猪支气管败血波氏杆菌hcp基因缺失株构建及其生物学特性研究

【目的】构建猪支气管败血波氏杆菌(Bordetella bronchiseptica,Bb)Ⅵ型分泌系统(T6SS)溶血素共调节蛋白hcp基因缺失株,并对其基本生物学特性进行初步的研究。【方法】使用自杀性质粒介导同源重组的方法敲除猪支气管败血波氏杆菌QH0814菌株hcp基因,并比较hcp基因缺失前后,菌体对细胞的黏附入侵、小鼠毒力及组织载菌量上的差异。【结果】成功构建支气管败血波氏杆菌hcp基因缺失株QH0814Δhcp,连续传50代且遗传稳定;缺失株与亲本株生长无明显差异;缺失株的黏附能力与亲本株差异不显著,但入侵能力显著降低(P0.05);与亲本株相比,半数致死量提高,同时,缺失株对昆明鼠的感染能力也显著降低(P0.05)。【结论】hcp基因的缺失对支气管败血波氏杆菌增殖无影响,但缺失后其入侵能力和定殖能力显著降低,由此推测hcp基因与支气管败血波氏杆菌的入侵和定殖相关。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌baeSR基因缺失株的构建及其对抗生素敏感性分析

【背景】沙门菌的多重耐药现象日渐严重,对其耐药机理的研究尤为迫切,双组分系统与细菌耐药性密切相关。【目的】构建鼠伤寒沙门菌baeSR基因缺失株及回补株,探究双组分系统BaeSR对鼠伤寒沙门菌耐药性的影响。【方法】以鼠伤寒沙门菌体外诱导耐药株CR为研究对象,通过自杀质粒p LP12介导的同源重组方法,以氯霉素抗性标记和阿拉伯糖诱导的致死基因vmt进行正、反向双重筛选,获得基因缺失株CRΔbaeSR,并将重组表达质粒pBAD-baeSR转化于CRΔbaeSR构建回补株CR CΔbaeSR。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定11种常见代表药物对野生株、缺失株及回补株的最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC),并测定3株菌的生长曲线、运动性及生物膜形成能力。【结果】与野生株相比,环丙沙星(CIP)、恩诺沙星(ENR)、沙拉沙星(SAR)、头孢噻呋(CEF)、庆大霉素(GEN)、阿米卡星(AMK)、安普霉素(APR)对缺失株的MIC值有所下降;缺失株的生长速率稍显缓慢,且最终浓度也相对较低,但并无统计学上的显著差异(P0.05);缺失株的运动性(P0.05)及生物膜形成能力(P0.01)均显著下降。【结论】鼠伤寒沙门菌baeSR基因缺失后,可通过影响其运动性及生物膜形成能力而对抗生素的敏感性产生影响。     

胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌鞭毛钩基因flgK 的功能

【目的】为了研究鞭毛钩基因flgK在胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌胡萝卜亚种(Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp.carotovorum,P.c.c)的功能。【方法】本研究采用两亲同源交换法构建了基因缺失突变体ΔflgKpcc并构建了互补菌株ΔflgKpcc-KH,测定突变体及其互补菌株的菌体形态、运动性、致病因子、致病性等表型。【结果】与野生菌株PccS1相比,ΔflgKpcc鞭毛缺失,菌体易沉降,在0.3%半固体培养基上运动能力明显降低,生长速率无明显变化,但是纤维素酶和蛋白酶的活性、生物膜形成能力明显下降,对感病寄主的致病力显著减弱。基因互补可以使上述突变表型恢复。【结论】实验表明,鞭毛基因flgK突变导致了菌体的运动性降低、病原菌毒性相关的酶活力下降,从而导致致病力下降。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌VI型分泌系统效应因子Rhs生物学特性分析

【背景】细菌的Ⅵ型分泌系统作为杀死真核捕食者或原核竞争对手的“武器”,其杀伤作用是通过释放有毒物质即效应因子来实现。尽管已发现一些效应因子,但大多数效应因子的功能仍然未知。【目的】研究rhs基因编码的效应因子Rhs对鼠伤寒沙门菌生物学特性的影响。【方法】利用Red同源重组的方法构建鼠伤寒沙门菌rhs基因缺失株及相应的基因回补株。通过试验分析比较亲本株与缺失株、回补株在生化特性、生物被膜形成、耐药性、细菌间竞争、抗血清补体杀菌能力、组织载菌量及感染小鼠后炎症因子IL-18、IL-1β释放量上的差异。【结果】效应因子Rhs不影响鼠伤寒沙门菌的生化代谢、生物被膜形成、耐药性及抗血清补体杀菌能力。细菌种间竞争试验中,基因缺失株CVCC541Δrhs1、CVCC541Δrhs2和CVCC541Δrhs1-2的竞争指数(competition index,CI)值分别为0.85、0.77和0.87,毒力均被轻度致弱。体内组织载菌量试验中,CVCC541Δrhs1、CVCC541Δrhs2和CVCC541Δrhs1-2基因缺失株在小鼠肝脏和脾脏中的细菌数均较亲本株明显下降(P<0.05);机体...     

wbnH2基因对北京欧文氏菌生物学特性及致病力的影响

【背景】北京欧文氏菌(Erwinia beijingensis)引起的刺芹侧耳细菌性软腐病(bacterial soft rot)给企业带来了严重的经济损失。wbnH2糖基转移酶基因在北京欧文氏菌中的生物学功能尚不明确。【目的】构建wbnH2基因的缺失株Δ-wbnH2和回补株C-wbnH2,探究wbnH2基因对北京欧文氏菌致病性的影响。【方法】采用同源重组方法构建北京欧文氏菌LMG 27579^TwbnH2基因缺失突变株Δ-wbnH2,并对基因缺失菌株的致病性、生长速度、运动能力、生物膜形成能力、黏附能力等生物学特性与野生型菌株进行比较分析;采用广宿主质粒pBBR1MCS2构建回补株C-wbnH2,排除了极性效应引起的突变株表型变化。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,基因缺失株Δ-wbnH2的生长速度无明显差别。但是wbnH2基因的缺失导致多糖分泌、生物膜形成能力、黏附能力、致病能力明显下降。【结论】wbnH2基因影响北京欧文氏菌多糖分泌、生物膜的形成能力、黏附能力及致病力,表明该基因在北京欧文氏菌致病过程中起重要作用,本研究为软腐病的防控提供了理论基础。     

猪链球菌2型Orf207基因缺失菌株的构建及其生物学特性检测

【背景】猪链球菌2型(streptococcus suis type 2, SS2)可引起人、猪的脑膜炎、关节炎及败血症等,不仅给养猪业带来巨大的经济损失,同时严重威胁公共卫生安全。本团队前期通过噬菌体展示文库技术发现Orf207编码蛋白可能参与SS2诱导的脑膜炎发生,然而其在SS2致病过程中的具体作用尚不清楚。【目的】探究Orf207基因对SS2致病性的影响。【方法】采用温敏性自杀质粒介导的同源重组系统,构建SC19 Orf207基因缺失菌株ΔOrf207及其回补菌株CΔOrf207,系统比较缺失菌株与野生株间在生长特性、形态、组织定殖能力、毒力情况、细胞黏附与侵袭及抗巨噬细胞吞噬能力等生物学特性方面的差异。【结果】与野生株相比,缺失菌株链长变短,生长速度略慢;而且Orf207缺失显著增加了小鼠的存活率,降低了细菌在血液、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、脑组织的定殖能力和对肺组织的病理损伤并显著减弱SS2对HeLa细胞的黏附与侵袭能力及抗巨噬细胞吞噬能力。【结论】Orf207基因可以显著降低SS2对宿主的致病能力,本研究结果不仅丰富了SS2的致病机制,也为SS2疫苗等研发提供了新靶点。     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Ⅵ型分泌系统相关基因敲除及其功能特性

Ⅵ型分泌系统(T6SS)是大多数革兰氏阴性细菌中都存在的一种重要的分泌系统,能介导细菌与细菌之间以及细菌和宿主细胞之间的相互作用,溶血素共调节蛋白(Hcp)和缬氨酸甘氨酸重复蛋白G(VgrG)是组成T6SS穿刺装置的重要组分。但鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Ⅵ型分泌系统的Hcp与VgrG在该菌入侵宿主细胞及抗吞噬过程中发挥的作用尚不十分清楚。【目的】本研究旨在利用基因敲除技术构建的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌hcp及vgrg基因缺失株体外接种真核上皮细胞和巨噬细胞,并以其亲本株作为对照,以研究Hcp及VgrG在该菌粘附、侵入上皮细胞及抗吞噬过程中所发挥的作用。【方法】通过优化Red同源重组系统操作过程中各个条件,建立一套快速敲除鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Ⅵ型分泌系统相关基因的操作系统,成功构建鼠伤寒沙门氏菌CVCC541的hcp及vgrg单基因缺失株、双基因缺失株及三基因缺失株,并用Hela细胞接种试验和菌落计数试验,评估不同菌株的粘附和侵袭能力;用小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7接种试验,评估不同菌株的抗吞噬能力。【结果】与亲本株CVCC541粘附侵袭Hela细胞相比,基因缺失株CVCC541Δvgrg、CVCC541Δhcp2Δvgrg和CVCC541Δhcp1Δhcp2Δhcp3的粘附率分别为17.17%±2.1%、14.73%±2.5%和82%±3.7%;CVCC541Δvgrg、CVCC541Δhcp2Δvgrg和CVCC541Δhcp1Δhcp2Δhcp3的侵袭率分别为7.05%±1.05%、6.21%±1.35%和87%±3.25%;与亲本株CVCC541在小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7中的存活相比,基因缺失株CVCC541Δvgrg、CVCC541Δhcp2Δvgrg和CVCC541Δhcp1Δhcp2Δhcp3的存活率分别为15.67%±2.9%、14.47%±1.87%和56.12%±3.48%。【结论】鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Ⅵ型分泌系统VgrG和Hcp对该菌入侵细胞和抗吞噬方面具有重要作用,该研究为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌通过六型分泌系统与宿主细胞相互作用的机制研究奠定了基础。     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ybiH基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性

【背景】鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)是一种重要的人兽共患病原菌,能够引起多种食源性疾病。ybiH基因在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中的生物学功能尚未确定。【目的】构建鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ybiH基因的缺失株和回补株,研究ybiH基因在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中的生物学功能。【方法】采用λ-Red同源重组系统构建鼠伤寒沙门氏菌CVCC541 ybiH基因缺失株STΔybiH,同时构建该基因缺失株的回补株STΔybi H/pybiH,并对缺失株STΔybiH的生长特性、运动性、生化特性和毒力情况等生物学特性进行比较分析。【结果】与标准株和回补株相比,缺失株STΔybiH生长速率略快,而其运动性、生化特性、耐药性均无明显差别。但是,ybiH基因的缺失明显提高了鼠伤寒沙门菌对IEC-6细胞和RAW264.7细胞的黏附力和侵袭力,qRT-PCR实验结果显示,缺失株中Inv H基因的表达量明显提高,表明ybiH基因的缺失使鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的侵袭力也有所提高。此外,在胞内存活实验中,标准株与缺失株在胞内的增长率变化不明显,表明ybiH基因的缺失对沙门氏菌在RAW 264.7细胞中存活的影响不大。【结论】ybiH基因介导鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的黏附侵袭力,本文为进一步阐明ybiH基因的功能提供基础。     

表达T~+Pm保护性抗原的重组猪霍乱沙门氏菌C500株的构建及其生物学特性

【目的】本研究利用Asd+平衡致死系统构建表达巴氏杆菌毒素(Pasteurella multocida toxin,PMT)的重组猪霍乱沙门氏菌株,并对重组菌株的生物学特性进行比较研究。【方法和结果】通过基因克隆的方法构建表达PMT的重组质粒pYA-PmtC,再将其电转化减毒猪霍乱沙门氏菌C500的asd基因缺失株C501,构建口服活疫苗菌株C501(pYA-PmtC)。研究结果表明重组菌株C501(pYA-PmtC)的生化特性、血清型和生长速度与亲本菌株C500一致;在没有选择压力的条件下,C501(pYA-PmtC)能够稳定遗传重组质粒及其外源基因片段,并能稳定、高效、分泌性表达30.5kDa的外源保护性抗原rPmtC。C501(pYA-PmtC)腹腔感染BALB/c小鼠的LD50为8.5×106CFU,毒力稍低于C500(LD50为4.4×106CFU);口服接种C501(pYA-PmtC)和C500的所有仔猪未见任何发病症状,两者没有显著差别。【结论】本研究利用Asd+平衡致死系统的原理构建表达T+Pm保护性抗原重组猪霍乱沙门氏菌弱毒菌株C501(pYA-PmtC),为进一步开发猪萎缩性鼻炎-副伤寒的双价基因工程疫苗奠定基础。     

fliY基因失活减弱沙福芽孢杆菌ST7菌株的锰氧化能力

【背景】沙福芽孢杆菌ST7菌株具有较强的锰氧化能力,但其分子机制不清楚。【目的】着重研究鞭毛马达开关蛋白基因(fliY)对沙福芽孢杆菌锰氧化能力的影响。【方法】根据同源重组原理,以沙福芽孢杆菌ST7菌株为起始菌株,构建fliY基因敲除的突变株ΔfliY,测定菌落迁徙、细菌生物膜和锰氧化率等,研究fliY基因突变后菌株的运动能力、生物膜生成和锰氧化能力是否发生变化。【结果】经克隆测序,证实突变株ΔfliY中fliY基因的后半段被卡纳霉素抗性基因取代,fliY基因失活;与野生型菌株ST7相比,突变株ΔfliY在全营养的LB培养基中生长变化不大,但在含锰的PYCM培养基中,突变株的生长速度减慢、菌落较小、生物膜生成量显著下降,运动性和锰氧化能力分别下降65%和20%。【结论】fliY基因不仅影响菌株的生长和运动,而且参与细菌的趋化和锰氧化等生物学过程。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.