地高辛标记的Northern blot检测鼠疫菌sRNA

[目的]随着高通量测序方法的应用,越来越多的sRNA (small non-coding RNA,sRNA)需验证.本研究建立用地高辛标记Northern blot检测鼠疫菌sRNA的技术,为细菌sRNA验证提供一种灵敏、特异的方法.[方法]在低铁条件下,提取鼠疫菌总RNA,10％ dPAGE分离后电转到尼龙膜上并用紫外线交联RNA.膜经地高辛标记RyhB1或RyhB2寡核苷酸RNA探针过夜杂交后洗脱、封闭和免疫检测,最后曝光显影.[结果]地高辛标记的Northern blot曝光时间为20 s-3 min,RyhB1或RyhB2检测灵敏度分别为0.005 μg和0.05 μg.RyhB1或RyhB2探针特异性好,相互间无交叉反应.带正电或中性的尼龙膜都适用于杂交反应.RNA探针在42℃-65℃内杂交均可,提高温度可减少非特异性反应;而DNA探针杂交温度需摸索.[结论]本研究成功构建一种地高辛标记Northern blot检测鼠疫菌sRNA技术,具有特异性好、灵敏度高、探针易保存、曝光时间短等优点,为细菌sRNA验证和功能研究提供有利工具.     

细菌非编码小RNA分子RyhB的结构与功能

RyhB是一种大小为90个核苷酸的细菌非编码小RNA分子(small noncoding RNA, sRNA).当铁缺乏时,RyhB通过下调一系列与铁的储存和利用相关蛋白的表达水平以维持体内的铁平衡,而其本身的表达则受到负调控因子Fur(ferric uptake regulator)的调节.在体内,RyhB与Hfq蛋白和核糖核酸酶E (ribonuclease E, RNase E)形成核蛋白复合物sRNP来发挥活性.sRNP通过RyhB与靶基因的互补配对序列作用于靶基因的核糖体结合位点,阻断靶mRNA的翻译,并迅速引起靶mRNA的降解.此外,RyhB还可以通过影响致病菌的生物膜形成、趋化性、耐酸性等方面的能力对细菌的致病力进行调节.本文综述了RyhB的结构、功能及作用机制方面的研究进展,并对其存在的生理意义进行了探讨.     

综述: 大肠杆菌RNA分子伴侣Hfq与DsrA和rpoS作用机制的研究进展

RNA分子伴侣Hfq是细菌重要的转录后调节因子,它能够帮助非编码small RNA(sRNA)与目标mRNA配对．mRNA rpoS编码的稳态sigma因子σ^S是大肠杆菌中应激响应的核心调控因子．在低温下,Hfq蛋白对于sRNA DsrA介导的mRNA rpoS的翻译激活是必需的．然而,Hfq使用何种机制来促进sRNA和mRNA配对一直有两种并不互斥的模型存在：Hfq远侧和近侧两个表面同时结合sRNA和mRNA,使得两条RNA相互靠近,便于形成碱基配对;Hfq可能结合一条或者两条RNA,改变它们的二级结构或者三级结构,从而促进sRNA-mRNA配对的实现．最近的研究报道,成功在体外捕捉到了sRNA-Hfq-mRNA三元复合物,测定了AU₆A-Hfq-A₇三元复合物的晶体结构,并且在大肠杆菌体内证实了三元复合物的形成对于Hfq帮助sRNA DsrA激活mRNA rpoS的翻译是重要的．本文以sRNA DsrA和mRNA rpoS为例综述了蛋白质Hfq与RNA的结合特性,同时也讨论了sRNA-Hfq-mRNA三元复合物的存在对于研究sRNA介导的调控机制的一些启示．     

基于免疫共沉淀-液质联用技术的新型孕烷X受体配体检测方法的建立

目的:建立基于免疫共沉淀-液质联用技术的新型孕烷X受体(PXR)配体检测方法。方法:在HEK293细胞中转染带有Flag标签的PXR表达载体,裂解细胞后用偶联Flag抗体的微珠(beads)结合并分离细胞中表达的FlagPXR蛋白;以PXR的已知最为公认的配体/激动剂利福平为模型药物,配制1μmol/L利福平溶液,与结合有Flag-PXR蛋白的微珠孵育形成微珠-蛋白-利福平复合物;将微珠从体系中分离出来,用蛋白印迹实验检测复合物中的蛋白质,用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(液质联用技术)检测复合物中的利福平。在此基础上对利福平的作用进行验证,在肝细胞癌细胞Hep G2中检测系列浓度梯度的利福平对PXR转录因子活性的影响。结果:用免疫共沉淀技术从HEK293细胞中分离鉴定得到Flag-PXR蛋白;用液质联用技术检测到蛋白与小分子复合物中的利福平;利福平能够剂量依赖地诱导PXR的转录因子活性。结论:建立了基于免疫共沉淀-液质联用技术的新型PXR配体检测方法。     

人MDM2基因真核表达载体的构建及其与p53的相互作用

目的:构建带Flag标签的MDM2真核表达载体,并检测MDM2与p53的相互作用。方法:从人乳腺文库中PCR扩增MDM2编码序列,将其插入pcDNA3.0-Flag载体,转染293T细胞后用Western印迹检测其在293T细胞中的表达,并通过免疫共沉淀实验检测MDM2与p53的相互作用。结果:双酶切和测序结果表明,Flag-MDM2真核表达载体构建成功,转染293T细胞后成功表达;免疫共沉淀实验证明Flag-MDM2与p53存在相互作用。结论:构建了带Flag标签的人MDM2真核表达载体,并检测了MDM2与p53之间的相互作用,为研究MDM2的功能奠定了基础。     

人自噬相关基因5真核表达载体的构建及表达鉴定

目的:构建带Flag标签的自噬相关基因5(ATG5)的真核表达载体,获得Flag-ATG5融合蛋白。方法:以人乳腺文库为模板,采用PCR技术扩增人ATG5编码序列,将其插入pc DNA3-Flag载体,转染人胚肾293T细胞后,Western印迹检测其表达情况;将该重组质粒与ATG12表达质粒共转染293T细胞,通过免疫共沉淀法检测2个蛋白的相互作用。结果:Flag-ATG5真核表达质粒构建成功,转染293T细胞后融合蛋白获得表达,其相对分子质量约33×103;Flag-ATG5可与Myc-ATG12结合。结论:构建了带Flag标签的人ATG5真核表达载体,为进一步研究ATG5在自噬中的功能奠定了基础。     

人端粒逆转录酶与Snapin蛋白相互作用的鉴定

目的:研究人端粒逆转录酶(hTERT)与Snapin蛋白的相互作用。方法:将hTERT基因和Snapin基因分别构建到pGBKT7和pGADT7载体中,用酵母双杂交方法在酵母中验证其相互作用;在293T细胞中,共转染带有Flag标签的hTERT及带有GFP标签的Snapin质粒,进行免疫共沉淀;将GST融合的Snapin纯化蛋白与hTERT进行GST-pull down,验证其相互作用。结果:3种方法都证明hTERT能够与Snapin相互作用。结论:Snapin蛋白能够与hTERT相互作用,为研究Snapin参与调控端粒酶的功能活动提供了一些线索。     

细菌RNA结合蛋白Hfq的DNA压缩和复制作用研究进展

RNA结合蛋白(RNA-Binding Protein)Hfq是一种重要的细菌转录后调节因子,之前对Hfq的研究大多集中在该蛋白对小分子非编码RNA (Small Non-Coding RNA,sRNA)和mRNA的作用上。Hfq最典型的功能是促进sRNA与其靶标mRNA碱基配对,在转录后介导对RNA的稳定性和翻译的调控。此外,Hfq也能与多种蛋白质直接或间接相互作用。然而,近年来的研究表明,除了RNA和蛋白质,Hfq还可以与DNA相互作用,在DNA压缩(DNA Compaction)和DNA复制(DNA Replication)等多种DNA代谢过程中发挥直接或间接的调控作用。额外的靶标和功能的鉴定将进一步夯实Hfq作为细菌中多种代谢途径核心调控因子的重要地位,也表明该蛋白的功能并不局限于其在RNA和蛋白质代谢中的作用。本文总结了Hfq在DNA代谢调控中的近几年最新研究进展,并展望了其前景。     

免疫共沉淀筛选细胞内与A型流感病毒M2蛋白相互作用的蛋白

摘要：【目的】筛选细胞内与A型流感病毒M2蛋白（A/M2）相互作用的蛋白质。【方法】将A/M2编码序列插入真核表达载体pCAGGS-CFlag,重组质粒pCAGGS-CFlag-A/M2转染HEK-293T细胞,裂解细胞,以Flag单抗偶联的琼脂糖球珠免疫沉淀A/M2-Flag蛋白,清洗去除非特异性结合的杂蛋白后,SDS-PAGE银染法显示与A/M2共沉淀的蛋白,从胶上切下此蛋白条带进行质谱分析。【结果】成功构建了A/M2的表达质粒,免疫印迹证实了A/M2蛋白在293T细胞中能够表达,免疫共沉淀筛选到与A/M2结合的多种蛋白,分析质谱结果,确定ataxin 10和3个真核翻译起始因子(eIF)为候选蛋白。【结论】ataxin 10与A/M2相互作用为流感病毒感染或接种流感疫苗引发小脑性共济失调提供了解释,eIF与A/M2相互作用表明A/M2可能在调控病毒蛋白合成方面起重要作用。     

利用CRISPR/Cas系统构建在XRCC6内源基因插入Flag标签序列的HeLa细胞系

目的:利用CRISPR/Cas系统在XRCC6基因5′端插入Flag标签序列,筛选XRCC6-Flag稳定表达的宫颈癌细胞(He La)株。方法:根据Gen Bank中XRCC6基因序列,设计XRCC6基因敲入的g RNA序列,构建入p Cas-Guide载体中,获得p Cas-XRCC6载体;设计XRCC6基因的同源臂序列,利用搭桥PCR方法将同源臂和Flag标签序列作为模板进行扩增,得到供体DNA片段,并将其克隆到p Back Zero-T表达载体上,获得p XRCC6-Donor载体;将上述2个载体共转染He La细胞,采用PCR、Western印迹等方法检测和筛选Flag标签序列插入XRCC6基因5′端的细胞株。结果:构建了p Cas-XRCC6和p XRCC6-Donor载体,筛选获得3株XRCC6-Flag稳定表达细胞株。结论:构建了XRCC6-Flag稳定细胞株,为研究XRCC6基因及其蛋白产物的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

大肠杆菌O157:H7的sRNA伴侣蛋白Ufq的基因克隆、表达及纯化

目的:克隆、表达并纯化肠出血性大肠杆菌(EHEC)O157:H7的sRNA伴侣蛋白Hfq.方法:利用PCR方法从EHEC O157:H7基因组中扩增出基因hfq,并插入含6xHis标签序列的原核表达载体pET28a(+)的多克隆位点中,构建重组表达质粒pET28a(+)-hfq,以重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)...     

Coincident Hfq binding and RNase E cleavage sites on mRNA and small regulatory RNAs

The Escherichia coli RNA chaperone Hfq was discovered originally as an accessory factor of the phage Qbeta replicase. More recent work suggested a role of Hfq in cellular physiology through its interaction with ompA mRNA and small RNAs (sRNAs), some of which are involved in translational regulation. Despite their stability under certain conditions, E. coli sRNAs contain putative RNase E recognition sites, that is, A/U-rich sequences and adjacent stem-loop structures. We show herein that an RNase E cleavage site coincides with the Hfq-binding site in the 5'-untranslated region of E. coli ompA mRNA as well as with that in the sRNA, DsrA. Likewise, Hfq protects RyhB RNA from in vitro cleavage by RNase E. These in vitro data are supported by the increased abundance of DsrA and RyhB sRNAs in an RNase E mutant strain as well as by their decreased stability in a hfq(-) strain. It is commonly believed that the RNA chaperone Hfq facilitates or promotes the interaction between sRNAs and their mRNA targets. This study reveals another role for Hfq, that is, protection of sRNAs from endonucleolytic attack.     

Hfq Influences Multiple Transport Systems and Virulence in the Plant Pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The Hfq protein mediates gene regulation by small RNAs (sRNAs) in about 50% of all bacteria. Depending on the species, phenotypic defects of an hfq mutant range from mild to severe. Here, we document that the purified Hfq protein of the plant pathogen and natural genetic engineer Agrobacterium tumefaciens binds to the previously described sRNA AbcR1 and its target mRNA atu2422, which codes for the substrate binding protein of an ABC transporter taking up proline and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Several other ABC transporter components were overproduced in an hfq mutant compared to their levels in the parental strain, suggesting that Hfq plays a major role in controlling the uptake systems and metabolic versatility of A. tumefaciens. The hfq mutant showed delayed growth, altered cell morphology, and reduced motility. Although the DNA-transferring type IV secretion system was produced, tumor formation by the mutant strain was attenuated, demonstrating an important contribution of Hfq to plant transformation by A. tumefaciens.     

Negative effect of glucose on ompA mRNA stability: a potential role of cyclic AMP in the repression of hfq in Escherichia coli

Glucose is a carbon source that is capable of modulating the level of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-regulated genes. In the present study, we found that the stability of ompA mRNA was reduced in Escherichia coli when glucose (40 mM) was present in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. This effect was associated with a low level of cAMP induced by the glucose. The results were confirmed with an adenylyl cyclase mutant with low levels of cAMP that are not modulated by glucose. Northern blot and Western blot analyses revealed that the host factor I (Hfq) (both mRNA and protein) levels were downregulated in the presence of cAMP. Furthermore, we showed that a complex of cAMP receptor protein (CRP) and cAMP binds to a specific P3(hfq) promoter region of hfq and regulates hfq expression. The regulation of the hfq gene was confirmed in vivo using an hfq-deficient mutant transformed with an exogenous hfq gene containing the promoter. These results demonstrated that expression of hfq was repressed by the CRP-cAMP complex. The presence of glucose resulted in increased Hfq protein levels, which decreased ompA mRNA stability. An additional experiment showed that cAMP also increased the stability of fur mRNA. Taken together, these results suggested that the repression of Hfq by cAMP may contribute to the stability of other mRNA in E. coli.     

Translational control and target recognition by Escherichia coli small RNAs in vivo

Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) are an emerging class of regulators of bacterial gene expression. Most of the regulatory Escherichia coli sRNAs known to date modulate translation of trans-encoded target mRNAs. We studied the specificity of sRNA target interactions using gene fusions to green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a novel reporter of translational control by bacterial sRNAs in vivo. Target sequences were selected from both monocistronic and polycistronic mRNAs. Upon expression of the cognate sRNA (DsrA, GcvB, MicA, MicC, MicF, RprA, RyhB, SgrS and Spot42), we observed highly specific translation repression/activation of target fusions under various growth conditions. Target regulation was also tested in mutants that lacked Hfq or RNase III, or which expressed a truncated RNase E (rne701). We found that translational regulation by these sRNAs was largely independent of full-length RNase E, e.g. despite the fact that ompA fusion mRNA decay could no longer be promoted by MicA. This is the first study in which multiple well-defined E.coli sRNA target pairs have been studied in a uniform manner in vivo. We expect our GFP fusion approach to be applicable to sRNA targets of other bacteria, and also demonstrate that Vibrio RyhB sRNA represses a Vibrio sodB fusion when co-expressed in E.coli.