外源激素对何首乌毛状根生长及蒽醌类成分生物合成的影响

研究了外源激素对液体培养何首乌毛状根生长及其蒽醌类化合物生物合成的影响。结果表明外源激素2,4-D、NAA和6-BA对何首乌毛状根的生长及蒽醌生物合成有较大的影响。在MS培养基中添加2,4-D对何首乌毛状根的生长和蒽醌类化合物的生物合成有很强的抑制作用,而添加适量浓度NAA和6-BA则可促进何首乌毛状根的生长以及蒽醌类物质的生物合成。     

何首乌生长过程中二苯乙烯苷的含量变化

对1～4年生何首乌的主要药用成分二苯乙烯苷含量在不同时期、不同器官中的变化进行测定分析,以明确何首乌的最佳采收时间和采收部位.结果显示:何首乌各器官中块根的二苯乙烯苷含量最高,为5.35%,其次为老根和老茎,营养器官的幼嫩部分及生殖器官中的含量都很低;随着生长年限的增加,块根中二苯乙烯苷含量逐渐增加.块根中二苯乙烯苷的含量从6月至10月逐渐升高,10月含量达到最高,为7.09%,然后含量逐渐降低.何首乌块根各部分中二苯乙烯苷的含量差异较大,周皮含量最高,为9.64%,薄壁组织最低.从二苯乙烯苷的含量变化考虑,10月采收何首乌较为合理,且老根和老茎应进行综合利用.     

何首乌不同器官和组织中蒽醌和茋类化合物的分布

目的探讨何首乌(Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.)不同营养器官和组织中蒽醌类和茋类化合物的分布,为合理利用何首乌提供科学依据.方法采用数码显微鉴定和TLC对何首乌的不同器官和组织部位进行了比较研究.结果从器官来看,何首乌藤茎、地下茎和块根中均含有蒽醌(大黄素和大黄素甲醚)和芪类(2,3,5,4'-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷)而叶和嫩茎则不舍;从组织部位来看,蒽醌类成分主要分布于韧皮部,而茋类成分主要分布于周皮和韧皮部,木质部最少.结论蒽醌类和茋类成分的产生与周皮的形成有一定的关系.蒽醌类化合物的含量可能与韧皮部的发达程度有关,茋类化合物主要产生和贮藏于薄壁细胞中.     

增强UV-B辐射对3种芦荟蒽醌类物质含量的影响

以中华芦荟、库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟为试验材料,采用HPLC技术,研究了增强UV-B辐射对3种芦荟叶片中主要药用成分总蒽醌、芦荟素和芦荟大黄素含量的影响。结果显示:增强UV-B辐射20 d,每天处理6 h,库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟叶中总蒽醌、芦荟素、芦荟大黄素的含量增加,叶提取物中出峰数量增多,总峰面积增大;而中华芦荟中蒽醌类物质含量显著降低,叶提取物中出峰数量减少,总峰面积减少。研究表明,增强UV-B辐射能刺激库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟叶片中蒽醌类物质的积累和新物质的合成,而不利于中华芦荟蒽醌类物质的积累。     

青海栽培和野生唐古特大黄蒽醌类成分的HPLC对比分析

采用HPLC法测定青海栽培唐古特大黄中的5种蒽醌含量,并和野生唐古特大黄药材进行了比较.结果表明,二、三、四年龄栽培唐古特大黄中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚5种蒽醌总量分别为1.21%,2.01%,1.62%,其中三、四年龄栽培唐古特大黄已达到<药典>规定的药用标准;野生大黄的总蒽醌含量远高于栽培大黄为3.64%.     

发酵法炮制何首乌的初步研究

为了筛选出可以专一性降解何首乌中蒽醌类成分而不破坏其有效成分二苯乙烯苷的菌种,降低何首乌的毒副作用,我们建立了一种炮制何首乌的新方法.采用HPLC法和UV分光光度计法,对不同菌株发酵的何首乌样品及其发酵前后的化学成分进行比较分析.结果显示:米根霉(Rhizojpus oryzae)、菌株YMS-010(Mucor.sp.)发酵样品的游离型总蒽醌、大黄素、大黄素甲醚的含量均有较大幅度的降低.菌株YMS-006(Aspergillus)、黑曲霉(Aapergillus nigers)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)三株菌株发酵何首乌样品有未知成分产生,且含量较高.通过筛选发现米根霉、菌株YMS-006具有专一性降解蒽醌类成分而不破坏二苯乙烯苷的能力,获得了具有发酵炮制作用的菌株.     

何首乌不同器官和组织中蒽醌和芪类化合物的分布

目的探讨何首乌（Polygonum multiflorumThunb．）不同营养器官和组织中葸醌类和芪类化合物的分布,为合理利用何首乌提供科学依据。方法采用数码显微鉴定和TLC对何首乌的不同器官和组织部位进行了比较研究。结果从器官来看,何首乌藤茎、地下茎和块根中均含有蒽醌（大黄素和大黄素甲醚）和芪类（2,3,5,4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷）而叶和嫩茎则不含;从组织部位来看,蒽醌类成分主要分布于韧皮部,而芪类成分主要分布于周皮和韧皮部,木质部最少。结论蒽醌类和芪类成分的产生与周皮的形成有一定的关系,蒽醌类化合物的含量可能与韧皮部的发达程度有关,芪类化合物主要产生和贮藏于薄壁细胞中。     

芦荟属植物叶内蒽醌类物质的分布与其化学防御的关系

芦荟属植物是一类生长在干旱或半干旱沙漠环境的肉质植物,木立芦荟和海藻芦荟的肉质叶的植物研究结果表明,叶内含高浓度的芦荟素,高那特芦荟素,芦荟苦素和芦荟宁等蒽醌类物质,其中,海莱芦荟整叶的蒽醌类物质总含量占其泌出物干重的44．89％。两种芦荟叶内蒽醌类物质的分布有共同的规律,即幼叶的含量高于老叶;叶上部的含量高于中,基部,叶缘则高于叶的中央。但由于木立芦荟和海莱芦荟的个体形态不同,蒽醌类物质的分布在种间还存在各自的特点,根据实验结果推测,蒽醌类物质在芦荟属植物体内的累积和分布与其化学防御机制有关。     

芦荟属3种植物不同叶龄、不同部位叶内蒽醌类物质含量及其变化的研究

用植物化学技术研究了3种芦荟属植物不同叶龄和不同部位叶中蒽醌类物质的含量及其变化。结果表明,被研究的芦荟属3种植物叶中主含的蒽醌类物质有：芦荟素或高那特芦荟素,芦荟宁和芦荟苦素。其中,中华芦荟和木立芦荟主含芦荟素;海莱芦荟主含高那特芦荟素。叶各部位详细分析的结果表明,蒽醌类物质在植株上部的嫩叶中的含量要高于下部老叶;同一叶中,叶尖高于叶中部,叶基含量最低;而叶缘含量高于叶的中央部分。在同一叶的横切面上,蒽醌类物质的含量在维管柬区最高,同化薄壁组织部分次之,储水组织部分最低。芦荟属植物在同一个植物体不同的叶之间,以及同一叶不同的位置间有规律的累积蒽醌类物质有重要的生物学意义。它是保证芦荟属植物在原产地的干旱和半干旱生活环境中得以良好生存的适应反应和化学防御机制。     

外源芦荟蒽醌类物质对增强UV胁迫下菠菜生长发育的影响

在人工增强紫外线辐射条件下(UV辐射光波长308nm,辐射剂量18kJ·m-2·d-1),将浓度为1mg·L-1的芦荟蒽醌类物质喷施到菠菜叶表面(喷施量50mL·m-2),研究外源芦荟蒽醌类物质在增强UV辐射条件下对菠菜生长发育的影响.结果显示:在增强UV辐射条件下,与没有喷施蒽醌类物质的菠菜相比,喷施蒽醌类物质的菠菜株高增加5.40cm,叶面积增加18.66%,干鲜比增加22.28%,总叶绿素含量高出11.33%,POD和SOD活性分别增加了54.08%和21.05%,类黄酮含量则降低了28%.上述生理生化指标和不受紫外线辐射条件下生长的菠菜发育水平接近.实验结果表明,在植物体表面喷施外源芦荟蒽醌类物质能够有效减轻UV辐射对植物的伤害.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。