不同培养条件对粉被虫草产N6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷的影响

N6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷[N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-Adenosine,HEA],又名茧草菌素,是一种钙离子拮抗剂,具有抗紫外辐射、抗血小板凝结和镇痛等效用,是集医药保健、化妆品等多项开发潜力于一身的生物资源,也是衡量虫草制品质量的一个重要生物活性物质指标。该研究采用高效液相色谱法对菌丝体中HEA进行检测,以HEA的产量为指标,考察不同培养方法、培养基及其组分、前体物和氨基酸对粉被虫草(Cordyceps pruinosaPetch)cp菌株产HEA的影响。结果表明:在沙氏培养基上,静置培养120 d,cp菌株HEA的产量明显优于摇床培养20 d和发酵罐培养3 d的产量,说明随培养时间的延长,cp菌株中HEA的累积会逐步增加。在静置培养条件下,cp菌株在查氏培养基上HEA的产量明显优于沙氏培养基和PD培养基,HEA的产量是沙氏培养基的3.7倍,是PD培养基的4.48倍。以查氏培养基为基础培养基,静置培养120 d进行碳、氮源的筛选中,最有利于cp菌株产HEA的是蔗糖和硝酸钠;在无机盐的筛选中,K2HPO4是促进cp菌株累积HEA最主要的无机盐,其HEA产量较对照(不添加无机盐的查氏培养基)提高了58.2倍;在查氏培养基上添加不同前体物和氨基酸,发现其结构类似物腺苷、次黄嘌呤和腺嘌呤都有促进cp菌株累积HEA的能力,其中腺苷和次黄嘌呤的效果最好,能提高HEA产量60%以上;添加的14种氨基酸中有组氨酸、L-谷氨酸、甘氨酸、天门冬酰胺、丝氨酸、亮氨酸、L-丙氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸等9种氨基酸能促进cp菌株产HEA的能力,其中组氨酸是最有利于cp菌株累积HEA的氨基酸,其HEA产量较ck(查氏培养基)提高251.68%,HEA产量达到(45.56±2.8)mg/L,菌丝体中HEA含量达到(4 633.10±65.65)μg/g。     

一株蝉拟青霉产N~6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷静置发酵条件的研究

为了提高蝉拟青霉122菌株中N~6‐(2‐羟乙基)腺苷(HEA)的产量。采用静置液体培养方法,以HEA产量为指标,筛选得到122菌株在查氏培养基上的HEA产量优于沙氏和PD培养基;以查氏培养基为基础培养基,在26℃培养40d时,HEA产量达到最大;在黑暗条件培养优于光照条件培养;最优碳源是蔗糖和葡萄糖;最优氮源是磷酸氢二铵;最优无机盐是KH_2PO_4;最优前体物为次黄嘌呤;最适氨基酸为L‐谷氨酸。正交实验结果表明蔗糖是影响122菌株产HEA的最主要的因子,在筛选出的优化培养基上得到122菌株HEA的最大产量为(130.22±0.60)mg/L,较优化前HEA的产量提高9.73倍。     

蝉花虫草活性成分的抗惊厥作用

本研究采用活性追踪的方法,逐步从人工培养蝉花虫草分离获得A（50%乙醇回流提取）、B（膜分离）、C（大孔树脂洗脱）和D（Sephadex LH20柱纯化）等4种样品,单一化合物D纯度为98.62%,鉴定为N6‐(2‐羟乙基)腺苷[N6‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐adenosine,HEA]。研究各样品对戊四唑（pentylenetetrazol,PTZ）诱导的小鼠惊厥模型的影响,以及选择性腺苷A1受体（AA1R）拮抗剂DPCPX或选择性腺苷A2A受体（AA2AR）拮抗剂ZM241385对HEA作用的影响,并采用苏木精-伊红（hematoxylin-eosin,HE）染色、免疫组化（immunohistochemical,IHC）染色和蛋白质免疫印迹（Western blot,WB）等技术进一步探究HEA抗惊厥作用的机制。结果表明,各样品（i.p.）均有抗惊厥活性,HEA（40–60mg/kg,i.p.）能显著延长惊厥小鼠的存活时间和降低死亡率,DPCPX（2mg/kg,i.p.）能够拮抗HEA的抗惊厥作用,而ZM241385无此作用;HE、IHC和WB的结果进一步揭示DPCPX显著降低HEA的作用。综上所述,蝉花虫草的HEA具有抗惊厥作用,并且可能通过激活腺苷A1受体而起作用。     

酵母产γ-氨基丁酸发酵培养基的优化

目的：提高酵母产γ-氨基丁酸的能力。方法：采用单因素及正交设计实验对酵母产γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）的培养基进行优化。结果：确定最适碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨和硫酸铵复合氮源,合适的无机盐为KH2PO4;最佳发酵培养基为3%葡萄糖,3%蛋白胨,0.3%（NH4）2SO4和0.1%KH2PO4。在此培养条件下,摇瓶发酵可以获得1.690g.L-1的GABA产量。结论：发酵培养基的优化,提高了菌株产γ-氨基丁酸的能力。     

产银杏内酯内生真菌的筛选及培养条件研究

通过对内生真菌的发酵提取物进行TLC和HPLC-UV分析,进行菌株筛选;对该菌株在不同培养基上的生长情况、产孢量、银杏内酯类物质产量的测定,确定最佳培养基;并用HPLC-ELSD测定了不同时间段的发酵液中银杏内酯类物质含量。结果,筛选出一株产量较高的烟曲霉原变种(Aspergillus fumigatusvar.fumigatus)FG052;对其培养条件的研究表明,PDA培养基、查氏培养基分别为其最佳传代和发酵培养基,菌丝最大生物量在发酵168 h,产银杏内酯类物质高峰在发酵144 h,此时总内酯产量可达0.13 mg/mL,pH值为4.86。本实验筛选的菌株稳定性较好,筛选的培养基价格低廉,碳氮比明确,且总内酯的产量高,可作为规模生产银杏内酯类物质的培养基。     

响应面分析优化产木聚糖酶毕赤酵母基因工程菌培养条件

研究不同碳源、氮源和无机盐对毕赤酵母AX181菌株产木聚糖酶的影响。实验表明,分别采用葡萄糖和玉米浆干粉为碳源和氮源可以明显提高木聚糖酶的产量。无机盐单因子优化实验显示添加适量的（NH4）2SO4、KH2PO4、MnSO4·H2O、FeSO4·7H2O也可以部分提高木聚糖酶产量。在此基础上利用响应面法优化毕赤酵母产木聚糖酶培养基,利用12次实验的Plackett—Burman设计实验筛选出影响产木聚糖酶的3个主要因素,即玉米浆干粉、MnSO4·H2O和FeSO4·7H20。并进一步通过最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区域,采用中心组合实验设计确定最佳条件。优化后的产木聚糖酶培养基组分为（g/L）：葡萄糖40．00,玉米浆干粉80．84,（NH4）2SO46．25,KH2PO41．25、MnSO4·H2O0．35,FeS04-7H2O1．31。培养基优化后,实际产酶2883．86u／mL,是优化前YPD培养基产酶的2．51倍。     

粉被虫草N~6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷高产菌株的原生质体诱变育种

在粉被虫草（CordycepspruinosaPetch）无性型─-粉被马利娅霉（MariannaeaPruinosaLiang）原生质体形成和再生的前期研究基础上,报道了通过原生质体诱变培育高产N6－（2－羟乙基）腺苷菌株的研究结果。粉被马利娅霉Cp－14单孢子株经15W紫外灯照射后,获得一高产突变株MpM－135。经多代移植后,此突变株比出发菌株Cp－14的N6－（2－羟乙基）腺苷含量提高了14．8％。实验还表明,粉被虫草无性型菌丝提取物对枯草杆菌（Bacillussubtilis）抗紫外辐射效果与菌丝所含N6－（2－羟乙基）腺苷含量有正相关性。     

豆豉发酵过程中产乳酸菌株的筛选、鉴定及其培养基的优化

豆豉是一种以黄豆或黑豆为原料经过制曲和微生物发酵阶段最终形成的传统发酵食品。在发酵阶段的后期,乳酸对豆豉的风味有着重要的影响。本研究通过对发酵过程中的传统曲霉型豆豉中产乳酸的菌株进行富集、分离和筛选,从中获得1株产乳酸较高的菌株,随后对获得的菌株进行形态学鉴定及16S r DNA基因序列分析鉴定确定该菌株为片球菌属(Pediococcus lolii)。同时通过单因素实验对其培养基的氮源、碳源进行优化,用正交试验对其无机盐离子的浓度进行优化,以产乳酸量为基准,得到其最佳发酵培养基:10%的葡萄糖为碳源,9%的牛肉粉为氮源,无机盐离子的最佳浓度分别为:柠檬酸氢钠1%、乙酸钠1%、硫酸镁0.05%、硫酸锰0.05%、磷酸氢二钾1%,最终乳酸产量提高了9.1倍。本实验为豆豉发酵过程中制作良好风味的豆豉提供理论基础。     

β-葡聚糖酶高产菌株BS9418F的选育及其发酵条件的研究

经60 Coγ射线辐照处理获得的诱变菌株芽孢杆菌BS9418F ,其产酶活力比出发菌株提高 30 %以上。该菌株以大麦粉 7%、玉米粉 3%、豆粕 3%及适量无机盐为培养基最佳配比 ,其最适培养条件为 :培养基初始 pH 7.0 ,摇瓶装量 5 0mL/ 30 0mL三角瓶 ,种龄 16～ 2 0h ,接种量 2 %～ 3% ,培养温度 36～ 37℃ ,发酵周期 40h。在优化条件下 ,摇瓶发酵产 β 葡聚糖酶活力高达 5 5 0 0u/mL以上 ,比出发菌株初始发酵水平提高了 4倍以上     

从蝉花虫草提取的N6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷的降压活性及其与人血清白蛋白的相互作用

从蝉花虫草中提取分离了N ⁶-(2-羟乙基)腺苷[N ⁶-(2-hydroxyethyl) -adenosine,HEA],对其降压机制及其与人血清白蛋白的相互作用进行了研究,揭示了降压机制以及在体内的传输机制。研究结果表明使用水沉醇提法提取HEA,HEA的纯度达到95%以上。HEA低（2.5mg/kg）、中（5mg/kg）、高（7.5mg/kg）浓度组腹腔注射高血压大鼠体内,HEA具有显著降压效果,中浓度组表现出较稳定的降压作用,其机制可能是激活腺苷A1受体。在HEA 与人血清白蛋白结合过程中,范德华力、氢键和疏水作用力是结合过程中的主要作用力,HEA在位点I与人血清白蛋白进行结合,结合过程轻微地改变人血清白蛋白的结构和微环境。分子对接结果表明,Ser-192、Lys-195、Arg-257、Ser-287和Arg-291是HEA与人血清白蛋白结合过程中重要的氨基酸残基。     

蒺藜内生真菌发酵液抗菌及抗肿瘤活性初步研究

【目的】筛选出具有抗菌和抗肿瘤活性的蒺藜内生真菌。【方法】采用牛津杯法、稻瘟菌模型及肿瘤细胞模型评价蒺藜内生真菌PDB和察氏培养基发酵产物的抗菌活性和肿瘤细胞毒性。【结果】PDB培养基发酵液和察氏培养基发酵液抑菌圈直径大于10 mm的菌株分别占总菌株数的19.05%和23.81%。PDB培养基发酵液和察氏培养基发酵液对稻瘟菌的最小抑制浓度(MIC)低于10%的菌株分别占总菌株数的19.05%和47.61%。对肿瘤细胞抑制率高于50%的PDB发酵产物占PDB发酵产物总数的52.38%, 而对肿瘤细胞抑制率高于50%的察氏发酵产物占察氏发酵产物总数的28.57%。【结论】部分蒺藜内生真菌的发酵产物具有抗菌和抗肿瘤活性。     

Photosynthetic characteristics and effect of ATP in transgenic rice with phospho<Emphasis Type="Italic">enol</Emphasis>pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase genes

In the untransformed rice (WT) and transgenic rice with the PEPC and PPDK genes (CK) we determined activities of C₄ photosynthetic enzymes, photosynthetic response to irradiance and temperature, the metabolic index of active oxygen, and the yield component factors. The activities of C₄ photosynthetic enzymes in WT were very low, while those of corresponding enzymes in CK were highly observable. Moreover, after adenosine triphosphate (ATP) treatment, and under high irradiance and high temperature, the net photosynthetic rate of CK increased by 17 and 12 %, respectively, as compared to that achieved without ATP treatment. The resistance of CK against photo-oxidation was enhanced under these conditions, and CK yield increased by 15 %. ATP treatment enhanced the photosynthetic productivity of CK, thereby proving that ATP is the key factor in enhancing the photosynthetic capacity of transgenic rice with C₄ gene. Our new technical approach can be used in breeding rice with high photosynthetic efficiency and high grain yield.     

Purine metabolism in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: the requirement for hypoxanthine

Strains isolated from disseminated gonococcal infections often require hypoxanthine for growth. The biochemical bases for the requirement for hypoxanthine in strains isolated from both disseminated (Ile-Val-Arg-Hyx-Ura-phenotype) and non-disseminated (Hyx-phenotype) infections were compared. The requirement for hypoxanthine was dependent upon the composition of the growth medium. In a complete defined medium, hypoxanthine was replaced by a mixture of adenine and guamine but not by either purine alone. The addition of adenine along inhibited gonococcal growth. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of guanine and most likely resulted from an inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis. In a histidine-free medium, adenine replaced the hypoxanthine requirement in Ile-Val-Arg-Hyx-Ura-strains. Adenine did not replace the hypoxanthine requirement in Hyx- strains. The Ile-Val-Arg-Hyx-Ura- strains exhibited a markedly reduced rate of the novo purine biosynthesis while Hyx- strains were blocked in this pathway. In vivo concentrations of purines are important factors which may limit the intracellular or extracellular growth of these strains.     

Hypoxanthine Effect on Equilibrative and Concentrative Adenosine Transport in Human Lymphocytes. Implications in the Phatogenesis of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

We postulated that increased levels of hypoxanthine, a main characteristic of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency, may influence adenosine function which could be related to some of the neurological features of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. We have examined the effect of hypoxanthine on different adenosine transporters in peripheral blood lymphocytes from control subjects. Increased hypoxanthine concentrations (25 μM) significantly decreased adenosine transport. The equilibrative adenosine transporters (79.6% of the adenosine transport), both NBTI sensitive and NBTI insensitive, were affected significantly. In contrast, the concentrative adenosine transporters were not influenced by hypoxanthine. These results supports the hypothesis that increased hypoxanthine levels influence equilibrative (predominantly NBTI-insensitive type) adenosine transporters.     

Hypoxanthine effect on equilibrative and concentrative adenosine transport in human lymphocytes: implications in the phatogenesis of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

We postulated that increased levels of hypoxanthine, a main characteristic of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency, may influence adenosine function which could be related to some of the neurological features of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. We have examined the effect of hypoxanthine on different adenosine transporters in peripheral blood lymphocytes from control subjects. Increased hypoxanthine concentrations (25 microM) significantly decreased adenosine transport. The equilibrative adenosine transporters (79.6% of the adenosine transport), both NBTI sensitive and NBTI insensitive, were affected significantly. In contrast, the concentrative adenosine transporters were not influenced by hypoxanthine. These results supports the hypothesis that increased hypoxanthine levels influence equilibrative (predominantly NBTI-insensitive type) adenosine transporters.     

五种虫草无性型菌株产腺苷类物质的分析

采用分光光度计法对虫草菌丝体中腺苷类组分的提取方法进行研究,采用薄层层析法和高效液相色谱法对虫草菌丝体中的腺嘌呤、腺苷、虫草菌素、N6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷等4种物质进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,虫草菌丝体中腺苷类组分的提取方法采用蒸馏水超声波提取30min效果较好,所测5种虫草菌株都能产腺苷和腺嘌呤,在蛹草拟青霉菌株中含有虫草菌素,在粉被玛利亚霉和蝉拟青霉菌株中含有N6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷,同时发现N6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷的累积与培养时间有一定关系。     

Laser mutagenesis of protoplasts of Penicillium sp. PT95 for the enhancement of carotenoid yield

Aims: To isolate the protoplasts from Penicillium sp. PT95 and carry out laser mutagenesis to attain high-yield mutant strain for carotenoid production. Methods and Results: The mycelial pellets of PT95 strain were digested with the lytic enzyme for 3 h in order to attain protoplasts. The prepared protoplasts were irradiated using helium neon (He–Ne) laser. Among all regenerated colonies isolated from irradiated protoplasts, five colonies proved to be able to form sclerotia. The five colonies were named as strains L01, L02, L03, L04 and L05, respectively. Whereas, among all regenerated colonies isolated from no-irradiated protoplasts, no colonies were found to form sclerotia. Strains L01, L02, L03, L04 and L05 showed higher carotenoid yield than the original strain in Czapek’s agar medium. Strain L05 gave the highest pigment yield of 381 μg per plate, which was 2·54 times higher than that of original strain. Conclusions: These results suggest that PT95 strain may be mutagenized using laser-irradiation to obtain higher-yield mutant strains for carotenoid production. Significance and Impact of the Study: These data prompted us to consider that several attempts should be made to improve carotenoid production in PT95 by strain selection using classical screening and mutagenesis techniques.