重组芋螺毒素GeXIVAWT的表达、纯化和鉴定

芋螺毒素GeXIVAWT是来自食虫将军芋螺(Conus generalis Lonnaeus)毒管中,具有两对二硫键的28肽.通过化学合成这种芋螺毒素产量低、成本高、难以纯化.利用简单快速的重组表达来生产富含二硫键的芋螺毒素有可能成为有效的新途径.通过对芋螺毒素GeXIVAWT的基因进行密码子优化,人工合成引物来构建表达载体pET22b(+)/pelB-GeXIVAWT.融合了信号肽的重组芋螺毒素以包涵体的形式在大肠杆菌中获得了高效表达.利用低浓度尿素洗涤和超滤管进行纯化无组氨酸标签的重组芋螺毒素pelB-GeXIVAWT,再利用稀释复性的方法将无活性的包涵体转变成具有活性的重组芋螺毒素.复性后的重组蛋白采用反相高效液相色谱进一步纯化后进行了质谱鉴定.活性实验表明重组芋螺毒素pelB-GeXIVAWT具有抑制昆虫细胞Sf-9的生长,为研究芋螺毒素作为生物杀虫剂奠定基础.     

芋螺毒素MⅦA研究进展

来自芋螺(Conus)的芋螺毒素(conotoxin)是一类具有独特神经药理活性作用的多肽,它们能够高特异选择性识别、作用其受体,这是在五千万年进化史中与其受体相互作用形成的。其中,w-芋螺毒素MⅦA来自致幻芋螺(Conusmagus),是一种高选择性的N-型电压敏感型Ca^2 通道阻断剂。研究表明它具有强大的镇痛活性,并对脑缺血所造成的神经损伤具有保护作用。本综述芋螺毒素MⅦA的相关基础、临床前及临床研究。     

大鼠转铁蛋白受体单链抗体和芋螺毒素SO3的融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达

人工合成了芋螺毒素SO3的基因片段,通过链延伸方法获得了SO3的全长基因。在此基础上,将SO3基因插入到含抗大鼠转铁蛋白受体的单链抗体基因的pTIG-Trx表达载体中,构建含抗大鼠转铁蛋白受体单链抗体和SO3融合基因的重组表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)和Origmia(DE3)／DsbC并得到了表达,该融合蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在。为进一步研究芋螺毒素SO3跨血脑屏障转运和治疗作用奠定了基础。     

重组芋螺毒素His-Xa-MrVIB分泌表达研究

[目的]利用简单快速的基因工程法来生产富含二硫键的芋螺毒素Mr VIB,寻找有效合成具有天然活性芋螺毒素的新途径。[方法]人工设计合成芋螺毒素Mr VIB基因引物来构建表达载体p ET22b(+)/His-Xa-Mr VIB,将其转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)plys S进行诱导表达。再利用Ni-NTA琼脂糖柱进行亲和层析纯化重组蛋白,Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳分析重组蛋白表达形式。[结果]重组芋螺毒素His-Xa-Mr VIB(r His-Xa-Mr VIB)在大肠杆菌中获得有效分泌表达,经一步亲和层析获得纯度大于90%的重组芋螺毒素。[结论]基因工程方法能够有效分泌表达芋螺毒素Mr VIB,解决化学合成芋螺毒素产量低、成本高、难以纯化等问题。     

中国南海堂皇芋螺毒素基因克隆及两个毒素的合成及活性研究

目的 研究中国南海堂皇芋螺(Conus imperialis)毒素基因序列,为毒素功能研究奠定基础。方法 采用Trizol法提取堂皇芋螺毒腺管的总RNA,应用3’端快速扩增cDNA末端(3’RACE)及巢式PCR技术,获得A、O、J超家族芋螺毒素新序列;或以A家族高度保守的内含子及3’端非翻译区(3’UTR)设计引物,克隆出新的α-芋螺毒素新序列。选择合成毒素ImIIA及Im1.2,测定ImIIA二硫键的连接方式,并测定两种毒素对神经型烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)的抑制活性。结果 获得11条毒素前体肽序列,分属A、O1、O2、J3等超家族,其中Im1.95为已报道芋螺毒素,其余为新发现芋螺毒素。ImIIA二硫键连接方式为少见的“C1-C2,C3-C4”,10μmol/L Im1.2、ImIIA对α2β2、α2β4、α4β2、α3β2、α3β4 5个nAChR亚型抑制活性较低。结论 通过基因克隆方法,从堂皇芋螺中获得了11个芋螺毒素,其中10个为新序列,属于A、O1、O2、J3等超家族毒素,Im1.2、ImIIA对神经型nAChR各受体亚型活性较低。     

新芋螺毒素基因的克隆及其遗传进化分析

全世界有约800种芋螺,每种芋螺产生多达2 000种的肽类毒素,这些毒素可以作用于电压门控离子通道(Na+,K+,Ca2+)、配体门控离子通道(n ACh Rs,5-HT3R,NMDAR)、G蛋白偶联受体(神经降压素和血管加压素)和神经递质转运蛋白。虽然已有大量的芋螺毒素通过毒液分离、c DNA克隆和转录组测序获得,但已发现的芋螺毒素不足其总量的0.5%。A-超家族中α-芋螺毒素基因结构包含了一个内含子和被该内含子分开的两个外显子,成熟肽具有标准的4个半胱氨酸骨架(CC-C-C)。本研究利用具有保守性的α-芋螺毒素基因内含子序列,采用多个PCR退火温度,从海南产疣缟芋螺中克隆到了1个新的具有6个半胱氨酸骨架(CC-C-C-CC)的M-超家族芋螺毒素基因和1个含有5个半胱氨酸新颖骨架(CC-C-C-C)的未知新家族芋螺毒素,并对它们的基因结构、成熟肽序列,以及与其他M-超家族芋螺毒素的遗传进化关系进行了深入分析。首次证实保守的α-芋螺毒素基因内含子序列可能存在于其他超家族中。     

芋螺毒素基因资源研究进展

芋螺毒素和微生物的次生代谢产物与植物的生物碱一样,具有生物多样性的特点。芋螺毒素特有的二硫键骨架和化学修饰后特异的空间结构,使其具有特异的稳定性和药理学活性。对芋螺毒素基因的分析和新型基因的克隆筛选,是深入研究各种受体、离子通道及其亚型,进而在克隆表达的靶受体上设计和筛选高效新药的前提。芋螺毒素基因资源的研究在芋螺毒素新基因及其编码产物毒素肽的发现与利用方面发挥了重要作用。现对该领域的新进展进行论述。     

芋螺毒素氧化折叠研究进展

芋螺毒素(conotoxin,CTX)是当今生物毒素研究的热点之一,已经成为研究药理学和神经科学的重要工具。因此,芋螺毒素如何在体内和体外进行氧化折叠形成天然构象,获得有生物活性的芋螺毒素,越来越为人们所关注。根据当前研究状况,概述了芋螺毒素氧化折叠的一般过程,并总结了二硫键、PDI(二硫键异构酶)、前体肽等在芋螺毒素氧化折叠中所发挥的作用。此外,还就芋螺毒素氧化重折叠的研究前景和方向进行了展望。     

作用于烟碱乙酰胆碱受体的α~*-芋螺毒素研究进展

芋螺毒素(conotoxin,conopeptide,CTx)是由热带海洋中的肉食性软体动物芋螺分泌产生的一大类生物活性肽,它们相对分子质量小,能特异地作用于动物体内各种离子通道和受体,具有巨大的药物开发价值。其中,A-超家族的α-芋螺毒素(α-CTx)是发现最早的且最重要的一类成员,它能特异性作用于烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,nAChRs),是肌肉或神经型nAChRs的选择性阻断剂。nAChRs与中枢神经系统紊乱如疼痛、成瘾、癌症等多种疾病密切相关。近年来,人们陆续发现其他超家族的芋螺毒素中也有成员可阻断nAChRs,如αA-、αB-、αO-、αC-、αD-、αS-等家族的芋螺毒素。上述能阻断nAChRs的芋螺毒素统称为α~*-芋螺毒素(α~*-CTx)。α~*-芋螺毒素对nAChRs阻断活性的差别与它们的结构有着密切的联系。结合国内外研究现状,对α~*-CTx与nAChRs相互作用的关键位点以及结构与功能的关系进行综述,可为相关研究提供参考。     

α-芋螺毒素与乙酰胆碱结合蛋白共结晶的结构特点

烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(n AChRs)是配体门控离子通道,它与疼痛、阿尔茨海默氏病、成瘾等疾病密切相关。α-芋螺毒素是n AChRs的拮抗剂,也是治疗上述疾病的先导药物。乙酰胆碱结合蛋白(ACh BPs)与n AChRs的配体结合结构域同源性较高,它们的药理特性和离子通道激活机制也相类似,α-芋螺毒素与ACh BPs共结晶结构解析了α-芋螺毒素残基如何选择结合n AChRs。现对α-芋螺毒素与ACh BPs共结晶结构进行综述,旨在剖析α-芋螺毒素与n AChRs相互作用的关键残基,为开发药效更好的芋螺毒素提供参考依据。     

chi-Conopeptide MrIA partially overlaps desipramine and cocaine binding sites on the human norepinephrine transporter

The interactions of chi-conopeptide MrIA with the human norepinephrine transporter (hNET) were investigated by determining the effects of hNET point mutations on the inhibitory potency of MrIA. The mutants were produced by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in COS-7 cells. The potency of MrIA was greater for inhibition of uptake by hNET of [3H]norepinephrine (Ki 1.89 microM) than [3H]dopamine (Ki 4.33 microM), and the human dopamine transporter and serotonin transporter were not inhibited by MrIA (to 7 microM). Of 18 mutations where hNET amino acid residues were exchanged with those of the human dopamine transporter, MrIA had increased potency for inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake for three mutations (in predicted extracellular loops 3 and 4 and transmembrane domain (TMD) 8) and decreased potency for one mutation (in TMD6 and intracellular loop (IL) 3). Of the 12 additional mutations in TMDs 2, 4, 5, and 11 and IL1, three mutations (in TMD2 and IL1) had reduced MrIA inhibitory potency. All of the other mutations tested had no influence on MrIA potency. A comparison of the results with previous data for desipramine and cocaine inhibition of norepinephrine uptake by the mutant hNETs reveals that MrIA binding to hNET occurs at a site that is distinct from but overlaps with the binding sites for tricyclic antidepressants and cocaine.     

从织锦芋螺中克隆α芋螺毒素序列

为了从我国南海产织锦芋螺（Ｃｏｎｕｓｔｅｘｔｉｌｅ）中分离新的毒素序列并研究其应用价值,进行了织锦芋螺毒素基因的分离工作．从织锦芋螺毒管中提取ｍＲＮＡ,以Ａ族芋螺毒素的信号肽编码部分和３′端非翻译部分的保守序列为引物,通过ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增和序列分析方法获得新的芋螺毒素序列．结果得到两种不同的α芋螺毒素序列,两者都属于α４／７亚型芋螺毒素,预测其成熟肽序列分别为Ｐｒｏ－Ｇｌｕ－Ｃｙｓ－Ｃｙｓ－Ｓｅｒ－Ａｓｐ－Ｐｒｏ－Ａｒｇ－Ｃｙｓ－Ａｓｎ－Ｓｅｒ－Ｓｅｒ－Ｈｉｓ－Ｐｒｏ－Ｇｌｕ－Ｌｅｕ－Ｃｙｓ－Ｇｌｙ（Ｃ端Ｇｌｙ可能被酰胺化）和Ｐｒｏ－Ｇｌｕ－Ｃｙｓ－Ｃｙｓ－Ｓｅｒ－Ｈｉｓ－Ｐｒｏ－Ａｌａ－Ｃｙｓ－Ａｓｎ－Ｖａｌ－Ａｓｐ－Ｈｉｓ－Ｐｒｏ－Ｇｌｕ－Ｉｌｅ－Ｃｙｓ－Ａｒｇ．采用传统的生化分离手段尚未从织锦芋螺中获得过α芋螺毒素序列,这两种α芋螺毒素作用的种属特异性、受体类型特异性和在小细胞肺癌的诊断和治疗中的应用价值有待进一步研究     

织锦芋螺ο家族芋螺毒素的序列分析

为了从织锦芋螺（Ｃｏｎｕｓｔｅｘｔｉｌｅ）中尽可能多地分离出ο家族的毒素序列和研究其应用价值,在克隆了织锦芋螺α芋螺毒素的基础上进行了织锦芋螺ο家族芋螺毒素基因的分离工作．从织锦芋螺毒管中提取ｍ ＲＮＡ,通过ＲＡＣＥ（ｒａｐｉｄ ａｍ ｐｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆｃＤＮＡ ｅｎｄｓ,ｃＤＮＡ 末端的快速扩增）－ＰＣＲ方法扩增获得ο家族芋螺毒素ｃＤＮＡ 片段,并进行克隆和序列分析．从织锦芋螺毒液中获得了６种新的芋螺毒素序列,且毒素序列的成熟肽部分均符合Ｃ－ Ｃ－ ＣＣ－ Ｃ－ Ｃ的保守半胱氨酸框架．这些是新的ο家族芋螺毒素序列,新序列的阐明为进一步研究其生物活性和应用打下了基础．     

Conotoxin GI: disulfide bridges, synthesis, and preparation of iodinated derivatives

The 13 amino acid toxic peptide from the marine snail Conus geographus, conotoxin GI, blocks the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. In this report, we describe a method for analyzing disulfide bonding in nanomole amounts of small cystine-rich peptides. The procedure involves partial reduction and a double-label alkylation of cysteine residues. Using this method, we show that the natural conotoxin GI has a (2-7, 3-13) disulfide configuration. The structure of conotoxin GI has been confirmed by chemical synthesis. The preparation and purification of molecularly homogeneous, iodinated derivatives of this toxin are also described. All derivatives, including the [diiodohistidine,diiodotyrosine]conotoxin GI, retained at least half of the biological activity of unmodified toxin. Since the tetraiodinated toxin, which is greater than 25% by weight iodine, retains considerable toxicity, unmodified histidine and tyrosine residues in conotoxin GI are not crucial for biological activity.     

Evolutionary diversification of multigene families: allelic selection of toxins in predatory cone snails

In order to investigate the evolution of conotoxin multigene families among two closely related vermivorous CONUS: species, we sequenced 104 four-loop conotoxin mRNAs from two individuals of CONUS: ebraeus and compared these with sequences already obtained from CONUS: abbreviatus. In contrast to the diversity of conotoxin sequences obtained from C. abbreviatus, only two common sequence variants were recovered from C. ebraeus. Segregation patterns of the variants in these two individuals and restriction digests of four-loop conotoxin amplification products from nine additional individuals suggest that the common variants are alleles from a single locus. These two putative alleles differ at nine positions that occur nonrandomly in the toxin-coding region of the sequences. Moreover, all substitutions are at nonsynonymous sites and are responsible for seven amino acid differences among the predicted amino acid sequences of the alleles. These results imply that conotoxin diversity is driven by strong diversifying selection and some form of frequency-dependent or overdominant selection at conotoxin loci, and they suggest that diverse conotoxin multigene families can originate from duplications at polymorphic loci. Furthermore, none of the sequences recovered from C. ebraeus appeared to be orthologs of loci from C. abbreviatus, and attempts to amplify orthologous sequences with locus-specific primers were unsuccessful among these species. These patterns suggest that venoms of closely related CONUS: species may differ due to the differential expression of conotoxin loci.     

Predicting conotoxin superfamily and family by using pseudo amino acid composition and modified Mahalanobis discriminant

The conotoxin proteins are disulfide rich small peptides that target ion channels and G protein coupled receptors. And they provide promising application in treating some chronic pain, epilepsy, cardiovascular diseases, and so on. Conotoxins may be classified into 11 superfamilies: A, D, I1, I2, J, L, M, O, P, S, and T according to the disulfide connectivity, highly conserved N-terminal precursor sequence and similar mode of actions. Successful prediction mature conotoxin superfamily peptide has important signification for the biological and pharmacological functions of the toxins. In this study, a new algorithm of increment of diversity combined with modified Mahalanobis discriminant is presented to predict five superfamilies by using the pseudo amino acid composition. The results of jackknife cross-validation test show that the overall prediction sensitivity and specificity are 88% and 91%, respectively. The predictive algorithm is also used to predict three O-conotoxin families. The 72% sensitivity and 78% specificity are obtained. These results indicate that the conotoxin superfamily peptides correlate with their amino acid compositions.     

Solution structure of chi-conopeptide MrIA, a modulator of the human norepinephrine transporter

The chi-conopeptides MrIA and MrIB are 13-residue peptides with two disulfide bonds that inhibit human and rat norepinephrine transporter systems and are of significant interest for the design of novel drugs involved in pain treatment. In the current study we have determined the solution structure of MrIA using NMR spectroscopy. The major element of secondary structure is a beta-hairpin with the two strands connected by an inverse gamma-turn. The residues primarily involved in activity have previously been shown to be located in the turn region (Sharpe, I. A.; Palant, E.; Schroder, C. I.; Kaye, D. M.; Adams, D. J.; Alewood, P. F.; Lewis, R. J. J Biol Chem 2003, 278, 40317-40323), which appears to be more flexible than the beta-strands based on disorder in the ensemble of calculated structures. Analogues of MrIA with N-terminal truncations indicate that the N-terminal residues play a role in defining a stable conformation and the native disulfide connectivity. In particular, noncovalent interactions between Val3 and Hyp12 are likely to be involved in maintaining a stable conformation. The N-terminus also affects activity, as a single N-terminal deletion introduced additional pharmacology at rat vas deferens, while deleting the first two amino acids reduced chi-conopeptide potency.     

Expression, renaturation and biological activity of recombinant conotoxin GeXIVAWT

Conotoxins are a diverse array of small peptides mostly with multiple disulfide bridges. These peptides become an increasing significant source of neuro-pharmacological probes and drugs as a result of the high selectivity for ion channels and receptors. Conotoxin GeXIVAWT (CTX-GeXIVAWT) is a 28-amino acid peptide containing five cysteines isolated from the venom of Conus generalis. Here, we present a simple and fast strategy of producing disulfide-rich conotoxins via recombinant expression. The codes of novel conotoxin gene GeXIVAWT were optimized and generated two pairs of primers by chemical synthesis for construction of expression vector. Recombinant expression vector pET22b(+)-GeXIVAWT fused with pelB leader and His-tag was successfully expressed as an insoluble body in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. Recombinant conotoxin GeXIVAWT (rCTX-GeXIVAWT) was obtained by dissolving the insoluble bodies and purifying with a Ni-NTA affinity column, which was further purified using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry. The rCTX-GeXIVAWT renatured in vitro could inhibited the growth of Sf9 cell with biological activity assay. This expression system may prove valuable for future structure–function studies of conotoxins.     

Molecular Evolution and Diversity of Conus Peptide Toxins,as Revealed by Gene Structure and Intron Sequence Analyses

Cone snails, which are predatory marine gastropods, produce a cocktail of venoms used for predation, defense and competition. The major venom component, conotoxin, has received significant attention because it is useful in neuroscience research, drug development and molecular diversity studies. In this study, we report the genomic characterization of nine conotoxin gene superfamilies from 18 Conus species and investigate the relationships among conotoxin gene structure, molecular evolution and diversity. The I1, I2, M, O2, O3, P, S, and T superfamily precursors all contain three exons and two introns, while A superfamily members contain two exons and one intron. The introns are conserved within a certain gene superfamily, and also conserved across different Conus species, but divergent among different superfamilies. The intronic sequences contain many simple repeat sequences and regulatory elements that may influence conotoxin gene expression. Furthermore, due to the unique gene structure of conotoxins, the base substitution rates and the number of positively selected sites vary greatly among exons. Many more point mutations and trinucleotide indels were observed in the mature peptide exon than in the other exons. In addition, the first example of alternative splicing in conotoxin genes was found. These results suggest that the diversity of conotoxin genes has been shaped by point mutations and indels, as well as rare gene recombination or alternative splicing events, and that the unique gene structures could have made a contribution to the evolution of conotoxin genes.