中国甜菜夜蛾地理种群的遗传分化与基因流

【目的】为了明确我国甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua地理种群间的遗传分化及基因流,阐明该种害虫在我国的种群历史动态。【方法】本研究对采自我国20个地理种群的529头甜菜夜蛾样品进行线粒体COI基因序列测定与分析,利用DnaSP 5.0和Arlequin 3.11软件分析种群间遗传多样性、遗传分化、基因流水平及分子变异,构建了单倍型系统发育树与单倍型网络图。【结果】在所分析的所有529个序列样本中,共检测出10个单倍型,其中Hap_1为所有种群所共享。总群体遗传多样性较低（Hd=0.257±0.025,Pi=0.0007±0.0001,Kxy=0.323）,群体间遗传分化较小（F_ST=0.211）,基因流水平较高（N_m=1.870）。AMOVA分析表明,甜菜夜蛾遗传变异主要来自种群内,种群间变异水平较低。各种群间遗传分化程度与地理距离无显著相关性（R²=0.005,P>0.05）。各单倍型相互散布在不同种群中,未形成明显系统地理结构。中性检验（Tajima’s D=-2.177, P<0.05; Fu’s F_S=-8.629, P<0.05)与错配分布分析表明,我国甜菜夜蛾种群曾经历种群近期扩张。【结论】研究结果揭示,甜菜夜蛾各种群间的基因交流并未受到地理距离的影响,验证了甜菜夜蛾具有高度的迁飞能力。     

五个红罗非鱼群体的遗传多样性分析

实验采用微卫星标记技术,选用22对微卫星引物对5个红罗非鱼群体进行遗传多样性分析。经PCR扩增,16个微卫星位点扩增产物在关岛红罗非鱼（GD）、珍珠白红罗非鱼（ZZ）、佛罗里达红罗非鱼（FL）、明月红罗非鱼（MY）、马来西亚红罗非鱼（ML）中均获得了清晰稳定的条带。分析结果显示:16个微卫星标记共检测到146个等位基因。5个群体的平均等位基因数（N_a）在6.5625-8.5625,平均有效等位基因数（N_e）在4.1495-6.1330,平均杂合度（H_e）在0.7491-0.8247,平均多态信息含量（PIC）在0.6939-0.7840,说明它们的遗传多态性丰富。卡方检验表明5个红罗非鱼群体的大部分位点偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。在5个群体中,关岛红罗非鱼（GD）与珍珠白红罗非鱼（ZZ）遗传相似系数（0.6171）最小,遗传距离（0.4827）最大,说明两者亲缘关系最远;佛罗里达红罗非鱼（FL）与马来西亚红罗非鱼（ML）遗传相似系数（0.9069）最大,遗传距离（0.0977）最小,可推断两者亲缘关系最近。采用UPGMA进行聚类分析,结果表明:佛罗里达与马来西亚先聚成一支,二者再与珍珠白聚在一起,接着三者与明月聚在一起,最后,四者与关岛聚到一起。聚类结果说明关岛群体与其他4个群体亲缘关系最远;佛罗里达与马来西亚亲缘关系最近,珍珠白群体次之,明月群体再次之。以上结果可推断5个红罗非鱼群体遗传多态性丰富,具有较大的选育潜力。     

基于mtCOI基因序列的中国葱斑潜蝇不同地理种群遗传多样性分析

【目的】葱斑潜蝇Liriomyza chinensis是葱蒜类蔬菜上的重要经济害虫,在我国广泛分布。本研究旨在阐析中国葱斑潜蝇的地理种群遗传分化。【方法】以中国8省12个不同地理种群的253头葱斑潜蝇为样本,测定其mtCOI基因序列;依据获得的mtCOI基因序列,利用MEGA7.0, DnaSP 6.1和Arlequin 3.5等软件对葱斑潜蝇地理种群的遗传多样性、基因流水平和遗传变异等进行分析。【结果】在253头个体的759 bp mtCOI基因片段中,获得13个单倍型,各单倍型间K2P遗传距离均小于0.02;其中单倍型Hap1为12个地理种群所共享,总发生频率高达81.82%。总群体单倍型多样性较低(H_d=0.327),核苷酸多样性(Pi)为0.00159,核苷酸平均差异数(K)为1.21011;葱斑潜蝇总群体遗传分化程度中等(F_ST=0.06971),基因交流较充分(Nm=3.33629)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,遗传变异来源为群体内;总群体Tajima’s D检验值为显著负值;Mantel检测结果说明种群间的遗传距离与地理距离没有相关性。【结论】中国葱斑潜蝇地理种群的遗传多样性较低,基因交流较充分,遗传分化程度中等,且地理距离并不影响其遗传分化程度;葱斑潜蝇总群体在较近的历史时期未经历明显的种群扩张和种群增长。     

云南洞密蛛的种群遗传结构初探

云南洞密蛛Trogloneta yunnanense（Song&Zhu, 1994）是生活在云贵高原的一种洞穴蜘蛛。本文基于6个洞穴种群159只个体样本的线粒体COⅠ基因,初步探讨了该物种的种群结构和遗传多样性特征。研究结果表明：1)159个样本共检测到16个单倍型,种群间无共享单倍型,遗传多样性呈现出总体高、种群内低、单倍型多样性高、核苷酸多样性低的模式;2)种群间遗传分化极显著,种群内变异小,种群间F_ST值均在0.9以上（P<0.01）,种群间基因流小（Nm=0.01）,种群间变异占总变异的95.75%,种群内变异仅占4.25%;3)中性检验和核苷酸错配分布检验显示,云南洞密蛛未经历种群扩张,群体大小保持稳定。推测洞穴隔离和地下极端环境条件可能维持着云南洞密蛛的种群规模稳定,同时促进其种群间的遗传分化。     

罗氏沼虾不同育种群体遗传多样性研究

为深入了解罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)不同种质资源的遗传背景, 研究采用微卫星标记和线粒体基因相结合, 对罗氏沼虾4个育种群体, 即选育3代的数丰核心群体(SF)、引进的正大群体(ZD)、正大和数丰杂交的群体(ZDS)、正大子代和数丰杂交的群体(ZD2S)的遗传多样性进行了研究。150个个体的微卫星分析结果显示, 7个微卫星位点均表现出高度多态性(PIC>0.5), 4个群体平均的等位基因数(N_a)、期望杂合度(H_e)和多态信息含量(PIC)分别为19.43、0.8980和0.8867。SF群体的平均H_e (0.874)和PIC (0.854)最高, ZD2S的H_e (0.863)和PIC (0.834)其次, ZDS群体的H_e (0.798)和PIC (0.761)最低。4个群体间的遗传分化指数(F_ST)为0.04166—0.10438, 处于中低水平的遗传分化, 其中, ZD和ZDS的遗传分化最大, F_ST为0.10438。线粒体COⅠ和12S rRNA基因组合序列分析结果显示, 149个个体共识别27个单倍型, 平均单倍型多样性(H_d)和核苷酸多样性(π)分别为0.846和0.00313。在4个群体中, ZD2S群体的H_d值最高, 其次为SF群体, ZDS的最低; 对于π值, SF群体的最高, 其次为ZD2S群体, ZD群体的则最低, 该结果与微卫星的结果基本一致。但基于线粒体基因的群体间遗传分化较小, F_ST值为–0.02226—0.07310, 小于微卫星估计的结果。微卫星和线粒体基因一致表明, SF和ZD2S两个群体均保持着较高的遗传多样性, 具有进一步选育的潜力。     

中国南方茶棍蓟马地理种群遗传分化分析

【目的】基于mtDNA COI和COⅡ的联合序列,探讨中国南方茶棍蓟马Dendrothrips minowai地理种群的遗传多样性与遗传分化。【方法】利用MEGA 6.0, DnaSP 5.10和Arlequin 3.5.2.2等软件对中国南方茶棍蓟马8个地理种群遗传多样性、遗传分化、基因流、分子变异及地理距离与遗传距离的相关性进行分析,并推断群体演化历史。【结果】茶棍蓟马mtDNA COI和COⅡ序列均具有明显的AT偏好性,COI和COⅡ联合序列的长度为1 146 bp,共有22个单倍型。中国南方茶棍蓟马总群体遗传多样性较高,表现出高单倍型多样性(Hd=0.924)和低核苷酸多样性(π=0.00600)。8个地理种群总群体的遗传分化程度高(F_ST=0.84830),基因交流水平低(Nm=0.040),群体可能由于遗传漂变而发生明显分化。AMOVA分析显示,茶棍蓟马种群的遗传变异主要来自组间种群(F_CT=0.84922);Mantel检测显示地理距离与遗传距离存在显著的正相关(r=0.5029, P<0.01)。中性检验结果表明,除云南两个地理种群外的其他地理种群近期可能经历了种群扩张。【结论】中国南方茶棍蓟马地理种群遗传多样性较高,具有明显的遗传分化,基因交流较少;地理距离可能是影响茶棍蓟马地理种群遗传分化的主要因素之一。     

中国近海银鲳线粒体COⅠ基因序列变异分析

对采自黄海、东海和南海的7个银鲳群体的线粒体COⅠ基因序列变异进行分析,研究银鲳的遗传多样性、遗传结构和群体历史动态。在所分析的111个个体中检测到16个单倍型。7个群体呈现出高的单倍型多样性（h=0.564～0.688） 和低的核苷酸多样性（π=0.001～0.003）。单倍型遗传学关系、两两群体间的F_ST值和分子方差分析均表明中国近海7个银鲳群体间的遗传分化不显著。中性检验和核苷酸不配对分析均表明中国近海银鲳经历了晚更新世的群体扩张事件,扩张时间约为6.0×10⁴～1.04×10⁵ 年前。研究结果表明,银鲳的卵和幼体具有较强的扩散能力、中国近海的海洋环流以及近期的群体扩张可能是造成中国近海银鲳群体在线粒体COⅠ基因序列上存在较高的遗传同质性的原因。     

云杉天然群体遗传多样性的等位酶变异

采用等位酶淀粉凝胶电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对中国西部亚高山特有树种云杉(Picea asperata)10个天然群体的300个个体的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行研究。对8个酶系统17个酶位点(27个等位基因)的检测分析结果表明,10个位点为单态位点,云杉具有中等偏低的遗传变异水平。群体水平上的遗传多样性指标分别为:多态位点的百分率P_P=29.41%~41.18%,等位基因平均数A_P=1.4~1.6,平均期望杂合度H_ep=0.06~0.131;种级水平的遗传多样性指标分别为:P_s=41.18%,A_s=1.2,H_es=0.138。10个群体的群体水平的观测杂合度为0.094 3,期望杂合度为0.096 4;10个群体中,7个多态位点的单位点的观测杂合度(H_o)的均值为0.229(变幅为0.142 9~0.342 9),期望杂合度(H_e)的均值为0.234 1(变幅为0.160 8~0.317 3), 云杉天然群体间遗传分化度(F_ST)为0.311,云杉群体间变异占总变异的31.1%,基因流低(N_m=0.553 9),说明群体间的基因交流有限。异交率高(t=0.957),近交率低(F_is=0.005),这些研究结果表明:云杉群体间等位基因的频率分化显著,其它云杉属树种基因的渐渗、群体微生境差异和不同强度的选择压力可能是造成群体间分化显著的主要原因;Fdh-2-B基因与综合生态梯度值呈显著的负相关(r=-0.661 1^*),H_e与经度呈显著负相关(r=-0.683^*),云杉群体间的地理和遗传距离相关不显著。10个群体均含有绝大部分等位基因,且群体间分化很大,应加以重点保护和管理,作为云杉种质资源原地保存的基地和该树种进一步遗传改良的重要育种群体。     

岷江柏野生居群和迁地保护居群的遗传多样性比较

通过分析岷江柏的迁地保护居群和野生居群的遗传多样性、遗传结构及居群间基因流,判断迁地保 护岷江柏居群的遗传多样性水平,为其迁地保护提供理论基础。本研究利用GBS（Genotyping-by-Sequencing） 测序技术获得的SNP位点对四川大渡河双江口岷江柏迁地保护移栽苗、苗圃播种苗及3个野生居群进行主成分分析（PCA分析）、聚类分析、分子进化树、遗传多样性和遗传结构分析。经过GBS测序共获得高质量Clean Data 118 321 514 728 bp,并开发了1947 047个tags,从中鉴定到了1 259 610个SNP位点。系统发育进化树显示大部分移栽岷江柏居群和野生岷江柏聚在一起,居群结构分析结果显示交叉验证错误率的谷值确定最优分群数为1。4个岷江柏居群的观测杂合度（H_o）、期望杂合度（H_e）、Shannon信息指数I（S_hi）、近交系数（F_is）、多态信息含量（P_ic）的值分别为0.181 5~0.272 0、0.223 2~0.300 3、0.331 0~0.464 9、0.178 0~0.246 5和0.272 2~0.309 2,说明岷江柏居群的遗传多样性水平较高。移栽岷江柏居群的H_e=0.300 3,S_hi=0.464 9,岷江柏居群迁地保护居群遗传多样性总体水平略高于野生居群。野生岷江柏居群中白湾隧道（BW）_vs_松岗镇（SA）的遗传分化指数（F_st）较大,基因流（N_m）较小（F_st=0.091,N_m=2.496）,而迁地保护的岷江柏居群与野生岷江柏居群没有明显的遗传分化,居群间的基因交流频繁（F_st<0.05,基因流N_m>4）,说明没有明显的分群现象,岷江柏居群迁地保护居群遗传多样性较高。因此,移栽濒危植物是迁地保护过程中较好的方法,本文为以后野生岷江柏迁地保护提供参考,为其他树木种质资源的保存提供理论依据。     

光皮桦6个南方天然群体的遗传多样性

为揭示中国特有珍贵用材树种光皮桦(Betula luminifera)天然群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构, 采用AFLP分子标记, 分析了采自浙江、福建、江西、广西和贵州5个省区6个天然群体的120份样品。9对引物获得了355个位点, 其中多态性位点323个。分析结果表明光皮桦天然群体具有较高的遗传多样性, 多态位点百分率(PPL)达90.99%, 各群体的PPL和Nei’s基因多样性(h_j)分别为93.20-98.60%和0.3143-0.3645; 总群体遗传多样性指数(H_t)为0.3616, 群体间遗传分化系数(F_st)为0.0650, 群体间总的基因流较高(N_m= 3.5962)。AMOVA分析表明群体间的遗传变异占总变异的11.49%, 浙江临安群体和贵州修文群体间的遗传距离最大(0.0665), 江西龙南群体和广西龙胜群体间的遗传距离最小(0.0173), 且遗传结构分析显示这两个群体的部分个体可能来自同一近祖。Mantel检测发现, 群体间的遗传距离与地理距离没有显著相关性(r = 0.423, P = 0.113), 而与两两群体所在地的均温差呈显著相关(r = 0.449, P = 0.017)。结合群体实地调查, 可以得出光皮桦天然群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构的形成不仅与其广域分布、自然杂交、种子特性以及生活史有关, 而且与群体被人为砍伐、生境片断化等因素有重要关系。基于上述结果我们提出了光皮桦天然种群的保护策略。     

Limited differentiation in microsatellite DNA variation among northern populations of the yellow warbler: evidence for male‐biased gene flow?

Comparisons of the patterns of differentiation among genetic markers with different modes of inheritance can provide insights into patterns of sex-biased dispersal and gene flow. Here, we compare the patterns of differentiation in six microsatellite loci among eight northern breeding populations of the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia) with results obtained with mitochondrial DNA. Significant but low levels of differentiation (overall FST = 0.014; overall RST = 0.015) were present across all populations. The level of differentiation is substantially less than that observed in the same samples based on mitochondrial DNA control region variation. The presence of low population imbalance index values and significant isolation-by-distance relationships for both FST and RST suggests that these populations are at evolutionary equilibrium and that the high degree of similarity between populations may be due to high levels of male-biased gene flow. This suggests that there may be significant but previously unappreciated differences in the long-distance and/or episodic dispersal behaviour of males and females in these birds.     

Evaluation of Genetic Differentiation in Bos indicus Cattle Breeds from Marathwada Region of India Using Microsatellite Polymorphism

Elucidation of genetic variability and genetic relationship among breeds has direct relevance with the issues of sustainable use of domestic animal genetic resources. In the present study, genetic polymorphism was evaluated using 22 microsatellite loci in unrelated samples of Red Kandhari and Deoni cattle breeds inhabiting the same geographical area of Marathwada region in Maharashtra state (western India). This work was mainly aimed at assessing the current genetic diversity to understand whether the two zebu populations in question are genetically differentiated. A total of 164 alleles were detected with an average of 5.82 and 5.86 alleles per locus (MNA) in Red Kandhari and Deoni breeds, respectively. The estimated mean observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity were 0.47 and 0.64 in Red Kandhari vs. 0.57 and 0.69 in Deoni cattle, respectively, demonstrating considerable level of genetic variation in both the populations. Mean estimates of F statistics were: F (FIT) = 0.315±0.035, f(FIS) = 0.231±0.031, θ(FST) = 0.110±0.022, with both the breeds exhibiting significant deficit of heterozygotes (FIS = 0.179 in Deoni; 0.278 in Red Kandhari). The multilocus FST values implied that 11.0% of the total genetic variation corresponds to breed and were statistically greater than zero for the two populations, suggesting population division. The evaluation of exact test also indicated that allele frequencies across all the loci differed significantly (P < 0.001) between two zebu breeds, further supporting population differentiation. Different genetic distance measures showed considerable levels of distances between the two cattle breeds (0.318 = Nei's standard DS; 0.250 = Nei's DA; 0.416 = Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards's DC; 0.164 = Reynold's, and 2.64 = Delta mu square (dμ)2. Bayesian statistical approach to assign each individual to the population also supported considerable differentiation between the two cattle breeds, possibly reflecting the limited gene flow between the two Marthwada cattle populations. The existence of cohesive breeding structure of both the breeds was further substantiated by allele-sharing distance measures (DAS) among individual animals. The results of this study thus revealed that the two Bos indicus breeds sharing the common breeding tracts are genetically differentiated enough as separate breeds.     

中国北鳅谱系地理学分析

北鳅(Lefua costata)为冷水性鱼类, 分布于淮河以北, 分析遗传结构能够反映其适应环境变迁的响应。基于线粒体D-loop区211条序列分析了我国北鳅的谱系地理学和遗传多样性, 样本采自9条水系共18个样点。单倍型分析显示共计55个单倍型, 呈高单倍型多样性(h=0.9304)和高核苷酸多样性(π=0.0087)。单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性最高的为辽东半岛种群(LD) (h=0.8920, π=0.0074), 其他地理种群距辽东半岛越远, 单倍型多样性越低。遗传距离(K2P)、群体间的遗传分化指数(F_ST)及AMOVA分子方差分析均显示LD种群与其他地理种群存在显著分化。基于单倍型构建的分子系统发育树和单倍型网络关系图均显示9条水系的单倍型不能各自聚类, 形成3大分支: 分支A以LD种群为主; 分支B含所有地理种群; 分支C以淮黄河种群(HH)和海滦河种群(HL)为主。中性检验和错配分析显示不同地理种群有扩张现象。基于化石校准点和北鳅鱼类D-loop序列1.00%Ma的平均进化速率评估各地理种群的分歧时间, 为2.3784— 0.0477Ma前, LD种群与其他地理种群分化时间最早(2.3784 Ma前), 推测LD种群受第四纪冰期影响较小, 辽东半岛为我国北鳅起源地之一, 其他地理种群以辽东半岛为中心借助松辽古大湖和黄渤海平原河口等发生多次迁移。     

华南及邻近地区大刺鳅遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为了解我国大刺鳅野生资源状况, 研究采用ISSR技术分析了福建、广东、广西、云南和海南11个地理群体262尾大刺鳅的遗传多样性。10个引物共扩增出112个位点, 多态位点95个, 多态位点比例为84.82%。大刺鳅总群体Nei基因多样性h=0.2126、Shannon 信息指数I=0.3358, 表明大刺鳅总群体遗传多样性较丰富, 其中各群体遗传多样性依次为恩平 红河 屯昌 英德 河池 乐昌 增城 龙岩 五华 仁化 百色。总群体遗传分化系数Gst=0.4620, 显示46.2%的变异来自群体间。总群体基因流Nm=0.5823, 表明大刺鳅总群体间缺乏有效的基因交流, 遗传漂变是大刺鳅群体遗传分化的主要因素。聚类分析表明, 东江群体和韩江群体聚为一支, 西江群体和北江群体聚为一支, 大陆群体聚为一大支, 然后和海南屯昌群体聚类。     

用RAPD技术对罗非鱼遗传变异的研究及应用(英文)

应用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）技术检测了一个奥利亚罗非鱼（ａｕ）和湘湖（ｎｘ）、美国（ｎｍ）、沙市（ｎｐ）三个尼罗罗非鱼养殖群体（Ｔａｂｌｅ１）。在２０个引物（Ｔａｂｌｅ ２）中筛选到１２个引物,它们的扩增产物显示了罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼二者在群体内或群体间存在遗传差异。其中（Ｆｉｇ．１）, ＯＰＺ０６、 ＯＰＺ１６、 ＯＰＺ１２和 ＯＰＺ１９四个引物分别有一个扩增片段具有种的特异性。它们的大小分别是９００、１５００、１７００和７３０ｂｐ。可以作为鉴别罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼二者的分子遗传标记。湘湖（ｎｘ）、美国（ｎｍ）和沙市（ｎｐ）三个尼罗罗非鱼群体内遗传变异相似性指数Ｓ分别为 ０．７９８、 ０．７９５和０．８２４（Ｔａｂｌｅ ３）。表明：这三个尼罗罗非鱼群体都保留了较高水平的遗传变异。而奥利亚罗非鱼（ａｕ）的群体内遗传变异最小。奥利亚罗非鱼（ａｕ）与湘湖（ｎｘ）、美国（ｕｍ）、沙市（ｕｐ）三个尼罗罗非鱼群体之间的遗传距离分别是０．２８５、０．２６２和０．３４４（Ｔａｂｌｅ ３）,说明奥利亚罗非鱼（ａｕ）和沙市尼罗罗非鱼（ｎｐ）杂交将可能产生较强的杂种优势。     

The Rift Valley complex as a barrier to gene flow for Anopheles gambiae in Kenya

Recent studies of Anopheles gambiae, the principal mosquito vector of malaria in Africa, suggested that the eastern Rift Valley and its surrounding areas act as a barrier to gene flow. To quantify the unique effect of these areas on gene flow, we measured genetic variation within and between populations from each side of the Rift. Low differentiation was measured between populations on each side of the Rift (mean FST < 0.008, mean RST < 0.002). However, high differentiation was measured across the Rift (mean FST = 0.104; mean RST = 0.032). Genetic diversity within populations was lower in eastern populations, suggesting that the effective population sizes (Ne) of these populations were lower than those of western populations. We partitioned the overall differentiation across the Rift into three factors: variation in Ne between populations contributed 7-20%; distance contributed 10-30%, and the remainder, corresponding to the unique effect of the Rift was 50-80%. The Rift's effect was highly significant based on FST. The greater sensitivity of FST in measuring differentiation indicated that drift and not mutation generated the differences between populations. Restricted gene exchange across several hundred kilometers on the face of intense human transportation implies that active mosquito dispersal is the major form of migration, and that migration is a multistep process, where step length is relatively short.     

Genetic distinction of wildcat (Felis silvestris) populations in Europe,and hybridization with domestic cats in Hungary

The genetic integrity and evolutionary persistence of declining wildcat populations are threatened by crossbreeding with widespread free-living domestic cats. Here we use allelic variation at 12 microsatellite loci to describe genetic variation in 336 cats sampled from nine European countries. Cats were identified as European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris), Sardinian wildcats (F. s. libyca) and domestic cats (F. s. catus), according to phenotypic traits, geographical locations and independently of any genetic information. Genetic variability was significantly partitioned among taxonomic groups (FST = 0.11; RST = 0.41; P < 0.001) and sampling locations (FST = 0.07; RST = 0.06; P < 0.001), suggesting that wild and domestic cats are subdivided into distinct gene pools in Europe. Multivariate and Bayesian clustering of individual genotypes also showed evidence of distinct cat groups, congruent with current taxonomy, and suggesting geographical population structuring. Admixture analyses identified cryptic hybrids among wildcats in Portugal, Italy and Bulgaria, and evidenced instances of extensive hybridization between wild and domestic cats sampled in Hungary. Cats in Hungary include a composite assemblage of variable phenotypes and genotypes, which, as previously documented in Scotland, might originate from long lasting hybridization and introgression. A number of historical, demographic and ecological conditions can lead to extensive crossbreeding between wild and domestic cats, thus threatening the genetic integrity of wildcat populations in Europe.     

Microsatellites reveal high levels of gene flow among populations of the California squid Loligo opalescens

Information on the extent of genetic differentiation among populations of the squid Loligo opalescens is crucial for the conservation of this commercially utilized species. We analysed six highly variable microsatellite loci in 11 collections of L. opalescens from different locations and spawning seasons to estimate the relative influence of two major evolutionary forces, gene flow and genetic drift. Microsatellite allele frequency patterns suggest that gene flow prevents population differentiation in L. opalescens. Tests for genetic differentiation showed homogeneity of the samples with an overall FST/RST of 0.0028/-0.0013. Genetic uniformity among samples from different year classes indicates that allele frequency patterns in L. opalescens are relatively stable over time. However, a more complete and detailed picture of fine-scale allele frequency shifts in this species will require a systematic microsatellite analysis of local populations over consecutive spawning cycles.     

鄱阳湖及洞庭湖红鳍原鲌的群体分化研究

结合形态和线粒体Cyt b数据, 研究了鄱阳湖及洞庭湖定居性鱼类红鳍原鲌的6个地理群体(湖口群体、星子群体、都昌群体、鄱阳群体、余干群体和洞庭湖群体)共186尾样本的群体分化情况. 形态分析结果显示地理群体间形态差异较小. 遗传分析结果中, 群体间遗传分化指数(Fst) 为-0.00567-0.33429, 显示群体间存在较大遗传差异, 而单倍型分布和分子变异分析(AMOVA)也得到相似的结果. 根据群体遗传距离构建的系统树, 6个群体分为两大支: 洞庭湖群体与其他群体距离最远, 单独聚为一支; 星子、都昌、鄱阳和余干4群体聚成另一支, 而湖口群体处于两支的过渡位置. 因此, 群体间已产生显著遗传分化, 且主要体现在洞庭湖和鄱阳湖各群体间. 综合上述分析结果及红鳍原鲌的生活习性认为, 鄱阳湖及洞庭湖红鳍原鲌群体间的遗传分化是红鳍原鲌定居性的生活习性导致不同地理群体间长期的群体隔离、缺乏基因交流的结果.