肠道病毒EV71 IgM抗体参考品的建立

目的建立肠道病毒EV71 IgM抗体检测用参考血清盘。方法通过收集手足口病感染早期患者的咽拭子和血清,对咽拭子病毒进行分离、鉴定、基因分型,通过血清中和试验及酶联免疫吸附试验(捕获法)的验证,确定EV71 IgM抗体阳性样品,组建EV71 IgM抗体参考血清盘,并经3家实验室对该参考血清盘进行协同标定和确认。结果 12名患儿的咽拭子中均分离到EV71病毒,在RD细胞上引起细胞病变。通过套式PCR扩增、序列测定后进化树分析确认均为流行的C4基因亚型。每名患儿的双份血清均可中和EV71病毒,抗体效价为1∶512~1∶2048。通过捕获法进行EV71 IgM抗体检测结果均为阳性。以此12份样品为原料制备EV71 IgM抗体阳性参考品,同时以12份EV71 IgM抗体阴性血清制备阴性参考品,建立了由12份阳性参考品、12份阴性参考品、1份最低检出限参考品和1份精密性参考品组成的肠道病毒EV71 IgM抗体参考血清盘。通过3家实验室协同标定,各实验室间差异均无统计学意义。结论建立了EV71 IgM抗体检测参考血清盘,为相关检测试剂的质量控制和评价提供了参考标准。     

Brucellacapt、RBT、SAT、iELISA四种血清学检测方法对布鲁氏菌病检测价值的比较研究

目的:探讨布鲁氏菌病血清学试验(Brucellacapt)、虎红平板凝集试验(RBT)、试管凝集试验(SAT)、间接酶联免疫吸附试验(i ELISA)四种血清学检测方法对布鲁氏菌病检测价值的比较研究。方法:收集近两年110例布鲁氏菌病疑似病例人员的静脉血分离得到血清后进行Brucellacapt、RBT、SAT、i ELISA四种血清学检测,以卫生部制定的《布鲁氏菌病诊疗指南》中布鲁氏菌病确诊方法为诊断金标准,将检测结果与其确诊结果进行比较,评价比较各组血清检测方法对布鲁氏菌病的检测价值。结果:110例疑似人员中确诊为布鲁氏菌病阳性91例、阴性19例。Brucellacapt试验阳性89例、阴性21例;RBT试验阳性79例、阴性31例;SAT试验阳性71例、阴性39例;i ELISA检验阳性82例、阴性28例。Brucellacapt试验的灵敏度、符合率、Kappa值、ROC曲线下面积均最大,i ELISA试验、RBT试验、SAT试验依次减小;i ELISA试验的ROC曲线下面积最大,Brucellacapt试验次之,其次为RBT试验,SAT试验的ROC曲线下面积最小。结论:Brucellacapt、RBT、SAT、i ELISA四种血清学检测方法对于布鲁氏菌病检测均有一定的检测价值,对于常规普通患者可采用RBT试验、SAT试验进行检查,而对于疑似病例人员可采用灵敏度更高的Brucellacapt试验、i ELISA试验。     

内蒙古东部地区奶牛布鲁氏菌病流行学调查及分离与鉴定

为掌握内蒙古自治区东部地区奶牛布鲁氏菌病的流行现状和流行特征,在试验中采用全乳环状试验(milk ring test,简称MRT)、奶液间接酶联免疫吸附试验(indire enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,简称iELISA)两种方法对科尔沁地区5个牛场进行了布病流行学调查,比较两种方法对检测布鲁氏菌病阳性牛的差异性。通过对内蒙古自治区东部地区5个盟市进行牛布鲁氏菌病流行学调查;最后对检出的部分阳性奶牛乳汁进行细菌分离培养,用VirB8和AMOS方法进行扩增鉴定。表明两种方法(MRT和iELISA)检测结果差异不显著;经检测17株分离株均为布鲁氏菌。布鲁氏菌分子分型扩增的鉴定显示,牛场感染的菌株为牛种布鲁氏菌。内蒙古东部地区部分饲养场布鲁氏菌病阳性率为1.67%。     

布鲁氏菌病荧光偏振抗体检测方法的建立

【目的】布鲁氏菌病(Brucellosis)简称布病,是由布鲁氏菌引起的以感染家畜为主的人畜共患传染病,造成严重的公共卫生问题。目前全世界范围内消除该病的主要方法是扑杀与免疫相结合,所以建立快速准确的诊断方法对防治和清除布病非常必要。本文建立布鲁氏菌病荧光偏振(FPA)抗体检测方法,为布鲁氏菌病(布病)的快速高效诊断提供技术手段。【方法】提纯猪种布鲁氏菌S2株脂多糖O链(OPS),经异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)标记后作为诊断抗原。通过对样品稀释液、抗原稀释度、反应时间等条件的优化,初步建立了布鲁氏菌荧光偏振诊断方法。用该方法对148份布病阳性血清(其中牛血清70份,羊血清78份)和155份布病阴性血清(其中牛血清82份,羊血清73份)进行检测,确定其敏感性和特异性。按确定的技术参数,制备3批布鲁氏菌FPA抗体检测试剂盒,使用质控阴、阳性血清分别评价试剂盒的批内和批间重复性。用400份临床样本比较本研究开发试剂盒与商品化进口FPA试剂盒的符合率。【结果】使用0.5%蔗糖磷酸缓冲液作为血清样品稀释液;标记抗原的使用浓度为90μg/m L;最佳反应时间为3-5 min。本检测方法的判定标准为:δm P值20时为阴性,δm P值≥20时为阳性。按上述条件建立的FPA检测148份布病阳性血清和155份布病阴性血清,结果敏感性为98.6%,特异性为98.7%。对400份临床样本的比对检测显示,研究建立的FPA方法与进口商品化试剂盒的总符合率为94.0%。【结论】研究建立的布鲁氏菌PFA抗体检测方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,可作为一种重要的布病诊断快速诊断方法。     

蓝舌病病毒4型特异性竞争ELISA检测方法的建立

旨在建立蓝舌病病毒4型(BTV-4)特异性抗体ELISA检测方法,为蓝舌病的免疫学诊断提供新的技术。利用制备的两株抗4型BTV VP2蛋白的单克隆抗体4A-1G7和4B-1B6,建立BTV-4特异性竞争ELISA抗体检测方法。利用该方法同时对50份羊和牛BTV阴性血清进行检测,分别确定两种方法阻断率临界值为49%和40%。利用标准阳性血清检测的试验结果表明,该方法的敏感性、特异性和重复性符合OIE通用标准。同时,4A-1G7和4B-1B6两种竞争ELISA方法联合作用,可以检测感染4、18和20型BTV的血清。研究结果为建立以上各型BTV的检测方法提供了基础。     

大熊猫布鲁氏菌病、弓形虫病以及心丝虫病的血清学调查研究

为摸清大熊猫布鲁氏菌病、弓形虫病以及心丝虫病的血清学感染资料,采用虎红平板凝集试验、试管凝集试验以及外膜蛋白BCSP3基因PCR扩增检测布鲁氏菌病;同时采用弓形虫间接血凝试验和犬心丝虫抗原快速诊断对样品进行检测。结果表明,6只大熊猫RBPT检测为阳性,进一步采用SAT和血液细菌BCSP31基因PCR扩增结果均为阴性,排除了布鲁氏菌感染;大熊猫蜀兰弓形虫抗体检测呈阳性,复查也为阳性,表明存在弓形虫感染;所有大熊猫心丝虫抗原检测结果均为阴性,表明无心丝虫感染。本次检测的3种疾病中,仅发现1只熊猫(蜀兰)存在弓形虫感染,布鲁氏菌病和心丝虫病均为阴性,表明目前成都大熊猫繁育研究基地内大熊猫疾病的预防工作成果显著。     

猴免疫缺陷病毒抗体免疫梳检测方法的建立及应用

目的以基因工程技术制备猴免疫缺陷病毒(SIV)的SIV30蛋白作为抗原诊断试剂,建立免疫梳方法(IC)用于特异性检测实验猴血清中抗SIV的抗体Ig G。方法应用原核表达载体p GEX-4T-1构建SIV SIV30基因的重组表达质粒,并在感受态细胞BL21中表达,将该重组蛋白纯化后作为诊断抗原,建立免疫梳标准化检测程序,并应用于临床检测。结果最佳抗原包被量为0.02 mg/m L;制备好的IC均能够特异性检测到相应的SIV阳性血清而不与其他病毒血清间发生交叉反应,表明该检测方法特异性强;敏感性分析结果表明,SIV30蛋白能够敏感地检测到1∶400倍稀释的SIV阳性血清;稳定性和重复性试验结果表明,同一样品重复检测3次,变异系数(CV)均小于10%;利用该检测方法在对10份可疑猴血清样品进行检测,IC与ELISA检测结果一致率为100.0%,Kappa=1.000。结论原核表达了SIV30蛋白,制备了IC,并应用于临床检测。该检测方法灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好,具有良好的实用性。     

检测OMP28抗体不能有效诊断羊布鲁氏菌病

【目的】探索布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP28作为羊布鲁氏菌病特异性检测方法的可行性。【方法】体外表达和纯化OMP28蛋白,建立并优化以OMP28重组蛋白为包被抗原的布鲁氏菌病ELISA诊断方法。以3个不同种属的4株布鲁氏菌(羊种布鲁氏菌16M和M28,猪种布鲁氏菌S1330,牛种布鲁氏菌2308)分别感染山羊和绵羊至42周,期间每隔2周收集血清,分别用布鲁氏菌LPS包被的ELISA和OMP28 ELISA方法对不同阶段的分离血清进行检测,比较2种不同ELISA对4株布鲁氏菌感染的山羊和绵羊的检测敏感性。【结果】4株布鲁氏菌感染的山羊和绵羊均产生高水平针对LPS的抗体,但是仅有B. melitensis 16M和B. melitensis M28感染的绵羊与B. melitensis 16M和B. abortus 2308感染的山羊可产生针对OMP28的抗体。【结论】基于OMP28的间接ELISA具有细菌属特异性和宿主动物品种特异性,通过检测OMP28抗体不能有效诊断羊布鲁氏菌病。     

羊布鲁氏菌病4种血清学检测方法的临床应用比较

目的荧光偏振试验(FPA)、间接ELISA方法 (IELISA)、试管凝集试验(SAT)、虎红平板凝集试验(RBT)4种临床检测方法检测内蒙古地区羊布鲁氏菌病。方法 FPA方法、IELISA方法、SAT法及RBT法同时检测在内蒙古各地区随机采集的2 727份羊血清样本。结果 FPA、IELISA、SAT及RBT法对2 727份羊血清的阳性检出率分别为7.59%、7.45%、6.31%和6.20%。集约化养殖场的阳性检出率为4.80%,散户养殖场的9.41%,内蒙古地区依旧存在布鲁氏菌病的威胁。结论 FPA法检测羊布鲁氏菌病适合于临床诊断,在田间也能快速准确的诊断布鲁氏菌病。     

复合探针荧光定量PCR法检测布鲁氏菌的实验研究

目的：建立用复合探针荧光定量PCR快速检测布鲁氏菌的方法。方法：研究根据BSCP31基因编码31KDa的布鲁氏杆菌表面蛋白的核苷酸序列设计特异引物,通过PCR法的特异性、灵敏度和重复性研究,建立了复合探针荧光定量PCR检测布鲁氏菌的方法。用于布鲁氏菌病的筛选和诊断。结果：结果表明该检测方法的特异性为100％,最低可检出10个拷贝的质粒DNA分子,可对1×10^1-1×10^6拷贝范围内的模板进行定量,最低可检测至1×10^2CFU／ml细菌。该方法的精密度好,阳性质控品和阴性质控品不同时间测定三次及同一时间五次重复实验结果CV值均小于5％。结论：本研究建立的复合探针实时荧光定量PCR检测布鲁氏杆菌的方法,可对布鲁氏病原菌进行快速检测,对布病的筛选和确诊具有重要意义。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这