光合膜膜脂双半乳糖二酰基甘油的研究进展

本文综述了光合膜膜脂双半乳糖二酰基甘油（DGDG）的生物合成和生理功能的研究进展。DGDG是光合膜中惟一的双半乳糖脂类,在光合膜的不同膜区均有分布。在高等植物叶绿体中,存在着两条不同的DGDG生物合成途径,即原核合成途径和真核合成途径。原核途径只限于在质体内进行,而真核途径还包括一些在内质网内发生的反应。DGDG在维持光系统II捕光色素蛋白复合体的寡聚体结构、调控光系统II和光系统II核心复合物的放氧活性等方面起着重要作用。     

扁藻光合甘油脂的UPLC-Q-TOF-MS鉴定

运用超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱联用分析系统（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）,直接分析总脂并建立了海洋扁藻（Tetr aselmis chuii）中光合甘油脂的精确结构鉴定方法.质谱采用电喷雾电离源（ESI）,TOF采用V飞行模式,分别在正负离子模式下对总脂进行检测.根据在ESI-MS/MS下各种甘油脂产生的特征离子碎片对甘油脂进行结构鉴定,并根据负离子模式下产生的羧酸阴离子,确定各个甘油脂分子的脂肪酰基组成.结果从扁藻中共检测到40多种甘油脂,包括11种单半乳糖甘油二酯（MGDG）,7种双半乳糖甘油二酯（DGDG）,16种硫代异鼠李糖甘油二酯（SQDG）和9种磷脂酰甘油（PG）,对这种微藻进行光合甘油脂的结构鉴定还不多见.此外,还鉴定出了一些传统GC-MS方法检测不到的羟基化脂肪酸,提供了扁藻光合脂质组的新信息.通过对sn-2位脂肪酸的比较研究表明,MGDG和SQDG主要通过原核途径合成,PG的形成是一种混合型生物合成途径;而DGDG在sn-2位特有C14：0和C16：0.这种方法提供了所有光合甘油脂的完整结构图谱,可以通过监测脂类的变化运用于海洋微藻的生理生态研究中.     

冷害对黄瓜叶绿体类囊体膜的影响

研究了冷害温度(0℃,16h)对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)叶绿体类囊体膜膜脂、膜蛋白成分的影响。在没有可见伤害症状的低温处理条件下,黄瓜叶片叶绿体类囊体膜膜脂成分已有变化,主要是磷脂酰甘油(PG)含量明显降低,但主要脂类成分单半乳糖基甘油二酯(MGDG)、双半乳糖基甘油二酯(DGDG)、硫代异鼠李糖甘油二酯(SQDC)和PG的脂肪酸组分没有明显的变化;类囊体膜上色素蛋白质复合体的变化以光系统Ⅱ捕光叶绿素a/b蛋白质(LHCⅡ)单体及寡聚体含量的变化最明显,低温处理使LHCⅡ单体比例增加。对提纯的LHCⅡ结合脂的分析表明,低温处理改变了LHCⅡ结合脂及其脂肪酸的组成,使PG含量降低。以上结果表明,LHCⅡ结合脂成分变化以及LHCⅡ寡聚体解聚可能是叶绿体类囊体膜受冷害的最初反应。     

黄瓜类囊体不同膜制备物的类脂组成

由黄瓜类囊体及其基粒片层、间质片层、PSⅡ放氧颗粒和捕光色素蛋白复合体类脂组成的分析表明;各膜制备物均含有类囊体膜的5种类脂成分,除LHCⅡ外,其它均以MGDG含量为最高,其次是DGDG,在LHCⅡ所含类脂中,PG含量最高。SQDO除在LHCⅡ中含量稍低以外,在其它膜制备物中的含量没有明显的差异。类脂脂肪酸组成的分析可知,不同膜制备物中MGDG、DGDG和SQDG的脂肪酸组成没有明显差异,但PG的脂肪酸组成差异较明显。     

外源脂肪酸及胆固醇对莱氏衣原体膜糖脂含量的影响

 <正> 单葡萄糖甘油二酯(MGDG)和双葡萄糖甘油二酯(DGDG)是莱氏衣原体膜上主要的极性脂。糖脂的生理功能过去很少研究,至今仍不清楚。近年来实验结果表明,MGDG在膜上容易形成六角形Ⅱ结构,而DGDG则形成脂双层结构。六角形Ⅱ结构的出现与生物膜的生理功能的关系是当前瞩目的研究内容。本文首次研究了外源脂肪酸和胆固酵对莱氏衣原体AIH089菌株膜上糖脂含量的影响。     

水稻OsMGD2和OsMGD3基因的功能鉴定及对烟草耐低磷胁迫的影响

【目的】单半乳糖甘油二酯合酶（MGD）是合成单半乳糖甘油二酯（MGDG）的关键酶,在植物响应低磷胁迫过程中起着重要作用。为系统了解水稻OsMGD2和OsMGD3基因在低磷胁迫响应中的作用和功能。【方法】采用盆栽试验分析正常和低磷条件下野生型（SR1）和过表达OsMGD2和OsMGD3转基因烟草的生理响应和脂质组分的变化。【结果】无论在正常还是低磷条件下,转基因烟草与野生型的磷含量无显著差异,然而转基因烟草的生物量、叶绿素含量和光合能力均显著高于野生型。转基因烟草在低磷胁迫下的磷脂（PL）含量、双半乳糖甘油二酯（DGDG）含量、DGDG/MGDG比值和半乳糖脂（GL）/PL比值均显著高于野生型烟草,且OsMGD3转基因烟草的脂质含量和比值均高于OsMGD2转基因烟草。【结论】通过调控水稻OsMGD2/3基因表达,可提高植物低磷下的膜脂重塑能力,维持植物在低磷胁迫下的较高的光合和生长能力,增加植物的低磷耐受性。     

光系统Ⅱ的结构与功能以及光合膜对环境因素的响应机制

光合膜是地球上捕获、转换和利用太阳能的关键场所,光合膜的活动所提供的能源、粮食及氧气,是人类世界赖以生存的基础。经过35亿年的进化,光合膜已经进化成了一个高度精密的结构,色素分子高密度结合并合理排列,具有高精度的能级耦联网络和高效率的能量传递系统,这使得光合膜成为自然界中能够最高效地吸收和传递太阳能、并能在常温常压下高效地将太阳能转换成化学能和还原势的色素蛋白复合体体系。由于这一特性,光合膜被认为是最有潜力的固定太阳能的新材料,并为研究新型光电转换器件提供了新思路和新理论。因此,长期以来,光合膜的结构-功能关系研究及其功能模拟,特别是执行固定和转化太阳能第一步的光系统Ⅱ,在新能源的利用中吸引了大量的研究力量,取得了突飞猛进的进展。本文总结了近年来关于光系统Ⅱ的结构与功能,以及光合膜对环境的感应和功能调节机制等方面的研究进展。     

低温锻炼对小麦类囊体膜脂膜蛋的影响

比较两种不同抗寒性小麦品种在低温锻炼前后类囊体膜脂及共脂肪酸成分、光系统Ⅱ捕光叶绿素ａ／ｂ蛋白复合体（ＬＨＣⅡ）及类囊体吸收光谱,低温荧光发射光谱,发现经低温锻炼后：（１）抗寒与不抗寒小麦类囊体脂酰甘油（ＰＧ）的反式六碳－烯酸含量均明显降低;抗寒品种小麦的单半乳糖基甘油二酯（ＭＧＤＧ）／双半乳糖基甘油二酯（ＤＧＤＧ）比值明显降低,而不抗寒品种变化不明显。（２）抗寒品种小麦类脂／叶绿素比值明显增高。     

从二溴百里香醌的抑制效应分析融合膜电子传递的途径

甲基紫精(MV)系统中,在对类囊体膜的光合磷酸化(PSP)活力近于完全抑制的二溴百里香醌(DBMIB)浓度下,由类囊体残缺膜与线粒体嵴膜组成的融合膜PSP活力不仅不被抑制,反而受到不同程度的促进。在铁氰化钾(FeCy)系统中,DBMIB对类囊体膜的PSP活力不能完全抑制,同样浓度的DBMIB对融合膜的PSP活力有抑制效应。检测了不同膜在不同系统中,光下耗氧、放氧、FeCy还原和融合效应的关系等,论证了融合膜中电子传递的途径。     

ESI-MS/MS方法检测拟南芥膜脂分子对机械伤害的响应

利用一种灵敏的、基于ESI-MS／MS（electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry）的脂类组学方法,测定了机械伤害诱导的拟南芥6种磷脂（phosphohpids）、2种糖脂（glycolipids）、3种溶血磷脂（lysophospholipids）和约120种脂类分子的变化,探索了膜脂响应机械伤害的基本趋势。结果表明,机械伤害后磷脂酸（phosphatidic acid,PA）和3种溶血磷脂显著升高,而叶绿体膜上的糖脂减少;在测量的1小时范围内,不同脂类水解产生的磷脂酸分子的增加速度和强度不同,反映出它们经历了不同的生化过程。具体表现为：（1）叶绿体膜脂磷脂酰甘油（phosphatidylglycero,PG）分子34：4 PG水解的产物磷脂酸分子34：4 PA的积累速度明显慢于其它磷脂酸分子;（2）磷脂酸分子34：6 PA仅有少量的积累,其可能是由叶绿体膜脂单半乳糖二酰甘油（monogalactosyldiacylglycerol,MGDG）。分子34：6 MGDG和双半乳糖二酰甘油（digalactosyldiacylglycerol,DGDG）分子34：6 DGDG水解产生,然而这两种糖脂含量明显下降,说明它们有可能还参与了其它的反应。脂类的摩尔百分组成没有剧烈的变化。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).