relA基因在重组大肠杆菌BL21合成嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶作用研究

利用Red同源重组技术敲除大肠杆菌BL21中relA基因,获得△relA突变株。进一步研究表明在LB复合培养中relA基因对大肠杆菌的生长几乎没有明显影响,但是对其重组蛋白的合成有着较大的影响:降低了25%。结果表明,relA基因在大肠杆菌表达重组蛋白方面有着较重要的作用。     

relA基因敲除对克雷伯氏菌CPK降解毒死蜱的影响

目的:敲除毒死蜱降解菌Klebsiella sp.CPK菌中的relA基凶,研究其对毒死蜱降解的影响.方法:采用同源重组技术敲除了Klebsiella sp.CPK菌中魔斑合成酶编码基因relA,通过PCR及RT-PCR扩增对其敲除进行了验证,分别采用分光光度法和气相色谱检测了该突变体对毒死蜱的耐受性和对毒死蜱的降解.结果:获得了一株relA基因敲除菌株△relA.在毒死蜱胁迫下,△ relA菌株的耐受能力和对毒死蜱的降解能力均弱丁野生型的CPK菌株.在初始降解的第一天,两者的降解速率相差最大,CPK菌株对毒死蜱的降解率高达50%以上,而△relA菌株对毒死蜱的降解率却低于15%.结论:relA基因的产物魔斑参与调控了Klebsiella sp.CPK菌在毒死蜱胁迫下的严谨反应,可能以此增强了该菌株对毒死蜱的耐受性并促进了它对毒死蜱的降解.     

重组马槟榔甜蛋白MabinlinⅡ在大肠杆菌中的表达

Mabinlin Ⅱ是我国所特有且唯一的植物甜蛋白,在体外至今没有得到具有甜味的基因表达产物.本文根据已知马槟榔甜蛋白的序列设计引物克隆Mabinlin Ⅱ基因,对基因进行剪切重组.将重组基因克隆至大肠杆菌表达载体pET-30a(+)中,构建了3个重组表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),得到三株表达重组马槟榔甜蛋白的大肠杆菌工程菌.经IPTG诱导,3个重组MabinlinⅡ基因可在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中高效表达.     

假单胞菌M18 relA 突变株的构建及其对吩嗪-1-羧酸合成的调控

假单胞菌M18是一株能同时合成吩嗪-1-羧酸(PCA)和藤黄绿菌素两种抗生素的植物根际分离细菌。RelA催化合成的效应分子ppGpp能介导细菌因营养饥饿引起的应激反应。以M18菌株染色体DNA为模板,PCR扩增获得relA基因,通过庆大霉素抗性片段插入失活与同源重组技术,构建假单胞菌M18的relA突变菌株M18RAG。在PPM培养基中进行PCA发酵分析,发现突变菌株M18RAG的PCA产量显著升高,约为野生型菌株的1.5-2倍。relA基因反式互补实验以及phzA′-′lacZ翻译融合测定结果,均进一步证明了RelA对PCA生物合成及其基因表达具有抑制作用。     

大肠杆菌外源蛋白表达载体稳定性的研究进展

构建高产、稳定、可靠的质粒载体成为基因重组表达技术的研究重点之一。宿主细胞代谢反应和质粒不稳定性相关信息的缺乏,仍然阻碍着质粒载体的优化,成为限制外源蛋白在大肠杆菌中高效表达的瓶颈之一。主要论述了大肠杆菌外源蛋白表达载体的稳定性,分别从质粒和外源基因的本身特性、重组质粒转化对宿主细胞造成的影响及其他因素等方面阐述了对质粒载体稳定性的影响,同时介绍了相关的解决办法,从而为大肠杆菌表达系统高效表达外源蛋白提供参考。     

CryNGc蛋白在转基因玉米和大肠杆菌中表达的等同性研究

转基因玉米表达蛋白的身份鉴定和对玉米表达蛋白与大肠杆菌表达蛋白的等同性研究是进行蛋白安全性评价的重要前提。以人工合成的新型重组抗虫蛋白CryNGc 为研究材料,通过密码子优化、cryNGc杀虫蛋白编码基因化学合成、原核表达载体构建、大肠杆菌表达条件优化等方法原核表达 CryNGc 蛋白。在此基础上,利用SDS-PAGE电泳、免疫杂交分析和液相色谱-串联质谱鉴定技术对玉米转化体 HiII-NGc-1和大肠杆菌表达的CryNGc重组蛋白进行了特性分析和一致性评价。研究结果表明,抗虫基因cryNGc在转基因玉米和大肠杆菌中表达的蛋白电泳迁移率、免疫活性和氨基酸组成具有一致性,证实玉米转化体HiII-NGc-1中产生的CryNGc蛋白的特性与理论预测相符,且与大肠杆菌表达的CryNGc蛋白实质等同。研究结果为进一步开展新型抗虫重组蛋白CryNGc 玉米转化体的生物安全性评价提供了理论基础和数据支持。     

结核分枝杆菌Rv3369基因的表达和纯化

在大肠杆菌中高效表达结核分枝杆菌Rv3369蛋白,获得纯化的重组蛋白rRv3369。通过聚合酶链反应(Polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增Rv3369基因;以质粒pET28a为表达载体,构建重组质粒,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3);以异丙基硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达目的蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE鉴定rRv3369在大肠杆菌中的表达,确定rRv3369在大肠杆菌中的表达形式;采用Ni-NTA His.Bind Resin来纯化重组蛋白。重组质粒pET28a-Rv3369中目的基因测序结果与报道序列相同。分子量约19.5kDa,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的18%,纯化后的重组蛋白样品经SDS-PAGE和激光密度扫描分析表明其纯度为90%以上,每100mL培养菌可获得1.56mg左右的重组蛋白。用亲和层析法纯化的重组蛋白纯度较好。     

肺炎支原体P1粘附蛋白基因的克隆

目的 在大肠杆菌中克隆含肺炎支原体P1粘附蛋白基因的重组质粒,为实现肺炎支原体P1粘附蛋白基因的大量扩增及表达奠定基础。方法 通过PCR方法获取肺炎原体P1粘附蛋白基因,用限制性核酸内酶EcoR Ⅰ切割后与pUC19载体DNA连接,转入大肠杆菌JM109菌株。用X－gal平板筛选转化子,应用P1基因区特异重复序列(RepMP2/3）引物对重组质粒进行PCR扩增和限制性核酸内酶切图谱分析鉴定。结果 PCR和限制性核酸内切酶图谱分析均证实所获重组质粒中含有P1粘附蛋白基因。结论 获得含有肺炎支原体P1粘附蛋白基因的重组克隆。     

藤黄微球菌Rpf活性蛋白的制取及其对红球菌VBNC菌体的复苏作用

【目的】克隆藤黄微球菌Micrococcus luteus IAM 14879(=NCIMB 13267)的复苏促进因子Rpf(resuscitation promoting factor)的基因,在大肠杆菌中表达获取基因重组蛋白,考察对近缘高GC革兰氏阳性菌红球菌Rhodococcus sp.DS471活的非可培养VBNC(viable but non-culturable)菌体的复苏促进生长能力。【方法】抽提制备藤黄微球菌的DNA,确定rpf基因引物进行PCR扩增,利用pET15b质粒载体并转化大肠杆菌DE3表达,以SDS-PAGE检验获取纯化重组蛋白;在培养基中添加Rpf,以MPN(most probable number)法计数、评价对VBNC状态菌体的复苏促进生长效果。【结果】基因测序证实获得藤黄微球菌的rpf基因并在大肠杆菌中表达;SDS-PAGE分析表明获得rpf基因的重组蛋白;该蛋白对处于VBNC状态的红球菌具有近100倍的复苏促进生长能力。【结论】成功克隆了藤黄微球菌的rpf基因,在大肠杆菌中获得了表达,表明了Rpf蛋白对处于VBNC状态的红球菌具有复苏促进生长效果。     

枯草芽孢杆菌中性蛋白酶基因的克隆与表达

本研究对枯草芽孢杆菌中性蛋白酶的基因进行克隆,并在大肠杆菌中诱导表达。从枯草芽孢杆菌基因组克隆到编码中性蛋白酶的全长基因,构建大肠杆菌原核表达载体pET30b,转化大肠杆菌BL21得到重组工程菌。通过菌落PCR和酶切筛选验证重组体。在25℃,110 r/min条件下,用IPTG诱导重组蛋白表达。表达蛋白用SDS-PAGE验证,并对酶活力进行测定。测序结果表明克隆序列与NCBI上的登录的序列同源性高达99%。SDS-PAGE结果表明诱导出的蛋白相对分子质量56.6 kD,酶活力达到39 U/mL。证明成功克隆得到枯草芽孢杆菌中性蛋白酶基因,并在大肠杆菌中得到高效表达。     

Role of peptide chain elongation factor G in guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate synthesis.

In a wild-type strain (relA+) of Escherichia coli, starvation of amino acid led to an immediate cessation of the synthesis of stable ribonucleic acids, together with the accumulation of an unusual nucleotide, guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate, commonly known as ppGpp. This compound also accumulated during heat shock. When temperature-sensitive protein synthesis elongation factor G (EF-G) was introduced into E. coli NF859, a relA+ strain, the synthesis of ppGpp was reduced to approximately one-half that of wild-type EF-G+ cells at a nonpermissive temperature of 40 degrees C. Furthermore, fusidic acid, an inhibitor of protein synthesis which specifically inactivates EF-G, prevented any accumulation of ppGpp during the heat shock. We suggest that a functional EF-G protein is necessary for ppGpp accumulation under temperature shift conditions, possibly by mediating changes in the function of another protein, the relA gene product. However, EF-G is probably not required for the synthesis of ppGpp during the stringent response, since its inactivation did not prevent ppGpp accumulation during amino acid starvation.     

Functional analysis of a relA/spoT gene homolog from Streptococcus equisimilis.

We examined the functional attributes of a gene encountered by sequencing the streptokinase gene region of Streptococcus equisimilis H46A. This gene, originally called rel, here termed relS. equisimilis, is homologous to two related Escherichia coli genes, spoT and relA, that function in the metabolism of guanosine 5',3'-polyphosphates [(p)ppGpp]. Studies with a variety of E. coli mutants led us to deduce that the highly expressed rel S. equisimilis gene encodes a strong (p)ppGppase and a weaker (p)ppGpp synthetic activity, much like the spoT gene, with a net effect favoring degradation and no complementation of the absence of the relA gene. We verified that the Rel S. equisimilis protein, purified from an E. coli relA spoT double mutant, catalyzed a manganese-activated (p)ppGpp 3'-pyrophosphohydrolase reaction similar to that of the SpoT enzyme. This Rel S. equisimilis protein preparation also weakly catalyzed a ribosome-independent synthesis of (p)ppGpp by an ATP to GTP 3'-pyrophosphoryltransferase reaction when degradation was restricted by the absence of manganese ions. An analogous activity has been deduced for the SpoT protein from genetic evidence. In addition, the Rel S. equisimilis protein displays immunological cross-reactivity with polyclonal antibodies specific for SpoT but not for RelA. Despite assignment of rel S. equisimilis gene function in E. coli as being similar to that of the native spoT gene, disruptions of rel S. equisimilis in S. equisimilis abolish the parental (p)ppGpp accumulation response to amino acid starvation in a manner expected for relA mutants rather than spoT mutants.     

The role of the omega subunit of RNA polymerase in expression of the relA gene in Escherichia coli

The rpoZ gene for the omega subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase constitutes single operon with the spoT gene, which is responsible for the maintenance of stringent response under nutrient starvation conditions. To identify the physiological role of the omega subunit, we compared the gene expression profile of wild-type Escherichia coli with that of an rpoZ deleted strain by microarray analysis using an E. coli DNA chip. Here we report on a set of genes which show changes in expression profile following the removal of rpoZ. We have seen that relA, which is responsible for the synthesis of the stringent factor ppGpp and many ribosomal proteins, exhibited noticeable changes in mRNA levels and were therefore further analyzed for their expression using a GFP/RFP two-fluorescent protein promoter assay vector. In the absence of rpoZ, the promoter for the relA gene was severely impaired, but the promoters from the ribosomal protein genes were not affected as much. Taking these results together we propose that the omega subunit is involved in regulation of the relA gene, but induction of the stringently controlled genes in the absence of rpoZ is, at least in part, attributable to a decrease in ppGpp level.     

乙内酰脲水解酶基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆表达

节杆菌BT801的乙内酰脲酶系能够水解5-苄基乙内酰脲生成L-苯丙氨酸,其中乙内酰脲水解酶负责乙内酰脲的水解开环。乙内酰脲水解酶的表达对于乙内酰脲酶的催化机制研究及氨基酸的生物不对称合成都具有重要意义。通过PCR技术扩增得到乙内酰脲水解酶基因(hyuH),置于表达载体pT221的,17启动子下游,将构建的重组质粒引入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。SDS-PAGE分析在相对分子量50kD处有一较强的表达带,经薄层扫描分析目的蛋白占全菌蛋白的40％,主要以可溶性形式存在,活性分析表明表达产物具有天然的酶活性。     

Cloning and characterization of a bifunctional RelA/SpoT homologue from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A 2.2kb relA/spoT homologue was isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genomic DNA by PCR-amplification. The Mtb gene encodes a protein of 738 amino acid residues, and is flanked upstream by an ORF that is highly similar to the apt gene, and downstream by an ORF that is highly similar to the cypH gene. This dual function Mtb homologue belongs to the relA/spoT family of genes that mediate the stringent response by regulating the synthesis and degradation of guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) (ppGpp) and pppGpp. In vitro biochemical data indicate that purified RelMtb is a ribosome- and tRNA-independent ATP:GTP/GDP/ITP 3'-pyrophosphoryltransferase. Additionally, purified RelMtb is an Mn2+-dependent, ribosome and tRNA-independent, (p)ppGpp 3'-pyrophosphohydrolase. These reactions were also assessed in vivo in E. coli deleted in both the relA and spoT genes, which generates a (p)ppGpp0 phenotype. RelMtb can suppress this phenotype and can generate more (p)ppGpp than relA in the wild type E. coli control.     

relA Gene control of bacterial glycogen synthesis.

Starvation of Escherichia coli K12 for an amino acid results in the stimulation of bacterial glycogen synthesis in cells containing the relA+ gene, but not in cells carrying the relA- allele. Similarly, a large difference in glycogen content is demonstrable between relA+ and relA- cells in stationary phase. It is concluded that guanosine 5',3' -bis(diphosphate) (ppGPP) or some related relA -dependent metabolite is involved in the regulation of bacterial glycogen synthesis. Detection of significant basal levels of glycogen in a relA- strain of E. coli and in unstarved relA+ C. coli indicates that relA control is not absolutely required for glycogen synthesis but serves as a signal for modulation in response to nutrient availability.     

Stringent response in Vibrio cholerae: genetic analysis of spoT gene function and identification of a novel (p)ppGpp synthetase gene

RelA and SpoT of Gram-negative organisms critically regulate cellular levels of (p)ppGpp. Here, we have dissected the spoT gene function of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae by extensive genetic analysis. Unlike Escherichia coli , V. cholerae Δ relA Δ spoT cells accumulated (p)ppGpp upon fatty acid or glucose starvation. The result strongly suggests RelA-SpoT-independent (p)ppGpp synthesis in V. cholerae . By repeated subculturing of a V. cholerae Δ relA Δ spoT mutant, a suppressor strain with (p)ppGpp⁰ phenotype was isolated. Bioinformatics analysis of V. cholerae whole genome sequence allowed identification of a hypothetical gene ( VC1224 ), which codes for a small protein (∼29 kDa) with a (p)ppGpp synthetase domain and the gene is highly conserved in vibrios; hence it has been named relV . Using E. coli Δ relA or Δ relA Δ spoT mutant we showed that relV indeed codes for a novel (p)ppGpp synthetase. Further analysis indicated that relV gene of the suppressor strain carries a point mutation at nucleotide position 676 of its coding region (Δ relA Δ spoT relV676 ), which seems to be responsible for the (p)ppGpp⁰ phenotype. Analysis of a V. cholerae Δ relA Δ spoT Δ relV triple mutant confirmed that apart from canonical relA and spoT genes, relV is a novel gene in V. cholerae responsible for (p)ppGpp synthesis.