高山被孢霉亚甲基四氢叶酸脱氢酶的克隆、表达和功能鉴定

叶酸代谢途径中的亚甲基四氢叶酸脱氢酶（MTHFD）可将5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸氧化为5,10-甲炔基四氢叶酸,此过程会生成NADH或NADPH。对高山被孢霉中的MTHFD基因进行克隆、表达和功能鉴定,可进一步阐明脂质合成所需还原力NADPH的来源。首先对MTHFD序列进行分析,并以pET28a（+）质粒为载体构建了MTHFD的表达载体,然后转化至大肠杆菌BL21中进行诱导表达。进一步利用Ni金属螯合层析纯化目的蛋白,采用比色法分析酶反应产物,表明纯化蛋白质具有MTHFD活性。高山被孢霉MTHFD对NAD⁺和NADP⁺均具有催化能力,但更偏好于将NADP⁺转化为NADPH。最后对高山被孢霉进行发酵培养,发现MTHFD的转录水平在脂质开始积累后发生了明显的上调,表明MTHFD在高山被孢霉脂质合成过程中发挥重要作用,很可能是脂质合成所需NADPH的关键来源。这为对高山被孢霉进行分子改造,使之成为高产各种多不饱和脂肪酸的细胞工程提供了理论依据。     

低温和外源不饱和脂肪酸对高山被孢霉脂肪酸脱氢酶基因表达的影响

[目的]在转录水平上研究低温和外源不饱和脂肪酸对于高山被孢霉脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的表达调控机制.[方法]通过实时定量PCR技术和启动子报告基因融合载体的方法,研究低温和外源不饱和脂肪酸对于高山被孢霉3种脂肪酸脱氢酶基因表达随时间进程的影响.[结果]实时定量PCR的结果表明:低温对于3种脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的转录具有激活作用,外源不饱和脂肪酸对基因转录起抑制作用,而且这两种作用都是快速响应的,随时间延长逐渐减弱并消失.脂肪酸组成测定结果证明了基因转录水平变化与对应产物变化之间没有相关性.低温能够在短时间内诱导pFAD6启动子活性增加,并随时间延长而持续增强 ;外源不饱和脂肪酸对pFAD6启动子活性起抑制作用,其不饱和度和浓度越高,抑制作用越强,而且抑制作用是快速且持续的.[结论]低温和外源不饱和脂肪酸除了在转录水平上调控高山被孢霉脂肪酸脱氢酶基因表达发生变化之外,可能主要在转录后水平上介导了胞内脂肪酸组成的变化.而且,脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的表达可能受到胞内脂肪酸组成变化的反馈调节作用.本文首次在转录水平上对高山被孢霉脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的表达调控机制进行了探索,为深入了解脂肪酸脱氢酶基因表达及多不饱和脂肪酸合成对外界信号的应答机制提供了有用信息,也对应用微生物发酵和转基因技术生产不饱和脂肪酸具有指导意义.     

高山被孢霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在毕赤酵母中的胞内表达

γ-亚麻酸(GLA)作为人体必需的不饱和脂肪酸,具有重要的营养和药用价值。△^6-脂肪酸脱氢酶是γ-亚麻酸合成途径中的关键酶。为了在毕赤酵母中建立一种新的合成γ-亚麻酸的表达体系,将高山被孢霉△^6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因与胞内表达载体pPIC3．5K连接,SacⅠ线性化后电击法转化毕赤酵母SMD1168,获得的转化子经PCR鉴定目的基因已整合到毕赤酵母的基因组中。用甲醇诱导表达,通过脂肪酸气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析表明高山被孢霉△^6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在毕赤酵母中获得表达,γ-亚麻酸含量占总脂肪酸的16．26％。     

高山被孢霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在毕赤酵母中的胞内表达

γ-亚麻酸（GLA）作为人体必需的不饱和脂肪酸,具有重要的营养和药用价值。Δ⁶-脂肪酸脱氢酶是γ-亚麻酸合成途径中的关键酶。为了在毕赤酵母中建立一种新的合成γ-亚麻酸的表达体系,将高山被孢霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因与胞内表达载体pPIC3.5K连接,SacⅠ线性化后电击法转化毕赤酵母SMD1168,获得的转化子经PCR鉴定目的基因已整合到毕赤酵母的基因组中。用甲醇诱导表达,通过脂肪酸气相色谱和气相色谱质谱（GC-MS）联用分析表明高山被孢霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在毕赤酵母中获得表达,γ-亚麻酸含量占总脂肪酸的16.26%。     

高山被孢霉ATCC16266Δ~6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母中的表达

Δ6 脂肪酸脱氢酶是形成γ 亚麻酸的关键酶。从含有高山被孢霉Δ6 脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的重组质粒pT MACL6中 ,酶切出 1 4kb的目的片段 ,亚克隆到大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母的穿梭表达载体 pYES2 .0 ,在大肠杆菌中筛选到含有目的基因的重组质粒 pYMAD6 ,用醋酸锂方法转化到酿酒酵母的缺陷型菌株INCSc1中 ,在SC Ura合成培养基中 ,选择得到酿酒酵母工程株YMAD6。在合适的培养基及培养条件下 ,加入外源底物亚油酸 ,经半乳糖诱导后 ,收集菌体。通过GC MS对酵母工程株进行脂肪酸色谱分析 ,结果表明 ,产生了 31 6 %的γ 亚麻酸。这是迄今为止 ,国内外Δ6 脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母中表达量最高的报道。     

高山被孢霉ATCC16266△^6—脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母中的表达

△^6－脂肪酸脱氢酶基因是形成γ－亚麻酸的关键酶。从含有高山被孢霉△^6－脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的重组质粒pT-MACL6中,酶切出1.4kb的目的片段,亚克隆到大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母的穿梭表达载体pYES2.0,在大肠杆菌中筛选到含有目的基因的重组质粒pYMAD6,用醋酸昔方法转化到酿洒酵母的缺陷型菌株INCSc1中,在SC－Ura合成培养基中,选择得到酿酒酵母工程株YMAD6。在合适的培养基及培养条件下,加入外源底物亚油酸,经半乳糖诱导后,收集菌体。通过GC－MS对酵母工程株进行脂肪酸色谱分析,结果表明,产生了31.6％的γ－亚麻酸,边是迄今为止,国内外△^6－脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母中表达量最高的报道。     

高山被孢霉ATCC16266Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母中的表达

Δ⁶-脂肪酸脱氢酶是形成γ-亚麻酸的关键酶。从含有高山被孢霉Δ⁶-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的重组质粒pTMACL6中,酶切出14kb的目的片段,亚克隆到大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母的穿梭表达载体pYES2.0,在大肠杆菌中筛选到含有目的基因的重组质粒pYMAD6,用醋酸锂方法转化到酿酒酵母的缺陷型菌株INCSc1中,在SC-Ura合成培养基中,选择得到酿酒酵母工程株YMAD6。在合适的培养基及培养条件下,加入外源底物亚油酸,经半乳糖诱导后,收集菌体。通过GC-MS对酵母工程株进行脂肪酸色谱分析,结果表明,产生了31.6%的γ-亚麻酸。这是迄今为止,国内外Δ⁶-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母中表达量最高的报道。     

高山被孢霉Δ~6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在红冬孢酵母中的表达

以绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)作为报告基因,将质粒pRH2304转化红冬孢酵母YM25235进行表达分析,荧光显微观察结果表明GFP在YM25235获得表达,建立了红冬孢酵母YM25235遗传转化方法。在此基础上,以高山被孢霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因取代pRH2304中的GFP基因,构建重组质粒pRH2304MAD6,将其转化红冬孢酵母YM25235进行表达分析。PCR结果表明,高山被孢霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因已经整合到YM25235基因组中,进一步的脂肪酸气相色谱分析结果表明,该基因编码产物催化n-6途径中的亚油酸转化成γ-亚麻酸,占细胞总脂肪酸的4.35%,但没有检测到催化n-3途径中的α-亚麻酸转化成十八碳四烯酸。     

高山被孢霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的克隆、结构分析及其功能的研究

从高山被孢霉ATCC1 62 66总DNA中扩增出大小为 1 374bp和 1 947bp的两条特异片段 ,序列分析表明后者在细胞色素b5和组氨酸Ⅰ之间含有一大小为 5 73bp的内含子和两条分别为 1 97bp和 82 8bp的外显子。推导的氨基酸二级结构分析表明 ,该基因有两个长的跨膜疏水区和 3个组氨酸保守区。分别根据D6D内含子及组氨酸Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区的序列设计引物 ,制备不同的探针与高山被孢霉的基因组杂交 ,证明在其基因组中确实存在两个Δ6 脂肪酸脱氢酶基因 ,其中一个基因含有内含子。把不含有内含子的核基因MAGL6 1克隆到的酿酒酵母表达载体pYES2 0中 ,转化到酿酒酵母INVSc1中。对筛选得到的酵母工程菌株进行脂肪酸GC分析 ,检测到了γ 亚麻酸 ,说明克隆的D6D基因MAGL6 1能在酿酒酵母中进行功能性表达。     

深黄被孢霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在大豆中的表达

为在传统的油料作物大豆中产生γ 亚麻酸 ,从深黄被孢霉中克隆的Δ6 脂肪酸脱氢酶基因与植物表达载体pBI12 1连接 ,构建了重组质粒pBMICL6 ,采用农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节转化系统成功的将该基因导入到栽培大豆吉林 35、吉林 4 3、吉林 4 7、绥农 10、绥农 14和黑农 37等品种中 ,获得一批转基因植株。经PCR检测和Southern杂交分析 ,证明外源基因已导入并整合到大豆的基因组中。Northern杂交结果表明该基因在转基因大豆的mRNA水平上获得表达。对转基因大豆种子进行脂肪酸成分分析 ,结果表明Δ6 脂肪酸脱氢酶基因获得表达 ,产生了γ 亚麻酸 ,其含量最高可达 2 7 0 6 7% ,这是国内外深黄被孢霉Δ6 脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在大豆中表达的首次报道     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.