非洲紫罗兰叶片脱分化过程中核酸蛋白质和淀粉含量动态的研究

本文测定了非洲紫罗兰叶片脱分化过程中核酸、蛋白质和淀粉的含量。结果表明,发生脱分化的叶片中的蛋白质和淀粉含量均低于对照,而ＲＮＡ含量则高于对照,ＤＮＡ含量无明显差异,叶片培养的第一天内,发生脱人化的叶片叶的蛋白质含量明显下降,对照中的蛋白质含量上升。脱分化过程中,淀粉含量有一个上升、下降、再上升的变化过程,对照中淀粉含量一直上升。     

光周期诱导甘蔗花芽分化及成花逆转过程中生理代谢的变化

以两个在自然条件下难开花的甘蔗品种‘ROCl6’和‘ROC22’为材料,研究经光周期诱导甘蔗花芽分化和成花逆转过程中叶片碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明,未分化前,两品种经光周期诱导后叶片可溶性总糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量与对照相比无明显变化;从花芽分化诱变期开始,两品种叶片可溶性总糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量迅速增加,明显高于对照（未分化）。随着花芽进一步分化,其叶片可溶性总糖、淀粉含量逐渐降低并低于对照,处在一个较低的水平,蛋白质含量始终高于对照。成花逆转植株在花芽分化前期叶片可溶性总糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量也高于对照,但低于正常抽穗开花植株;之后随着花芽分化的停止,其叶片可溶性总糖、淀粉含量一直保持较稳定的水平,仅蛋白质略有降低。说明甘蔗花芽分化期间大量的基因表达并且合成各种蛋白质的过程需要消耗大量的碳水化合物。     

百合鳞片细胞形态发生中生理生化特性研究

四倍体百合鳞片外植体脱分化形成愈伤组织过程其蛋白质、核酸含量与蛋白酶、淀粉酶、过氧化物酶ＰＯＤ、酸性磷酸酯酶活性先升高后降低,淀粉与ＡＴＰ含量呈降－升－降变化,ＳＯＤ活性先降低后升高,愈伤组织分化芽过程,除ＡＴＰ含量降低外,其余指标均不断升高．鳞片外植体直接分化发育不定芽过程中,仅见蛋白质、淀粉、ＡＴＰ含量与ＳＯＤ、酸性磷酸酯酶活性在５ｄ前降低,其它时间各项指标均升高,直到不定芽发育完成再下降．器官发生型比器官型经历了更为深刻的内部生理生化变化．     

烟草组织培养形态发生过程中糖类代谢的研究

烟草叶组织培养中糖类及淀粉含量的变化基本上可分为四个阶段:1、在细胞脱分化期间,各种糖类的含量均下降,淀粉含量也较低;2、细胞分化阶段,糖类含量显著升高,特别是淀粉含量随着芽原基的形成和芽的生长而急剧上升;3、在芽分化完成后,糖类及淀扮含量趋于稳定;4、在根形成之前,各种糖的含量又有回升的趋势。在细胞分化和器官形成过程中,蔗糖转化酶活性较高,特别是酸性转化酶活性比碱性转化酶活性平均高10倍。淀粉水解酶的活性变化也很明显,其中β—淀粉酶的活性在大多数情况下较α—淀粉酶高,而且变化幅度也大。     

氟化氢熏气对金华佛手叶片、花和果实中有机营养物含量的影响

HF人工熏气后佛手叶中光合速率及叶绿素、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、核酸、蛋白质含量均下降,淀粉及果糖含量上升;花中果糖、蔗糖、可溶性总糖及核酸含量均下降;果中的果糖、蔗糖及可溶性糖含量均上升,蛋白质含量下降.     

PP333对离体苹果苗的生长及其生理的影响

在生根培养基中加入0.5或2.0PPm PP333, 明显地减少了苹果离体新梢的鲜重和干重、叶片鲜重和叶面积,增加了比叶重、根的鲜重和干重及根梢鲜重和干重比,并促进了根的形成。PP333对单位叶重量的叶绿素含量没有影响,而增加了单位叶面积的叶绿素含量。经PP333处理后,叶片中的淀粉含量、过氧化物酶活性、蛋白质和游离氨基酸的含量均明显高于对照,可溶性糖与对照差异不明显。     

枣花芽分化过程中营养物质和内源激素含量及抗氧化酶活性变化研究

以新疆主栽品种灰枣和骏枣的花芽为材料,测定不同分化时期花芽的可溶性糖、还原糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白含量,SOD、POD、PPO、CAT活性以及内源GA₃、IAA、ABA、ZT水平的变化,并分析它们与花芽分化的关系,为枣花芽分化调控提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)灰枣和骏枣花芽可溶性糖、还原糖和淀粉含量在花芽分化过程的变化趋势基本相似,于花原基分化期至雌蕊分化期先降低后升高,至雌蕊分化期到达峰值;而可溶性蛋白质含量变化趋势相反,在花原基分化期至雌蕊分化期先上升再降低。(2)在整个花芽分化过程中,其POD、PPO、CAT活性变化趋势基本一致,从花芽开始分化后逐步降低,最低点出现在雌蕊分化期;两个品种花芽SOD活性在花原基分化期至分化初期时显著上升,之后SOD活性在灰枣中不断降低,而在骏枣中则显著上升。(3)两品种花芽IAA、GA₃、ZT含量在分化过程中的变化规律基本相似,它们均在萼片分化期前呈下降趋势,之后GA₃、ZT含量及灰枣中IAA含量逐渐上升,而骏枣IAA含量在萼片分化期至花瓣分化期呈先显著上升后下降再上升;灰枣ABA含量在花原基分化期至萼片分化期显著上升,而同期骏枣则显著降低,随着分化进程的推进,灰枣ABA含量在萼片分化期后逐步降低,而骏枣则逐步上升并在雌蕊分化期达到峰值。(4)花芽分化开始后,骏枣ABA/IAA、ZT/IAA、GA₃/IAA比值快速上升,但GA₃/ABA、ZT/ABA的比值呈下降趋势;灰枣ZT/IAA、GA₃/IAA在花原基分化期至萼片分化期显著上升后降低,分化结束后低于花原基分化期。研究认为,枣花芽开始分化后会消耗大量的营养物质,导致花芽的可溶性糖、淀粉和还原糖含量降低,且整个分化过程中淀粉含量始终高于可溶性糖和还原糖含量;两个品种枣花芽分化过程中POD、CAT、PPO活性下降以及骏枣花芽分化过程中SOD活性的上升均有利于枣营养生长向生殖生长的转变,且枣花芽分化过程中低水平的GA₃和IAA、中等水平的ABA、较高水平的ZT,以及较高的ZT/IAA、ABA/IAA和GA₃/IAA有利于枣花芽分化和花芽形成。     

高等植物胚胎的发育生物学研究——Ⅴ.水稻种胚发育过程中胚和胚乳内几种碳水化合物含量及淀粉酶活力的动态 高锦华;唐锡华

在开花后6～15天稻胚分化过程中,胚内淀粉、总糖和非还原糖含量逐渐地增加,但在胚器官原基分化完成后淀粉含量明显下降。胚分化期淀粉酶活力增加显著,尤其是β-淀粉酶活力较高,变化幅度大;胚器官原基分化完成后酶活性亦下降。以单位胚干重或每胚细胞计算的结果基本上亦表现了相似的趋势。稻胚分化发育过程中淀粉是处于不断被贮存同时不断被利用的状态,它积极参与了胚胎发育的代谢过程。至于β-淀粉酶可能在降解淀粉、提供能源,为合成蛋白质及纤维素等物质提供碳架方面起着重要作用。当胚分化完成后胚乳中淀粉含量仍有少量增加。在胚乳中α-淀粉酶活力低,变化幅度小,而β-淀粉酶活力在发育初期很高,以后下降,但活力仍比α-淀粉酶高,可能它在发育前期亦有类似在胚内的作用。     

PP_(333)对离体苹果苗的生长及其生理的影响

在生根焙养基中加入0.5或2.0ppm PP_333,明显地减少了苹果离体新梢的鲜重和干重、叶片鲜重和叶面积,增加了比叶重、根的鲜重和干重及根梢鲜重和干重比,并促进了根的形成。PP_333对单位叶重量的叶绿素含最没有影响,而增加了单位叶面积的叶绿素含量。经PP_333处理后,叶片中的淀粉含量、过氧化物酶活性、蛋白质和游离氨基酸的含量均明显离于对照,可溶性糖与对照差异不明显。     

棉花体细胞再生过程中代谢物质变化规律的初探

本文对诱导起始到胚分化整个过程中的愈伤组织的代谢物质进行生理生化分析,得到如下结果：１、可溶性糖和淀粉含量随着培养天数增加逐渐下降,下降趋势分别符合方程ｙ＝１．０５７２－０．００５９ｘ,ｙ＝２．３４２－０．０１１４ｘ;２、蛋白质和核酸含量随着培养天数增加逐渐上升,上升趋势分别符合方程：ｙ＝０．２６１＋０．００５４ｘ,ｙ＝０．３２９＋０．００２３ｘ。     

Biochemical Changes in Excised Leaves of Oryza sativa Subjected to Water Stress

Excised rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Ratna) leaves were used to compare the changes in the levels of various biochemical intermediates and enzyme activities during senescence in turgid and water-stressed conditions. Chlorophyll, total protein and soluble protein content decreased but α-amino nitrogen content increased during the senescence of turgid leaves. In the leaves subjected to water stress, these changes were accelerated, the acceleration being greater with higher degree of water stress. Starch, soluble sugars, total carbohydrates and non-reducing sugar content decreased during senescence of turgid leaves. Water stress accelerated the changes in the levels of starch and non-reducing sugar, but the changes in the levels of soluble sugars and total carbohydrates were retarded. Reducing sugar content increased at first and then decreased in the turgid leaves, and water stress accelerated the change. The decline in the catalase activity and the increase in the peroxidase activity with time was faster in the water-stressed leaves than in the turgid leaves. Acid inorganic pyrophosphatase activity increased, but alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase activity decreased during the senescence of turgid leaves, and such changes were accelerated by water stress. The results suggest that water stress does not accelerate all the processes connected with leaf senescence.     

Changes of Starch and Sorbitol in Leaves Before and After Removal of Fruits from Peach Trees

Changes in contents of nonstructural carbohydrates in leaves,as well as some characteristics of leaves before and after fruitremoval, were investigated in potted peach (Prunus persica L.)trees. Leaf area and dry mass per unit leaf area (SLW) at thefruit-maturation stage decreased with increasing numbers ofpeaches per tree, whereas the chlorophyll content per unit areain leaves of fruiting trees increased. The chlorophyll contentdecreased more rapidly upon removal of fruit than that in leavesof fruiting trees. The starch content per unit dry mass in leavesof fruiting trees at the fruit-maturation stage was lower thanthat in leaves of non-fruiting trees. Starch accumulated significantlyin leaves within 1 d of removal of fruit during the fruit-maturationstage and continued to increase thereafter. The accumulationof starch after removal of fruit occurred more rapidly thanthe decrease in chlorophyll content. Reducing and non-reducingsugars (total sugars) per unit dry mass in the leaves were higherin fruiting trees than in non-fruiting trees. After fruit removal,the total sugar content of leaves increased temporarily andthen gradually decreased. The sorbitol content per unit freshmass in leaves of fruiting trees during the fruit-maturationstage was slightly higher than that in leaves of non-fruitingtrees. One day after removal of fruit, the sorbitol contentincreased in parallel with the accumulation of starch and remainedhigh. The sucrose content of leaves did not change markedlyupon removal of fruit. Prunus persica L.; peach leaves; nonstructural carbohydrate; starch and sorbitol; fruit removal     

Maintenance of differentiated phenotype of articular chondrocytes by protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase.

The differentiated phenotype of chondrocyte is rapidly lost during in vitro culture by a process designated "dedifferentiation." In this study, we investigate the roles of protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) in the maintenance of the differentiated chondrocyte phenotype. Chondrocytes isolated from rabbit articular cartilage underwent dedifferentiation upon serial monolayer culture with cessation of type II collagen expression and proteoglycan synthesis, which was reversed by culturing dedifferentiated cells in alginate gel. The expression pattern of PKC alpha was essentially the same as that of type II collagen during de- and redifferentiation, in that expression was decreased during dedifferentiation and increased during redifferentiation. In contrast to PKC alpha, ERK activity increased 15-fold during dedifferentiation. This enhanced activity was terminated during redifferentiation. Down-regulation of PKC alpha in passage 0 chondrocytes resulted in dedifferentiation. However, overexpression of PKC alpha did not affect type II collagen levels, suggesting that PKC alpha expression is not sufficient to maintain the differentiated phenotype. However, inhibition of ERK by PD98059 enhanced type II collagen expression and proteoglycan synthesis in passage 0 cells, retarded dedifferentiation during monolayer cultures, and reversed dedifferentiation caused by down-regulation of PKC. Unlike PKC-dependent ERK regulation of chondrogenesis, PKC and ERK independently modulated chondrocyte dedifferentiation, as confirmed by observations that PKC down-regulation and ERK inhibition did not alter ERK phosphorylation and PKC expression, respectively. In addition, expression of N-cadherin, alpha-catenin, and beta-catenin, which are oppositely regulated to type II collagen during phenotype alterations, were modulated by PKC and ERK during chondrogenesis but not dedifferentiation, supporting distinct mechanisms for the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation and maintenance of differentiated phenotype by these two protein kinases.     

甘蔗幼叶脱分化及愈伤组织形成过程中内源细胞分裂素和ABA的变化

甘蔗幼叶片,叶鞘和幼茎在含有2.4-D的培养条件下脱分化的情况有明显差异。它们除了在形态学上有区别外,这三种材料原有的细胞分裂素和ABA的水平明显不同。在幼叶片脱分化及愈伤组织形成过程中,内源细胞分裂素和ABA的水平也发生了明显变化。据此我们认为在甘蔗组织培养中2.4-D可能通过调节内源激素的水平及其相互作用,引起培养物中某些生理生化过程发生改变,从而进行脱分化和愈伤组织形成。     

蒙古莸幼苗干旱致死过程中非结构性碳水化合物的变化

以一年生蒙古莸幼苗为对象,设置适宜水分、慢速干旱致死和快速干旱致死3个处理,研究不同干旱强度致死下蒙古莸幼苗各器官中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC,包括可溶性糖和淀粉)的含量变化及其分配规律.结果表明:慢速干旱致死胁迫下各器官可溶性糖含量与适宜水分组无显著差异.随时间的推移,茎可溶性糖含量先增加后减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加;粗根可溶性糖含量减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加;叶可溶性糖含量增加,淀粉和NSC含量减少.致死时(80 d),叶、茎、粗根和细根的NSC含量分别为6.2%、7.8%、8.3%和7.4%.快速干旱致死胁迫下,各器官可溶性糖含量均高于适宜水分处理组,而淀粉和NSC含量均低于适宜水分组.随时间的推移,根可溶性糖含量下降,淀粉和NSC含量上升;茎可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均上升;叶可溶性糖含量上升,淀粉和NSC含量下降.致死时(30 d),叶、茎、粗根和细根的NSC含量分别为5.9%、6.6%、8.9%和7.7%.应对不同的干旱致死情况,蒙古莸幼苗各器官间非结构性碳水化合物呈现出不同的动态变化.在慢速干旱致死胁迫下,NSC优先为维持各器官生理代谢活动提供能量;而在快速干旱致死下,NSC主要以可溶性糖形式维持植物代谢,调节渗透势,促进吸水,应对急剧的干旱胁迫.     

Diurnal starch accumulation and utilization in phosphorus-deficient soybean plants

The effects of phosphorus deficiency on carbohydrate accumulation and utilization in 34-day-old soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) plants were characterized over a diurnal cycle to evaluate the mechanisms by which phosphorus deficiency restricts plant growth. Phosphorus deficiency decreased the net CO₂ exchange rate throughout the light period. The decrease in the CO₂ exhange rate was associated with a decrease in stomatal conductance and an increase in the internal CO₂ concentration. These observations indicate that phosphorus deficiency increased mesophyll resistance. Assimilate export rate from the youngest fully expanded leaves was decreased by phosphorus deficiency, whereas starch concentrations in these leaves were increased. Higher starch concentrations in phosphorus-deficient youngest fully expanded leaves resulted from a longer period of net starch accumulation and a shorter period of net starch degradation relative to those for phosphorus-sufficient controls. Phosphorus deficiency decreased sucrose-P synthase activity by 27% (averaged over the diurnal cycle), and essentially eliminated diurnal variation in sucrose-P-synthase activity. Diurnal variations in nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations in leaves and stems were also less pronounced in phosphorus-deficient plants than in controls. In phosphorus-deficient plants, only 30% of the whole plant starch present at the end of a light phase was utilized during the subsequent 12-hour dark phase as compared with 68% for phosphorus-sufficient controls. Although phosphorus deficiency decreased the CO₂ exchange rate and whole plant leaf area, accumulation of high starch concentrations in leaves and stems and restricted starch utilization in the dark indicate that growth processes (i.e. sink activities) were restricted to a greater extent than photosynthetic capacity. Further experimentation is required to determine whether decreased starch utilization in phosphorus-deficient plants is the cause or the result of restricted growth.     

Influence of Phosphorus Nutrition on Growth and Carbon Partitioning in Glycine max

Soybean plants (Glycine max [L.] Merr var Amsoy 71) were grown in growth chambers with high-phosphorus (high-P) and low-phosphorus (low-P) culture solutions. Low-P treatment reduced shoot growth significantly 7 days after treatment began. Root growth was much less affected by low-P, there being no significant reduction in root growth rate until 17 days had elapsed. The results suggest that low-P treatment decreased soybean growth primarily through an effect on the expansion of the leaf surface which was diminished by 85%, the main effect of low-P being on the rate of expansion of individual leaves. Low-P had a lesser effect on photosynthesis; light saturated photosynthetic rates at ambient and saturating CO₂ levels were lowered by 55 and 45%, respectively, after 19 days of low-P treatment. Low-P treatment increased starch concentrations in mature leaves, expanding leaves and fibrous roots; sucrose concentrations, however, were reduced by low-P in leaves and increased in roots. Foliar F-2,6-BP levels were not affected by P treatment in the light but in darkness they increased with high-P and decreased with low-P. The increase in the starch/sucrose ratio in low-P leaves was correlated primarily with changes in the total activities of enzymes of starch and sucrose metabolism.     

多效唑对琯溪蜜柚枝梢生长和越冬期叶片糖、水分状态的影响

本试验探讨了不同浓度多效唑(PP333)对琯溪蜜抽枝梢生长和越冬期叶片淀粉、可溶性糖含量、束缚水/自由水比值的影响.结果表明,多效唑处理能提高越冬期叶片可溶性糖含量,增大束缚水/自由水比值,降低淀粉含量;多效唑处理使新梢长度、节间长度明显受抑制,新梢粗度增加,且随着使用浓度的增大作用增强.     

Adenosine Diphosphate-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Control of Starch Accumulation in Rust-infected Wheat Leaves

The variation in starch content in healthy and Puccinia striiformsi-infected wheat leaves was measured from 5 to 15 days after inoculation. The starch content of diseased leaves relative to healthy leaves decreased from 5 to 9 days, increased from 9 to 12 days to twice that of healthy leaves, and decreased from 12 to 15 days after inoculation. Electron micrographs of plant tissues indicated that the starch accumulated in the chloroplasts of host cells adjacent to fungal hyphae. Variations in sugar phosphates, ATP, and inorganic phosphate were measured during the infection process. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase was extracted and partially purified from healthy and diseased leaves. When proportionate concentrations of sugar phosphates and inorganic phosphate found in healthy and diseased leaves during the infection process were placed in the assay mixture, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity was similar to the pattern of starch accumulation and was almost the inverse of the variation observed in inorganic phosphate in diseased leaves during the infection process. A mechanism to explain the accumulation of starch is presented and discussed. This mechanism is based on the regulation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase by changes in effector molecule concentrations during the infection process. Reasons for these changes are presented.     

Nuclear deformation and expression change of cartilaginous genes during in vitro expansion of chondrocytes

Cartilaginous gene expression decreased when chondrocytes were expanded on cell-culture plates. Understanding the dedifferentiation mechanism may provide valuable insight into cartilage tissue engineering. Here, we demonstrated the relationship between the nuclear shape and gene expression during in vitro expansion culture of chondrocytes. Specifically, the projected nuclear area increased and cartilaginous gene expressions decreased during in vitro expansion culture. When the nuclear deformation was recovered by cytochalasin D treatment, aggrecan expression was up-regulated and type I collagen (Col1a2) expression was down-regulated. These results suggest that nuclear deformation may be one of the mechanisms for chondrocyte dedifferentiation during in vitro expansion culture.