百合科六属十五种植物的细胞学研究

本文对云南西北部百合科6属15种的染色体和核型进行了报道。 (1)Clintonia udensis Trautv．et Mey间期核属于浓密分散型,前期染色体属于渐变型,分裂中期体细胞染色体2n=14=8m+4sm+2st(2SAT),核型不对称性属于2A型;(2)鹿药属四个种间期核属于复杂中央微粒型,前期染色体属于中间型,分裂中期体细胞染色体分别为Smilacina henryi(Baker)Wang et Tang,2n=36=12m+16sm+6st+2t(2SAT), 核型不对称性属于2C型;Smilacina fusca Wall., 2n=36=14m(2SAT)+12sm+10st(2SAT), 核型不对称性属于2B型; Smilacina tatsienensis(Franch．)Wang et Tang, 2n=36=22m+2sm+2st(2SAT), 核型不对称性属于2C型;Smilacina atropurpurea(Franch．)Wang et Tang,2n=36=18m+6sm(2SAT)+12st,核型不对称性属于2C型;(3)黄精属四个种的间期核属于复杂中央微粒型,前期染色体属于中间型,分裂中期体细胞染色体分别为Polygonatum kingianum Coll．et Hesml．,2n=30=12m(2SAT) +6sm+lst+2t, 核型不对称性属于2C型; Polygonatum cirrhifolium(Wall．) Royal,2n=30=10m+4sm+12st+4t, 3C型; Polygonatum curvistylum Hua, 2n=78=24m(2SAT)+14sm(6SAT)+40st, 核型不对称性属于3C 型; Polygonatum cathcartii Baker,2n=32=12m+6sm+10st+2t+2bs,核型不对称性属于2C型;(4)百合属,假百合属,豹子花属三个属的间期核和前期染色体形态相似,都属于复杂中央微粒型,前期染色体属于中间型,分裂中期体 细胞染色体分别为Lilium henricii Franch,2n=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+10st+10t,核型不对称性属于3A型;Lilium bakerianum Coll．et Hesml．var． rubrum Stearn, 2n=24=4m (2SAT)+10st+10t(2SAT),核型不对称性属于3A型;Nomocharis bilouensis Liang 2n=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+12st+8t,核型不对称性属于3A型;Nomocharis pardanthina Franch．,2n=24=4m(2SAT)+12st (2SAT)+8t,核型不对称性属于3A型;Nomocharis sauluensis Balf, f.,2n=24=4m(2SAT)+10st(2SAT)+10t,核型不对称性属于3B型;Notholirion campanulatum Cotton et Stearn2n=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+14st(2SAT)+6t,核型不对称性属于3A型。     

黄精族4属6种的核型报道

本文报道四川、陕西、河北的百合科黄精族4属6种的染色体数目和核型。Disporum megalanthum 2n=16=2m(1SAT)+6sm(1SAT)十8st(3SAT)and 2n＝16=2m(1SAT)+8sm(3SAT)+6st,3B型;Disporopsis pernyi 2n＝40=23m(2SAT)+15sm(2SAT)十2st+2t(2SAT), 2B型;Disporopsis aspera 2n=40=30m十8sm(2SAT)+2t(2SAT),2B型;Maianthemum bifolium 2n=36＝20m＝10sm十4st十2t(2SAT),2B型;Palygonatum odoratum 2n=20=10m+10sm(3SAT),2B和2n＝20＝12m(4SAT)+8sm(2SAT), 2B型;Polygonatum humile 20=20+10m(2SAT)十6sm(2SAT)+4t,2B型。从染色体角度,并联系形态特征,对Disporum属中分别见于东亚和北美的两个类群的关系作了讨论。也讨论了Disporopsis种间在核型不对称趋势与形态特化之间可能的关系。 本文还指出Polygonatum odoratum和Polygonatum humile种内核型的多变性。     

中国山茶属4种2变种核型研究

本文采用去壁低渗法研究了我国山茶属植物4种2变种的核型。根据Levan等的命名系统,各个种的核型可简式为大理茶2n=20m+2m(SAT)+8sm;勐腊茶2n=20m+2m(SAT)+6sm+2sm(SAT);德宏茶2n=20m+8sm+2sm(SAT);苦茶2n=20m+9sm+1sm(SAT);茶2n=18m+2m(SAT)+12sm;白毛茶2n=18m十2m(SAT)+9sm+1sm(SAT)。这些种都是二倍体种(2n=2x=30),未发现多倍体。在勐腊茶核型中发现2个超数染色体(B-chromosome)。核型的不对称性表明,这些种均属于Stebbins核型分类的2A型核型。这些种在“随体数目和位置,最长染色体与最短染色体之比,臂比大于2:1的染色体比例,着丝点端化值,染色体绝对长度”方面的变异是清楚易见的。核型的变异表明,这些种的染色体进化顺序为大理茶—→勐腊茶—→德宏茶—→普洱茶—→白毛茶—→苦茶—→茶。这一结果与张宏达提出的山茶属植物的分类系统基木吻合。本文还讨论了山茶属植物核型的杂合性和多态性。本文中勐腊茶、德宏茶、苦茶的染色体数目和核型及大理茶的核型为首次报道。     

武汉地区野豌豆属3种植物的染色体研究

本文报道了武汉地区野豌豆属3种植物的染色体数目及核型,结果如下:窄叶野豌豆为2n=2x=12=2sm+2st(SAT)+8st;小巢菜为2n=2x=14=10m+2sm(SAT)+2st;四籽野豌豆为2n=2x=14=4m+2sm(SAT)+8sm。本文还对野豌豆属染色体进化的有关问题进行了讨论。     

我国11种披碱草的核型研究

本文报道了中国产的11种披碱草属植物的核型,其中9种为首次报道。结果如下:老芒麦2n=4x=28=24m+4sm(2SAT);披碱草2n=6x=42=36m(2SAT)+6sm(4SAT);青紫披碱草2n=6x=42=32m+10sm(4SAT);垂穗披碱草2n=6x=42=34m+8sm(2SAT);圆柱披碱草2n=6x=42=32m+10sm(2SAT);短芒披碱草2n=6x=42=30m+12sm(4SAT);黑紫披碱草2n=6x=42=36m(6SAT)_1+6sm;毛披碱草2n=6x=42=30m+12sm(6SAT);紫芒披碱草2n=6x=42=22m=12sm(2SAT)+8st(4SAT);肥披碱草2n=6x=42=34m(2SAT)+6sm(4SAT)+2st;麦(?)草2n=6x=42=30m(4SAT)+12sm(2SAT)。     

鹅观草属5种植物的核型研究

本文首次对我国5种鹅观草属Roegneria植物的核型进行了分析。5个种的染色体数目均为2n=4x=28。它们的核型是:高株鹅观草 R.altissima,2n=4x=28=26m+2sm(SAT);假花鳞草 R.anthosachnoides,2n=4x=28=22m+4sm+2sm(SAT);长芒鹅观草 R.dolichathera,2 n=4x=28=20m+6sm+2sm(SAT);林地鹅观草 R.sylva-tica,2n=4x=28=22m+4sm+2sm(SAT);多变鹅观草R.varia,2n=4x=28=20m+6sm+2sm(SAT)。它们的核型均属2A型,每种植物均有一对随体染色体。     

当归属及近缘小属的核型演化及地理分布研究

本文报道了当归属Angelica及3个近缘小属12种植物的核型,其中10种为首次报道。带岭当归A．dailingensis 2n＝22＝20m+2sm(SAT);丽江当属A．likiangensis 2n＝22＝18m+4sm; 青海当归A．nitida 2n＝22＝14m+4sm+4sm(SAT);林当归A．silvestris 2n＝22＝16m+4sm(SAT)+2st(SAT);紫花前胡A．decursiva 2n=22＝16m+4sm+2sm(SAT);秦岭当归A．tsinlingensis 2n＝22＝18m+4sm; 阿坝当归A．apaensis 2n＝22＝14m+6sm+2st(SAT);隆萼当归A．oncosepala2n＝4x＝44＝28m+12sm+4st,三小叶当归A．ternata 2n=22＝10m+8sm(SAT)+4st(SAT);柳叶芹Czernaevialaevigata 2n=22＝14m+6sm+2sm(SAT);短茎古当归Archangelica brevicaulis 2n＝22＝8m+2m(SAT)+4sm+4sm(SAT)+4st;高山芹Coelopleurum saxatile 2n＝28＝12m+6sm+10st。除带岭当归核型为1A型和高山芹为2B型外,其余种类均为2A型。根据染色体长度比和平均臂比绘制了本次和我们过去已报道的当归属及近缘属23种植物的核型散点图。据核型类型和近端着丝点的有无,把当归属20个种的核型分3组。并结合外部形态、花粉类型和地理分布,探讨了各近缘属的系统演化关系。     

辽宁地区产6种乌头(Aconitum)的细胞分类学研究

对我国辽宁地区毛莨科(Ranunculaceae)乌头属(Aconitum) 6个种的染色体的数目和形态进行了研究,并进行了核型分析。其染色体基数为X=8,核型公式为:两色乌头:2n=2x=2m+10sm+4st;蛇岛乌头为:2n=4x=10m+20sm(SAT)+2st+2B;黄花乌头为:2n=4x=4m+12sm(SAT)+8st+1B;北乌头三倍体为:2n=3x=2M+4m+18sm;北乌头4倍体为2n=4x=4m+28sm。同时,对乌头属下某些种的分类学问题进行了探讨。     

广西茶六个品种的核型分析

广西5个农家栽培茶和1个野生茶品种的染色体观察,它们的核型分别为:龙胜单株茶2n=30=18m+2m(SAT)+10 sm;开山茶2n=30=20m+4m(SAT)+6 sm;桂青茶2n=30=20m+2m(SAT)+8 sm;凌云茶2n=30=18m+2m(SAT)+10 sm;排旗茶2n=30=22 m+2m(SAT)+6 sm;扶绥茶(野生品种)2n=30=22 m+8 sm;它们的核型均属“2A”型。并且都为二倍体种。     

10种菊科花卉的染色体观察

作者对10种菊科花卉进行了染色体数目的观察,并对其中8种进行了核型分析。结果如下:翠菊(Callistephus chinensis Nees) 2n=18=18m (4SAT);麦秆菊(Helichrysum bracteatum Andr.)2n=24=18m+6sm;蛇目菊(Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.) 2n=24=16m+8sm (2SAT);黑心菊(Rudbechia hirta L.) 2n=76;肿柄菊(Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray) 2n=34=24m(4SAT)+10sm (2SAT);大丽花(Dahlia pinnata Cav.) 2n=64;硫华菊(Cosmos sulphureus Cav.) 2n=24=2sm+22st;万寿菊(Tagetes erecta L.) 2n=24=6sm+16st(2SAT)+2t;天人菊(Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) 2n=34=22m+12sm;矢车菊(Centaurea cyanus L.) 2n=24=2sm+16st+6t(2SAT)。     

Revision of Lactuca L. and Two New Genera of Tribe Lactuceae (Compositae) on the Mainland of Asia (Cont.)

Having mixed extremely various patterns of achenes for a long time in the genus Lactuca L., especially showed in the classification of it on the mainland of Asia, Lactuca L., the primary unnatural genus, becomes more nuclear in its limit. The present paper makes a revision to attempt providing a clear cline between Lactuca L. and its relative genera. On my opinion, only plants, represented by Lactuca sativa L., which have ovoid capitulum during its fruiting, numerous (7-25), yellow ligular florets and longitudinal 1-10 ribs or striae on each side of achenes, acute into filiform beak at its apex, should be defined as Lactuca L. In view of the present concept of Lactuca L., another group of plants, embodied by Lactuca indica L., having its broadening, thin winged-margin of, 1-3 striae on each side of achenes, black, dorsi-ventral compressed, acute into thick and short beak at its apex, evidently, should not be placed into Lactuca L., but be regarded as genus, i.e. Pterocypsela Shih, gen. nov. Pterocypsela Shih distributes in Eastern and southern Asia, where Lactuca L. does not occur. In China there is all of species, seven species, of Pterocypsela Shih. They are P. raddeana (Maxim.) Shih, P. indica (L.) Shih, P. elata (Hemsl.) Shih P. lacciniata (Houtt.) Shih, P. triangulata (Maxim.) Shih, P. sonchus (Lévl.) Shih and P. formosana (Maxim.) Shih, But in Mediterranean regions and Middle and Western Asia mainly distributes Lactu ca L., in which there are only seven species from western China, Xijiang autonomic district. They are L. dolichophylla Kitam., L. sativa L., L. altaica Fisch. et Mey., L. serriola Torner, L. dissecta Don, L. auriculata DC. and L. undulata Ledb. With the combination of violet-purple ligular florets non-ovoid capitulum during its fruiting, a little thick achenes, acuminate into longer. or short beak at its apex and 4-6 ribs on each side of it, Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. is evidently different from Lactuca sativa L. with combination of ovoid capitulum during its fruiting, yellow ligular florets and compres sed achenes, acute into filiform beak at its apex. There seems to be no point in refusing Mu lgedium Cass. as a genus. Strictly speak, Mulgedium Cass. seems to be reminiscent of Para prenanthes Chang (see bellow) without beak at the apex of its achenes. In Hengduan moun tains and mountain range of Himalayas M. tataricum (L.) DC. discoveries its relative par tners. They are M. bracteatum (Mook. f. ex. C. B. Clarke) Shih, M. lessertianum (Wall. ex C. B. Clarke) DC., M. monocephalum (Chang) Shih, M. umbrosum (Dunn) Shih, M. meridionale Shih and M. polypodifolium (Franch.) Shih. Having broadering and thickening margin and 4-7 striae on each side of achenes, grey, dorsi-ventral compressed, truncate and beakless at its apex, Lactuca sibirica (L.) Benth. ex Maxim. (Sonchus sibiricus L.) is not only different from Lactuca sativa L. with the combination of yellow ligular florets and filiform beak at apex of its achenes, but also from the genus Mulgedium Cass. with beak at apex of its achenes. Therefore, Lagedium Sojak, established by J. Sojak (1961), should be restored. It should be point out that Lagedium Sojak is monotypic genus excluding Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. with beak at the apex of its achenes, non-marginated. Lagedium Sojak widely distributes in temperate and frigid zone ofvnorthern hemisphere. In our country, Lagedium sibiricum (L.) Sojak, sole species of the genus, restricts its northeast region. Paraprenanthes Chang, the new genus, established by Ch. Ch. Chang (1950) based on Lactuca sororia Miq. and Lactuca yunnanensis Franch. seems to be a distinct genus. This genus is characterized by 4-6 ribs on each side of achenes, black, fusiform, a little thick and beakless at its apex. Besides above-mentioned two species, assigned by Chang, in forest of tropic and subtropic zones on the mainland of Asia there are many species with same structure in achenes like L. sororia Miq. and L. yunnanensis Franch. The genus Paraprenanthes Chang seems to be reminiscants of Mulgedium Cass. and Lagedium Sojak, but differs from the former in its beakless achenes, from the later in its non-marginated achenes and 4-6 ribs on each side of it. In our country, there are all species of the genus known in the tropic and subtropic zones on the mainland of Asia. They are P. sororia (Miq.) Shih, P. yunnanensis (Franch.) Shih, P. longiloba Ling et Shih, sp. nov., P. heptontha Shih et D. J. Liou, sp. nov., P. prenanthoides (Hemsl.) Shih, P. pilipes (Migo) Shih, P. thirionii (Lévl.) Shih, P. sylvicola Shih., sp. nov., P. multiformis Shih, sp. nov., P. auriculiformis Shih, sp. nov. and P. sagittiformis Shih, sp. nov.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.