棉铃虫性染色体两种分子标记的克隆及序列分析

为了建立棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera性染色体的特异性分子标记,利用RAPD-PCR技术对雌雄棉铃虫基因组DNA进行筛选,从500种随机引物中筛选到1 条引物（Operon编号为AF-18）,可扩增出1条约450 bp 的雌性特异片段。经克隆测序并合成特异引物进行验证,表明该片段为棉铃虫雌性特异分子标记,位于W染色体上。利用家蚕、果蝇等昆虫Kettin基因序列,克隆了棉铃虫的同源基因HaKettin片段,并采用荧光定量PCR技术,以棉铃虫的DH-PBAN基因为参照基因,检测棉铃虫雌雄不同个体间HaKettin基因与DH-PBAN基因的拷贝数之比,结果表明：雄体HaKettin∶DH-PBAN=1.0,雌体HaKettin∶DH-PBAN=0.5,据此推断HaKettin基因位于棉铃虫Z染色体上。     

棉铃虫细胞色素P450 CYP6B7基因的克隆与融合表达

细胞色素P450 CYP6B7被推测与棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性有关,但至今尚无CYP6B7参与杀虫剂代谢方面的直接证据。为揭示CYP6B7的代谢功能,作者以棉铃虫幼虫基因组DNA 为模板,以CYP6B7基因设计特异性引物,扩增出包含321 bp内含子的CYP6B7基因。用反向PCR的方法消除内含子,获得包含完整的CYP6B7基因的开放阅读框。将CYP6B7基因与pMAL-c2X载体连接,并转化E.coli TB1细胞,在IPTG诱导下,CYP6B7能与载体基因编码的麦芽糖结合蛋白（MBP）在大肠杆菌中融合表达,表达产物经直链淀粉（amylose） 柱亲和层析分离洗脱后,得到SDS-PAGE电泳纯的融合蛋白。     

棉铃虫成虫感觉神经元膜蛋白(SNMP)表达及其与Gqα的关系(英文)

昆虫嗅觉对昆虫的取食、求偶、寻找产卵场所、搜寻寄主或猎物至关重要。 有研究认为感觉神经元膜蛋白（SNMP）和Gq蛋白α亚基（Gqα）参与信号转导。为了阐明snmp的空间表达情况并确定Gqα是否与SNMP直接结合, 我们采用半定量RT-PCR技术对snmp在棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)成虫的触角、头、胸、腹、足、翅、喙、下颚须和下唇须的分布情况进行了研究, 并利用酵母双杂交技术对SNMP与Gqα的关系进行了研究。半定量RT-PCR研究发现, snmp不仅在棉铃虫成虫的触角中表达, 而且在喙、下颚须、下唇须及足上都有表达。利用酵母双杂交技术研究发现, Gqα 与SNMP不直接相互作用, Gqα不是SNMP的直接下游结合蛋白。这些研究结果说明,SNMP不仅参与气味识别而且也参与味觉识别; SNMP可能与气味受体（OR）形成复合物, 然后与Gqα结合, 这需要我们进一步深入的研究进行证明。     

棉铃虫P450基因CYP6AE12和CYP9A18的克隆与mRNA表达水平

采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆到2个新的棉铃虫细胞色素P450基因：CYP6AE12和CYP9A18。CYP6AE12的cDNA编码区长1 569 bp,编码523个氨基酸;CYP9A18的cDNA编码区长1 590 bp,编码530个氨基酸。用实时定量PCR技术分析了这2个基因在棉铃虫YS敏感品系和YS-FP抗性品系(由氰戊菊酯加辛硫磷混剂筛选YS品系而得) 6龄幼虫脂肪体和中肠中mRNA的表达水平。结果表明：CYP6AE12和CYP9A18的mRNA表达具有组织特异性,CYP6AE12在脂肪体中表达量较高,而CYP9A18在中肠中的表达量较高。与相对敏感品系YS相比,CYP6AE12在YS-FP抗性品系中肠和脂肪体中的mRNA表达量分别为YS品系的3.6倍和1.3倍;CYP9A18在YS-FP品系中肠和脂肪体的mRNA表达量分别为YS品系的0.3倍和1.0倍。CYP6AE12的过量表达与YS-FP品系棉铃虫的抗药性可能有一定关系。     

朱砂叶螨热激蛋白HSP70基因TCHSP70-4的克隆与表达

为了研究朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)热激蛋白HSP70的表达与其适应高温和低温胁迫的关系,我们利用物种的同源性及RACE 技术,获得朱砂叶螨热激蛋白HSP70基因1个,命名为TCHSP70-4（GenBank 登录号为EU977182）。该基因全长2 182 bp,包含1 959 bp的开放阅读框,编码653个氨基酸,理论分子量为70.9 kDa,等电点为5.4,含有HSP70家族高度保守的基序。运用real-time PCR分析冷激（4℃）和热激（40℃）1 h后TCHSP70-4在朱砂叶螨体内的表达量。结果显示冷激后TCHSP70-4表达量明显下降,而热激后TCHSP70-4表达量却明显上升。这些结果一方面表明该基因属于诱导型HSP70基因,另一方面揭示了朱砂叶螨分别受到冷和热胁迫后体内TCHSP70-4的表达及所起的保护作用是不同的。     

棉铃虫P450基因CYP9A12酵母表达产物对拟除虫菊酯的代谢作用

细胞色素P450氧化酶解毒代谢作用增强是棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂产生抗性的主要原因,棉铃虫细胞色素P450氧化酶基因CYP9A12的组成型过量表达与拟除虫菊酯抗性相关。为了进一步明确棉铃虫细胞色素P450氧化酶基因CYP9A12与拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗性的关系,采用酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae表达系统异源表达了CYP9A12基因,检测了该基因的酵母表达产物对溴氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯和联苯菊酯4种药剂的离体代谢作用。结果表明：含有CYP9A12外源基因的重组酵母细胞裂解液对溴氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯和联苯菊酯的代谢率分别为8.58,5.85和3.94 pmol/min·mg protein,而没有检测到对甲氰菊酯的代谢。本研究表明了CYP9A12具有代谢多种拟除虫菊酯的能力,也为CYP9A12参与拟除虫菊酯的解毒代谢提供了直接证据。     

家蚕核型多角体病毒egt基因的分子进化分析

过PCR方法获得家蚕核型多角体病毒（Bombyx mori nuclearpolyhedrosis virus,BmNPV）的蜕皮甾体尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖基转移酶基因（egt）片段,序列分析表明该片段带有EGT的完整ORF,推测的多肽可形成EGT结构域的高级结构。为了研究egt的起源,利用家蚕基因组数据库,电子克隆了多个家蚕尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶（UGT）基因,在此基础上进行了进化分析,表明BmNPV的EGT为antennal-enriched型UGT;推测核型多角体病毒（nucleopolyhedrivirus,NPV）和颗粒体病毒（granulovirus,GV）的egt基因在进化上来源于昆虫的UGT基因,但GV的egt基因在进化上的起源可能要早于NPV的egt基因;可能在昆虫祖先种进化形成不同昆虫目的某一时期,杆状病毒的祖先种从昆虫中获得了antennal-enriched型UGT基因,并进化为egt基因。家蚕的部分UGT基因与转座子元件连锁的基因组结构特点反映了杆状病毒的egt基因可能通过转座子的传递而获得。     

蛋白质组学技术的发展及其在昆虫中的应用

蛋白质组学在模式昆虫中的应用随着这些模式昆虫全基因序列先后完成而相继展开。蛋白组学作为一门有效而直观的研究整体蛋白质的方法,在非模式昆虫中应用也非常广泛。蛋白质组学在模式昆虫中主要应用于黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster、家蚕Bombyx mori、冈比亚按蚊Anopheles gambiae、意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera中;在非模式昆虫中主要应用在各种昆虫的生理、药剂毒理和化学生态学研究中。     

谢氏宽漠王β-actin基因cDNA克隆、序列分析及表达量检测

β-actin是actin家族的一员,在维持细胞结构、运动和分裂等细胞生理活动方面发挥着重要作用,是基因定量实验中最常用的内参之一。本实验采用同源克隆和RACE技术扩增得到谢氏宽漠王Mantichorula semenowi β-actin基因。序列分析结果表明,该基因cDNA全长1 372 bp,开放阅读框长1 131 bp,编码376个氨基酸,5′和3′末端非翻译区域(UTR)分别为66 bp和175 bp;该序列与其他动物β-actin基因核苷酸序列具有96%～99%高度同源性。β-actin表达量检测结果显示热激后不同恢复时间其表达量无明显变化,且与未经热激处理的对照相比无显著差异。表明β-actin是研究受外界环境胁迫作用下昆虫体内不同基因表达水平的可靠内参基因。     

感染稻水象甲的Wolbachia基因组中插入序列的鉴定与分析

共生细菌Wolbachia对宿主的生殖起多种调控作用。以往研究表明, Wolbachia基因组中广泛存在插入序列(insertion sequence, IS), 它们对宿主基因组的可塑性、 多样性和进化起重要作用。稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel在东亚是一种外来水稻害虫, 在原产地北美营两性生殖, 而在所有入侵地均营孤雌生殖。本研究采用PCR法从河北唐海孤雌生殖型稻水象甲体内克隆获得了Wolbachia的2条IS序列, 即ISWosp4和ISWosp6; 从美国德克萨斯州两性生殖型稻水象甲成虫体内克隆获得了Wolbachia的2条IS序列, 即ISWosp3和ISWosp5。碱基序列比对显示: ISWosp3和ISWosp4属于IS3家族IS3组成员, ISWosp5为IS4家族IS231组成员, ISWosp6为IS5家族IS1031组成员。对这些IS的ORF结构、 所编码氨基酸序列的结构等进行了分析, 推测ISWosp5具有潜在转座活性。所得结果增进了我们对Wolbachia IS3, IS4和IS5家族插入序列的认识, 同时为今后从IS的角度探讨Wolbachia与稻水象甲生殖的关系奠定了基础。     

A candidate olfactory receptor subtype highly conserved across different insect orders

Candidate olfactory receptors of the moth Heliothis virescens were found to be extremely diverse from receptors of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster and the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, but there is one exception. The moth receptor type HR2 shares a rather high degree of sequence identity with one olfactory receptor type both from Drosophila (Dor83b) and from Anopheles (AgamGPRor7); moreover, in contrast to all other receptors, this unique receptor type is expressed in numerous antennal neurons. Here we describe the identification of HR2 homologues in two further lepidopteran species, the moths Antheraea pernyi and Bombyx mori, which share 86-88% of their amino acids. In addition, based on RT-PCR experiments HR2 homologues were discovered in antennal cDNA of the honey bee (Apis mellifera; Hymenoptera), the blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala; Diptera) and the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor; Coleoptera). Comparison of all HR2-related receptors revealed a high degree of sequence conservation across insect orders. In situ hybridization of antennal sections from the bee and the blowfly support the notion that HR2-related receptors are generally expressed in a very large number of antennal cells. This, together with the high degree of conservation suggests that this unique receptor subtype may fulfill a special function in chemosensory neurons of insects.     

The cloning of one putative octopamine receptor and two putative serotonin receptors from the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta

Serotonin and octopamine (OA) are biogenic amines that are active throughout the nervous systems of insects, affecting sensory processing, information coding and behavior. As an initial step towards understanding the modulatory roles of these amines in olfactory processing we cloned two putative serotonin receptors (Ms5HT1A and Ms5HT1B) and one putative OA (MsOAR) receptor from the moth Manduca sexta. Ms5HT1A and Ms5HT1B were both similar to 5HT1-type receptors but differed from each other in their N-terminus and 3rd cytoplasmic loop. Ms5HT1A was nearly identical to a serotonin receptor from Heliothis virescens and Ms5HT1B was almost identical to a serotonin receptor from Bombyx mori. The sequences for homologs of Ms5HT1A from B. mori and Ms5HT1B from H. virescens were also obtained, suggesting that the Lepidoptera likely have at least two serotonin receptors. The MsOAR shares significant sequence homology with pharmacologically characterized OA receptors, but less similarity to putative OA/tyramine receptors from the moths B. mori and H. virescens. Using the MsOAR sequence, fragments encoding putative OA receptors were obtained from B. mori and H. virescens, suggesting that MsOAR is the first OA receptor cloned from a lepidopteran.     

Improving the odorant sensitivity of olfactory receptor-expressing yeast with accessory proteins

Olfaction depends on the selectivity and sensitivity of olfactory receptors. Previous attempts at constructing a mammalian olfactory receptor-based artificial odorant sensing system in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae suffered from low sensitivity and activity. This result may be at least in part due to poor functional expression of olfactory receptors and/or limited solubility of some odorants in the medium. In this study, we examined the effects of two types of accessory proteins, receptor transporting protein 1 short and odorant binding proteins, in improving odor-mediated activation of olfactory receptors expressed in yeast. We found that receptor transporting protein 1 short enhanced the membrane expression and ligand-induced responses of some olfactory receptors. Coexpression of odorant binding proteins of the silkworm moth Bombyx mori enhanced the sensitivity of a mouse olfactory receptor. Our results suggest that different classes of accessory proteins can confer sensitive and robust responses of olfactory receptors expressed in yeast. Inclusion of accessory proteins may be essential in the future development of practical olfactory receptor-based odorant sensors.     

欧洲型舞毒蛾气味受体基因OrCo的克隆及序列分析

【目的】克隆欧洲型舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar Linnaeus的OrCo气味受体基因,并分析其序列特征,为进一步研究舞毒蛾嗅觉机制提供有益参考。【方法】本研究利用RT-PCR和RACE方法,克隆获得欧洲型舞毒蛾OrCo受体基因cDNA全长序列,将该基因命名为LdisOrCo,在GenBank中的登录号为KF482409。【结果】序列分析结果显示,LdisOrCo开放阅读框全长为1 311 bp,编码436个氨基酸,序列中有7个跨膜区和高度保守的C端区域。序列联配分析表明,LdisOrCo基因的氨基酸序列与近缘种灰翅夜蛾(Spodoptera littoralis Or83b)的同源性高达89%,与鞘翅目台湾黑金龟(Holotrichia plumbea Or83b)同源性高达64%,与已经报道的其他昆虫的嗅觉受体同源性都在60%以上,特别是在C端几乎完全一致。【结论】嗅觉受体OrCo(Olfactory receptor coreceptor)在不同昆虫体内高度保守,克隆欧洲型舞毒蛾OrCo基因可以为进一步研究舞毒蛾气味受体的功能,OrCo基因的进化以及揭秘嗅觉机制奠定基础。     

蛾类昆虫性信息素受体及其作用机理

蛾类昆虫性信息素受体首先从烟芽夜蛾Heliothis virescens和家蚕Bombyx mori中鉴定出来, 到目前为止已经克隆得到了19种蛾类昆虫的几十种性信息素受体基因, 并且这些基因在系统发育树中聚成一个亚群。性信息素受体从蛾类蛹期开始表达, 主要表达在雄性触角的毛形感器中, 少部分受体在雌性触角、 雄性触角其他感器以及身体其他部位中也有表达。大部分蛾类性信息素受体的配体并不是单一的, 而是能够对多种性信息素组分有反应, 部分性信息素受体还能够识别性信息素以外的其他物质, 还有一部分性信息素受体的识别配体目前尚不清楚。另外发现在雌性蛾类触角中也存在一些嗅觉受体能够识别雄性分泌的性信息素。在蛾类性信息素受体与性信息素识别的过程中, 性信息素结合蛋白不仅能够特异性地运送配体到嗅觉神经元树状突上, 还能够提高性信息素与性信息素受体之间的结合效率。另外, OrCo类受体与性信息素受体共表达在嗅觉神经元中, 在蛾类性信息素受体与配体的识别过程中扮演了重要角色。但是蛾类信息素对神经元刺激的终止并非由性信息素受体控制, 而是由细胞中的气味降解酶等其他因子调控。蛾类性信息素受体研究中还有很多疑问需要解答, 其过程可能比我们想象的更为复杂。     

瓜实蝇嗅觉受体基因的克隆及表达谱分析

昆虫的嗅觉受体是一个高度变异的蛋白家族, 其中一类Or83b嗅觉受体在不同昆虫体内高度保守, 在昆虫的行为调控过程中起到十分重要的作用。为进一步探讨Or83b受体的功能, 本研究利用RT-PCR和RACE方法克隆获得瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) Or83b-like受体的全长cDNA序列, 命名为BcucOr83b-like（GenBank登录号： HM745934）。测序结果表明, BcucOr83b-like开放阅读框全长1 422 bp,编码473个氨基酸残基。氨基酸序列比对表明, 此序列具有Or83b受体的典型特征, 序列中具有7个跨膜区和高度保守的C端区域。BcucOr83b-like与其他昆虫的Or83b具有较高的氨基酸序列一致性, 其中与桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendel）Or83b的序列一致性高达99.6%。对该基因在瓜实蝇成虫不同组织和发育时期表达量的荧光定量PCR分析表明, BcucOr83b-like主要在瓜实蝇成虫触角中表达, 头部（去除触角）、 雌虫前足和翅中也有较高的表达; 瓜实蝇在各个发育时期的表达水平不同, 在刚羽化雌成虫中的表达量最高。本研究为深入研究瓜实蝇Or83b受体的功能提供了理论依据。     

Cloning and expression pattern of a putative octopamine/tyramine receptor in antennae of the noctuid moth <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mamestra brassicae</Emphasis>

In insects, biogenic amines have been shown to play an important role in olfactory plasticity. In a first attempt to decipher the underlying molecular mechanisms, we report the molecular cloning and precise expression pattern of a newly identified octopamine/tyramine-receptor-encoding gene in the antennae of the noctuid moth Mamestra brassicae (MbraOAR/TAR). A full-length cDNA has been obtained through homology cloning in combination with rapid amplification of cDNA ends/polymerase chain reaction; the deduced protein exhibits high identities with previously identified octopamine/tyramine receptors in other moths. In situ hybridization within the antennae has revealed that MbraOAR/TAR is expressed at the bases of both pheromone-sensitive and non-sensitive olfactory sensilla and in cells with a neurone-like shape. In accordance with previous physiological studies that have revealed a role of biogenic amines in the electrical activity of the receptor neurones, our results suggest that biogenic amines (either octopamine or tyramine) target olfactory receptor neurones to modulate olfactory coding as early as the antennal level.     

棉铃虫普通气味受体基因HarmOR9和HarmOR29的克隆和组织表达分析

【目的】对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 2个普通气味受体基因的cDNA全长进行分析,明确这两个普通气味受体基因在不同组织中的表达分布,为进一步的功能研究奠定基础。【方法】利用PCR结合RACE技术克隆棉铃虫两条普通气味受体基因的cDNA全长;利用不同的生物信息学软件对序列进行结构预测、序列比对和进化树分析;利用半定量RT-PCR检测其在棉铃虫成虫不同组织中的表达。【结果】获得两条棉铃虫气味受体基因的全长序列,并命名为HarmOR9和HarmOR29（GenBank登录号分别为KJ188252和KJ188253）。序列分析显示,HarmOR9全长1 206 bp,编码401个氨基酸;HarmOR29全长1 188 bp,编码395个氨基酸。选择已报道的鳞翅目昆虫烟青虫Heliothis assulta、家蚕Bombyx mori、烟芽夜蛾Heliothis virescens和棉铃虫的气味受体与本实验克隆得到的两个气味受体基因的编码产物进行序列比对和进化树分析,结果显示这两个气味受体与性信息素受体区别明显,并与其他普通气味受体聚类在一起。半定量RT-PCR的结果显示HarmOR9与HarmOR29都主要在触角中高表达且无雌雄间差异,HarmOR29在其他组织中均不表达;而HarmOR9在雄虫下唇须中有微量表达,在其他组织中均不表达。【结论】本研究从棉铃虫中克隆得到2个气味受体基因HarmOR9和HarmOR29的cDNA全长,其编码产物具有气味受体的典型特征并且属于普通气味受体。明确了这两个气味受体基因都在棉铃虫成虫的触角中高表达,且无雌雄差异,推测其可能参与了棉铃虫普通气味的识别过程。     

Cloning and expression of fat body hexamerin receptor and its identification in other hexamerin sequestering tissue of rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica

Selective receptor mediated uptake is a widely prevalent mechanism in insects by which important macromolecules are acquired. Among the various proteins sequestered by the insect fat body, the larval hexamerins form the major group. In the present work full length cDNA (2.6 kb) of hexamerin receptor with an ORF of 2.4 kb was cloned from the larval fat body of rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica. This was followed by the recombinant expression of truncated N-terminal sequence of putative hexamerin receptor and the confirmation of the expressed recombinant protein as the truncated hexamerin receptor by ligand blot analysis. Apart from this we also analyzed other hexamerin sequestering tissues like salivary gland, male accessory reproductive gland and ovary for the presence of hexamerin receptor. We found that the receptor in these tissues was similar in size and mode of activation to that of fat body hexamerin receptor, thus cementing the fact that identical hexamerin receptors are present in all the hexamerin sequestering tissues in the rice moth.     

Cloning and characterization of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide receptor gene in Spodoptera littoralis larvae

In noctuid moths cuticular pigmentation is regulated by the pyrokinin/pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PK/PBAN) family, which also mediates a variety of other functions in moths and other insects. Numerous studies have shown that these neuropeptides exert their functions through activation of the PBAN receptor (PBAN-R), with subsequent Ca(2+) influx, followed by either activation of cAMP or direct activation of downstream kinases. Recently, several PBAN-Rs have been identified, all of which are from the pheromone gland of adult female moths, but evidence shows that functional PK/PBAN-Rs can also be expressed in insect larvae, where they mediate melanization and possibly other functions (e.g., diapause). Here, we identified a gene encoding a G-protein-coupled receptor from the 5th instar larval tissue of the moth Spodoptera littoralis. The cDNA of this gene contains an open reading frame with a length of 1050 nucleotides, which translates to a 350-amino acid, 42-kDa protein that shares 92% amino acid identity with Helicoverpa zea and Helicoverpa armigera PBAN-R, 81% with Bombyx mori PBAN-R and 72% with Plutella xylostella PBAN-R. The S. littoralis PBAN-R gene was stably expressed in NIH3T3 cells and transiently in HEK293 cells. We show that it mediates the dose-dependent PBAN-induced intracellular Ca(2+) response and activation of the MAP kinase via a PKC-dependent but Galphai-independent signaling mechanism. Other PK/PBAN family peptides (pheromonotropin and a C-terminally PBAN-derived peptide PBAN(28-33)NH(2)) also triggered MAP kinase activation. This receptor, together with the previously cloned PBAN-R, may facilitate our understanding of the cell-specific responses and functional diversities of this diverse neuropeptide family.