战。     

产超广谱β- 内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性及其基因分型分析

目的:了解新疆独山子地区肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的发生率、作为指示剂的五种抗生素的检出情况及ESBLs主要基因型。方法:收集临床分离的148株肺炎克雷伯菌,采用双纸片协同筛选法、NCCLS推荐的表型筛选和确证试验对细菌进行ESBLs产酶株的识别;耐药基因的质粒重组、转化,聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增阳性产物测序,通过GenBank对序确定基因型。结果:本地区肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的分离率达31.1%,头孢曲松(CRO)安曲南(ATM)和头孢噻肟(CTX)头孢泊肟(CPD)、头孢他定(CAZ)作为指示剂检出率分别为97.8%、95.6%、93.4%、76.0%、65.2%;本地区产ESBLs菌株耐药基因型CTX-M-22占54.3%,CTX-M-18占41.3%,TEM61.8%,52.1%的产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌SHV耐药基因阳性。结论:CRO、ATM和CTX对检测ESBLs阳性率较高;CTX-M-22、CTX-M-18是本地区产ESBLs菌株的主要基因型。     

肠杆菌诱导型AmpC酶对第三代和第四代头孢菌素的影响

目的探讨诱导型AmpC酶对三代、四代头孢菌素的影响及其治疗策略。方法采用药敏纸片扩散法,用FOX药敏纸片作为诱导剂,以CAZ、CTX和FEP作为指示剂,检测肠杆菌的诱导AmpC酶的产生。结果待测的196株菌株中有101株为产诱导型AmpC酶阳性（51．5％）,其中阴沟肠杆菌58株（67．4％）,产气肠杆菌18株（52．9％）,沙雷菌属共8株（40％）,费劳地枸椽酸杆菌6株（42．8％）,聚团肠杆菌6株（33．3％）,奇异变形杆菌5株（20．8％）,其余95株产诱导型AmpC酶为阴性。产诱导型AmpC酶阳性菌株中无一株对FEP纸片的抑菌圈直径有影响,诱导型AmpC酶试验均为阴性。结论对于鉴定确认为诱导型AmpC酶阳性菌株的感染,即使实验报告三代头孢菌素为敏感,也应慎用或避免使用第三代头孢菌素的治疗,以第四代头孢菌素如头孢吡肟为首选药。     

产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌AmpC酶的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解深圳市人民医院产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中产AmpC酶的情况及其耐药性。方法收集产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌临床株126株,应用Tris-EDTA纸片法检测AmpC酶。用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对11种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果126株ESBLs阳性的肺炎克雷伯菌中12株检出AmpC酶,检出率为9.5%。AmpC阳性菌株对头孢西丁、头孢他啶、氨曲南、氨苄西林/舒巴坦和阿莫西林/克拉维酸的耐药率达100%,对阿米卡星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率分别为83.3%和33.3%,其中头孢西丁、头孢他啶、氨曲南、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、阿米卡星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率显著高于AmpC阴性株（P〈0.05）。结论深圳市人民医院产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中检出AmpC酶阳性株,其耐药性强于单产ESBLs菌株。     

摩根摩根菌β-内酰胺酶检测及耐药性分析

目的了解摩根摩根菌临床分离株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）、头孢菌素酶（AmpC）、金属酶（MBLs）、碳青霉烯酶（KPC）情况,并分析其对17种常见抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 ESBLs和AmpC及MBLs采用三维试验检测,碳青霉烯酶采用改良Hodge试验进行检测,并以K-B法测定17种常见抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 102株摩根摩根菌单产ESBLs 15株,检出率为14.71%;单产AmpC 8株,检出率为7.84%;单产金属β-内酰胺酶（MBLs）3株,检出率为2.94%;所有菌株中未检出碳青霉烯酶（KPC）;同产ESBLs及AmpC 6株,检出率为5.88%;未发现其他双产酶菌株。摩根摩根菌非产酶分离株对17种抗生素的耐药率均低于50.0%;摩根摩根菌产酶分离株对亚胺培南、美罗培南培南的耐药率低于15.0%,与非产酶菌株相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;对其余抗生素的耐药率均明显高于非产酶菌株（P〈0.05）。同产ESBLs＋AmpC与耐亚胺培南摩根摩根菌分离株呈多重耐药。结论我院摩根摩根菌分离株产生多种β-内酰胺酶,且对常用抗生素耐药性比较严重,建议临床医师合理使用抗生素,以免耐药菌株的产生。     

非产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯杆菌的耐药性分析

目的了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯杆菌中非产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株对18种常见抗菌药物的耐药性。方法CLSI表型确证试验-纸片增强法检测非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌,K-B法测定非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯杆菌对18种常见抗菌药物的敏感性。结果非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯杆菌株对头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛的耐药率〉50．0％,对其余抗生素的耐药率均低于25．0％,对亚胺培南、美罗培南非常敏感,耐药率分别为2．3％和2．0％;痰标本的分离株对头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛的耐药率明显高于血、尿液标本分离株,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯杆菌对第一、二代头孢菌素耐药显著,对第三代头孢菌素、亚胺培南、美罗培南等抗生素比较敏感。     

Occurrence of false positive results for the detection of carbapenemases in carbapenemase-negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates

Adequate detection of the production of carbapenemase in Enterobacteriaceae isolates is crucial for infection control measures and the appropriate choice of antimicrobial therapy. In this study, we investigated the frequency of false positive results for the detection of carbapenemases in carbapenemase-negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates by the modified Hodge test (MHT). Three hundred and one E. coli and K. pneumoniae clinical isolates were investigated. All produced extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) but were susceptible to carbapenems. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. The MHT was performed using the standard inoculum of test organisms recommended by the CLSI. Genes that encoded ESBLs and carbapenemases were identified by PCR and DNA sequencing. Among the 301 clinical isolates, none of the isolates conformed to the criteria for carbapenemase screening recommended by the CLSI. The susceptibility rates for imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem all were 100.0%, 100.0%, and 100.0%, respectively. Of the 301 E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, none produced carbapenemase. The MHT gave a positive result for 3.3% (10/301) of the isolates. False positive results can occur when the MHT is used to detect carbapenemase in ESBL-producing isolates and clinical laboratories must be aware of this fact.     

2008年至2010年泌尿系统感染中病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解泌尿系统感染的病原菌分布及药物耐药性。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK60分析仪对2008年至2010年宁波市妇女儿童医院疑为泌尿系统感染患者的尿液标本进行细菌培养、菌株鉴定,纸片扩散确证试验检测ESBLs。结果 2008年至2010年尿标本中共分离出病原菌1 561株,以大肠埃希菌最多见,占27.2%,其次肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形菌、粪肠球菌(D群),各占6.34%、6.28%和6.21%,再次是表皮葡萄球、白色念珠菌和屎肠球菌(D群),各占4.48%、4.36%和3.91%。表皮葡萄球、粪肠球菌(D群)、屎肠球菌(D群)对万古霉素均敏感,对利奈唑烷仅1株粪肠球菌(D群)耐药。3年中,无1例大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南耐药,1株肺炎克雷伯菌和1株奇异变形菌对亚胺培南耐药,其他药物均有不同程度耐药。结论大肠埃希菌是导致泌尿系统感染最常见的致病菌,产ESBLs的菌株已达46.6%。治疗由产ESBLs细菌引起的尿路感染首选亚胺培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;引起尿路感染的革兰阳性菌主要为肠球菌,青霉素可作为治疗粪肠球菌引起的尿路感染,但不适合治疗屎肠球菌引起的尿路感染,耐药率已达95%以上,呋喃妥因、利奈坐烷、万古霉素可作为首选。     

Molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and qnr determinants in Enterobacter species from Japan

The incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) has been increasing worldwide, but screening criteria for detection of ESBLs are not standardized for AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae such as Enterobacter species. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of ESBLs and/or AmpC β-lactamases in Japanese clinical isolates of Enterobacter spp. and the association of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants with ESBL producers. A total of 364 clinical isolates of Enterobacter spp. collected throughout Japan between November 2009 and January 2010 were studied. ESBL-producing strains were assessed by the CLSI confirmatory test and the boronic acid disk test. PCR and sequencing were performed to detect CTX-M, TEM, and SHV type ESBLs and PMQR determinants. For ESBL-producing Enterobacter spp., pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed using XbaI restriction enzyme. Of the 364 isolates, 22 (6.0%) were ESBL producers. Seven isolates of Enterobacter cloacae produced CTX-M-3, followed by two isolates producing SHV-12. Two isolates of Enterobacter aerogenes produced CTX-M-2. Of the 22 ESBL producers, 21 had the AmpC enzyme, and six met the criteria for ESBL production in the boronic acid test. We found a significant association of qnrS with CTX-M-3-producing E. cloacae. The 11 ESBL-producing Enterobacter spp. possessing bla(CTX-M), bla(SHV), or bla(TEM) were divided into six unique PFGE types. This is the first report about the prevalence of qnr determinants among ESBL-producing Enterobacter spp. from Japan. Our results suggest that ESBL-producing Enterobacter spp. with qnr determinants are spreading in Japan.     

Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Weissella confusa K3 cell-free supernatant against extended-spectrum βeta lactamase (ESBL) producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli U60

Different strategies have been approved for controlling extended-spectrum βeta lactamase (ESBL) producing uropathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial activity of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is an effective strategy due to its probiotic characteristics and beneficial effects on human health. The antibiotic susceptibility test, disk diffusion method, and double disc synergy test indicated that five enteric uropathogenic isolates were ESBL producers during the present study. They recorded diameters of inhibition zones as ≤ 18, ≤ 8, ≤ 19, and ≤ 8 mm against cefotaxime (CTX), ceftazidime (CAZ), aztreonam (ATM), and ceftriaxone (CRO). Genotypically, bla_TEM genes are the most common, with (100 %) occurrence in all the five enteric tested uropathogens, followed by bla_SHV and bla_CTX genes (60 %). In addition, out of 10 LAB isolates from dairy products, the CFS of isolate no. K3 had high antibacterial activity against the tested ESBLs, especially no. U60, with a MIC of 600 µl. Additionally, the MIC and sub-MIC of K3 CFS inhibited the production of antibiotic-resistant bla _TEM genes of U60. Analyzing the 16S rRNA sequence confirmed that the most potent ESBL-producing bacteria (U60) and LAB (K3) isolates were identified as Escherichia coli U60.1 and Weissella confuse K3 with accession numbers MW173246 and MW173299.1, respectively, in GenBank.     

Application of four variants of the diagnostic disc test (CD01, CD02, CD03, CD04) for detection of ESBL-positive strains of gram-negative rods

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of four variants of the diagnostic disc test (DD) to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in nosocomial strains of gram-negative rods. Also, the diagnostic disc test (DD) was compared with the double-disc synergy test (DDST) for the effectivity of ESBLs identification. A total number of 111 ESBL-positive (DDST-positive) strains of gram-negative rods isolated from hospitalized patients in 2004 was examined. Ninety nine strains belonged to enteric rods (89.2%) and twelve strains--to nonfermentative rods (10.8%). Two reference strains: E. coli ATCC 25922 (ESBL-negative one) and K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 (ESBL-positive one) were included in the study. Four variants of the diagnostic disc test (DD, Oxoid Ltd, UK) were applied for ESBLs detection: CPD/CD01, CAZ/CD02, CTX/CD03 and CPO/CD04. All examined strains (111) were DDST-positive. Positive results in the DD test (Oxoid Ltd) were as follows: CPD/CD01--59 strains (53.2%), CAZ/CD02--80 strains (72.1%), CTX/CD03--92 strains (82.9%) and CPO/CD04--110 strains (99.1%). Discs containing cefpirome (CPO) and cefpirome with clavulanic acid (CD04) were the best set for detection of ESBLs in our collection of clinical gram-negative rods. Results of this variant of the DD test were the most consistent with the results of the DDST. Application of several disc diffusion methods to detect ESBL producers increases the probability of proper identification of these strains.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药性检测

目的 了解临床分离产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌对喹诺酮类等抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 NCCLS表型确证试验（纸片增强法）检测出临床分离大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌株,琼脂稀释法测定产ESBLs菌株对喹诺酮类等抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 临床分离大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌株的检出率为40．2％（92／229）,产ESBLs菌株以尿标本多见,对6种喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率均在89％以上,哌拉西林的耐药率为100％;对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶和哌拉西林-三唑巴坦的耐药率分别为77．2％、1．1％和21．7％,对亚胺培南极其敏感,耐药率为0％。结论 产ESBLs大肠埃希菌发生率较高,对喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药显著,临床应加强检测和监测。     

Drug resistance and proticinogenic types of Proteus mirabilis isolated from urinary tract infections

Proteus mirabilis strains (88 isolates) from hospitalised patients with urinary tract infection were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, ESBL production and their ability to produce proticin or on their susceptibility to proticin. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by standard disc diffusion method according to NCCLS. Proticin typing was made by the standard strain set from the B. W. Senior collection. Most (59%) strains belonged to ESBL producers and were more resistant to antibiotics than ESBL-negative strains. Predominant proticin patterns among the ESBL (+) strains were: P1,2(6)/SO (23%), P1,2/SO (13.5%). Among the ESBL-negative strains more frequent were P6/SO (16.6%), P1,2/SO (13.8%) and P3,6/SO (13.8%) proticin types.     

临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性监测

目的了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供实验室依据。方法采用微量稀释法对392例临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌进行药物敏感性测定;超广谱β-内酰胺酶(Extendedspectrumbeta-lactamases,ESBLs)检测用微量稀释法初筛,纸片法做确证试验。结果肺炎克雷伯菌对18种抗菌药物的药敏结果中,耐药率大于30%的抗菌药物多达11种;其中氨苄西林-舒巴坦、氨苄西林、头孢噻吩、哌拉西林、复方新诺明和头孢唑啉的耐药率高达20%以上。耐药率低于10%的抗菌药物仅有4种,分别为头孢曲松(7.7%)、头孢噻肟(7.4%)、氨曲南(6.9%)和亚胺培南(3.1%)。其它抗菌药物的耐药率都高于10%。产ESBLs菌株的发生率为32.9%～45.8%,平均为39.8%;产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于非产ESBLs菌株(P<0.05)。结论临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药率较高,尤其是产ESBLs菌株的高耐药率及多重耐药性更为明显。临床应加强对肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性的监测并预防耐药菌株的传播流行。     

Molecular mechanisms of cephalosporin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family]

Extended spectrum beta lactamase genes were detected by the PCR in 87.6% of 231 Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated in medical institutions of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tomsk and Nazran that showed a decrease in their susceptibility to 3rd generation cephalosporins. Alone or in various combinations TEM type beta lactamases were detected in 43.3% of the isolates, 46.8 and 51.2% of the isolates produced SHV type and CTX type beta lactamases respectively. Combinations of 2 and 3 different determinants were detected in 40 and 14% of the isolates respectively. Production of class C beta lactamases was suspected in 28% of the isolates by their resistance to cefoxitin. The gene of ACT type beta lactamase was detected in 1 strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae and the gene of CMY type beta lactamase was detected in 1 strain of Proteus mirabilis. By the NCCLS 100% of the isolates was susceptible to meropenem, 14% was susceptible to cefotaxime, 64% was susceptible to cefepime, 81% was susceptible to cefoperazone/sulbactam, 47% was susceptible to gentamicin, 57% was susceptible to amikacin and 36% was susceptible to ciprofloxacin.