2种蜜蜂和4种胡蜂蜂毒明肽基因比较

从中华蜜蜂、意大利蜜蜂和大胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂、额斑黄胡蜂、亚非马蜂6种蜂的雌成蜂毒腺中快速抽提总RNA,用RT—PCR方法分别扩增各得到大小约为150bp的cDNA片段,进一步将这6个片段克隆人pGEM^5—T easy载体,进行测序和序列分析。结果表明,所扩增得到的6个片段长度均为141bp,均为编码蜂毒apamin前体的cDNA。序列比较发现,中华蜜蜂、大胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂和亚非马蜂序列完全一样,都与已发表意大利蜜蜂precursor of apamin核苷酸序列具有95％同源性,氨基酸序列具有95％的同源性。额斑黄胡蜂和意大利蜜蜂precursor of apamin核苷酸序列完全一样。本研究首次从中华蜜蜂与几种胡蜂中克隆到蜂毒precursor of apamin基因,并发现胡蜂科与蜜蜂科来源的蜂毒明肽序列是完全保守的。     

2种蜜蜂和3种胡蜂蜂毒前肥大细胞脱粒肽原基因的克隆及同源性分析

从中华蜜蜂、意大利蜜蜂、大胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂和亚非马蜂5种雌成蜂毒腺中快速抽提总RNA,用RT-PCR方法分别扩增各得到大小约为350bp的cDNA片段,进一步将这5个片段克隆入pGEMT-easy载体,进行测序和序列分析。结果表明：所扩增得到的5个片段长度均为341bp,均包含一个完整的开放阅读框和3′端未编码区的188bp核苷酸序列,证实为5种蜂的蜂毒前肥大细胞脱粒肽原的cDNA。经序列比较,意大利蜜蜂、中华蜜蜂、大胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂和亚非马蜂前肥大细胞脱粒肽原核苷酸序列彼此间的同源性都为90％以上。中华蜜蜂、大胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂和亚非马蜂与意大利蜜蜂的前肥大细胞脱粒肽原氨基酸序列的同源性分别为96％、100％、94％和98％。尽管大胡蜂和墨胸胡蜂与意大利蜜蜂属于不同的科,但它们的肥大细胞脱粒肽却完全相同,而中华蜜蜂与意大利蜜蜂属于同一个属,它们的肥大细胞脱粒肽却不相同。中华蜜蜂和亚非马蜂肥大细胞脱粒肽第5号位的氨基酸为精氨酸,替代了意大利蜜蜂5号位的半胱氨酸,该位置的半胱氨酸与19号位的半胱氨酸组成意大利蜜蜂肥大细胞脱粒肽分子的一个对蛋白活性起重要作用的二硫键。     

中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂蜂毒前溶血肽原蛋白cDNA的克隆与序列分析

分别从中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana和意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera工蜂毒腺中抽提总RNA,通过RT-PCR方法扩增,各得到了蜂毒前溶血肽原蛋白的cDNA,再将扩增产物克隆到pGEM-Teasy载体上,进行测序和序列分析。结果表明,所扩增到的这两个片段长度均为213 bp,均为编码蜂毒前溶血肽原的cDNA,并分别推导出两者所编码的氨基酸序列。经序列比较,中华蜜蜂前溶血肽原与意大利蜜蜂、印度蜜蜂Apis cerana indica前溶血肽原的同源性都为97%。所报道的中华蜜蜂蜂毒前溶血肽原的核苷酸序列的GenBank登录号为AF487907。     

中华蜜蜂蜂毒镇静肽基因的cDNA克隆和表达

从中华蜜蜂 (Apisceranacerana)工蜂毒腺中快速抽提总RNA ,用RT PCR扩增得到大小约为2 5 0bp的cDNA片段 ,测序得到的片段长度为 2 34bp ,为蜂毒前镇静肽原 (preprosecapin)基因编码区的cDNA .以 3′RACE方法 ,扩增和测定了 3′端非编码区 2 19bp序列 .中蜂前镇静肽原cDNA序列与已报道的欧洲意蜂该基因cDNA序列具有 92 %同源性 ,氨基酸序列具有 87%同源性 .代表成熟肽镇静肽的最后 2 5个氨基酸序列 ,中蜂与意蜂同源性为 88% .3′端非编码区cDNA序列与欧洲意蜂序列有 73 1%同源性 .将中华蜜蜂蜂毒镇静肽成熟肽编码区与 3′非编码区部分克隆 ,构建了镇静肽与谷胱甘肽转移酶融合表达的载体pGEX AcSecapin .将载体转化大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3)进行融合表达 .表达产物与抗GST抗体在 2 9kD处有很强的交叉反应 .大肠杆菌超声破碎后的上清液用SDS PAGE检测到表达的蛋白多为可溶性融合蛋白 ,通过亲和层析柱纯化和凝血酶的切割得到了镇静肽蛋白     

中华蜜蜂蜂毒透明质酶基因的克隆与序列分析(英文)

从中华蜜蜂工蜂毒腺中快速抽提总RNA ,用RT PCR方法扩增得到该蜂毒的透明质酸酶 (AcHya)基因 ,其核苷酸序列全长为 1 1 6 4bp ,可编码 3 87个氨基酸残基 ,预计分子量为 42 .6kD。将所推导出的氨基酸序列与其它 6种透明质酸酶 (Hya)氨基酸序列比较 ,结果表明 ,AcHya与意大利蜜蜂Hya非常相似 ,具有91 %的同源性 ,与长黄胡蜂Hya、常见黄胡蜂Hya、、马蜂Hya、吸血沙蠓唾腺Hya、人精液PH2 0Hya的同源性分别为 5 4 %、5 2 %、46 %、2 7%和 2 0 %。同时根据氨基酸序列用GENETYX程序绘制了 7种Hya的分子系统树 ,并根据同源性比较分析了 7种Hya的保守性、结构与功能的关系     

蜂毒溶血肽前体蛋白cDNA的克隆及其融合蛋白的表达

从蜜蜂毒腺中提取总RNA ,通过RT PCR扩增得到了蜂毒溶血肽前体蛋白的cDNA ,将扩增产物克隆到 pT7Blu T载体上 ,再进一步将插入片段酶切并连接到 pUC1 1 8载体上 ,构建了重组质粒pUMP。DNA序列分析结果表明 ,克隆得到的cDNA序列与所发表序列完全相同 ,且与 β 半乳糖苷酶部分序列构成正确的读码框。含重组质粒 pUMP的大肠杆菌DH5α表达了与β 半乳糖苷酶部分序列融合的蜂毒溶血肽前体蛋白     

蜂毒溶血肽基因的定点诱变及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

从蜜蜂毒腺中提取总ＲＮＡ,通过ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法扩增得到了蜂毒溶血肽前体蛋白的ｃＤＮＡ,再进一步通过定点诱变在蜂毒溶血肽序列前引入了羟胺裂解位点,构建了与β－半乳糖苷酶部分序列相融合的蜂毒溶血肽诱变蛋白表达载体,序列分析结果表明,成功地引入了目的密码子且与β－半乳糖苷酶部分序列构成正确的读码框,并在大肠杆菌中表达了诱变蛋白,为基因工程生产蜂毒溶血肽提供了新途径。     

蜂毒溶血肽的研究进展

蜂毒溶血肽 (melittin)是蜜蜂毒液的主要组分 ,由 2 6个氨基酸残基组成 ,具有两亲性和种的特异性。它的cDNA已经被克隆 ,并以融合蛋白的形式在大肠杆菌Escherichiacoli中进行表达。蜂毒溶血肽的作用机制主要包括脂酶的激活 ,产生第二信使 ,调节一些酶及离子通道 ;Ca2 +的水平调节 ,影响骨骼肌和心肌的收缩 ;作为脂类代谢的探针。由于蜂毒溶血肽结构简单 ,且抑制病毒复制 ,因此可将其用于癌症的基因治疗及爱滋病的防治。此外 ,蜂毒溶血肽还可作为对一些作用机理进行研究的模型肽。     

介绍几种有毒刺的蜂类

有毒刺的蜂类是指腹部末端生有毒腺，并有与之相连的螫刺的蜂类；这样的蜂类多能通过螫刺伤人，把毒腺内的毒液注入人体；引起局部红肿，有烧灼感等不适，对蜂毒过敏的人可引起过敏休克，甚至死亡。所以有毒刺的蜂类除蜜蜂外多为害虫。我国有毒刺的蜂类主要有蜜蜂（中华蜜蜂，A户。sce。naFabridu）、意蜂（意大利蜂A户Smel扛h。Linnaeus）、马蜂（长脚黄蜂，PolistesyokohamaeRad）、胡蜂（黄唇螺赢蜂，Rhynchi－umb。neumFabr。c。us）、华黄蜂（Polisteschi－nens。sSauss）、斑胡蜂（Vespamanda。maSin．）、大斑土蜂（Scoliacb户…     

三个品种家鸡催乳素基因cDNA的克隆及序列分析

从粤黄鸡、毛丝乌骨鸡及伊莎蛋鸡的垂体中快速抽提总RNA,根据国外已发表的肉用仔鸡乳素基因cDNA的序列,设计并合成了能与特定载体末端互补的1对引物,经反转录－聚合酶链式反应（RT－PCR）方法扩增获得了特异性片段。将扩增片段与线性化质粒pBSSK连接,克隆后进行序列分析,与已报道的肉用仔鸡、矮脚鸡和火鸡催乳素基因的核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列进行了比较。结果表明,不同品种间核苷酸同源性介于93．97％－99．87％之间,其中丝毛乌骨鸡与矮脚鸡间的同源性最高为99．87％。推导的相应氨基酸序列的同源性在98．25％－100％之间,也是丝毛乌骨鸡与矮脚鸡间的同源性最高,为100％。在粤黄鸡、丝毛乌骨鸡和伊莎蛋鸡中,发现前两者的催乳素前体的cDNA片段推导的 氨基酸序列中信号肽裂触位点跟肉用仔鸡,矮脚鸡及火鸡的一样,为Leu-Pro-IIe-Cys,而伊莎蛋鸡的信号肽裂解位点则不一样,为Pro-Pro-IIe-Cys。此位点的差异可能导致催乳素前体翻译加工的不同,使伊莎蛋鸡无就巢性。这3个家鸡品种与国外的肉用仔鸡、矮脚鸡催乳素氨基酸序列还在以下位置出现差异：71、141、150、175。在肉用仔鸡、丝毛乌骨鸡催乳素氨基酸序列中还发现了一个肝素结合位点175－181（L－R－R－D－S－H－K）。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various