适合于悬浮培养的枇杷愈伤组织诱导及状态调控

以枇杷不同品种和不同器官为外植体,通过对愈伤组织诱导率、诱导状态、熊果酸（UA）和齐墩果酸（OA）含量的综合考虑,筛选适合于悬浮培养的枇杷愈伤组织,并通过调整2,4-D、6-BA浓度,同时加入酸水解酪蛋白（CH）、谷氨酰胺（Gln）、KCl等物质对花丝愈伤组织状态进行调控。结果表明：枇杷‘早钟6号’幼胚诱导的愈伤组织最适用于枇杷悬浮培养,愈伤诱导率为83.70%,愈伤组织嫩黄、疏松、颗粒明显,UA、OA含量分别为6.90、2.34 mg/g dw。在MS中附加2,4-D 6.0 mg/L、6-BA 0.8 mg/L、CH 200 mg/L、KCl 500 mg/L,花丝诱导的坚硬愈伤出现细软、嫩黄的愈伤组织,但多次继代后水渍化,状态不佳。     

Clomazone对中国红豆杉细胞培养的影响

以中国红豆杉（Taxus chinensis）悬浮细胞为材料,研究了Clomazone（广灭灵）对培养细胞生长及紫杉醇和糊胡萝卜素合成的影响。探讨紫杉醇生物合成途径人工调控的方法。结果表明在细胞培养第20d加终浓度为20mg/L的Clomazone,对细胞生长影响较小,紫杉醇含量最高,达4263μg/L,约为对照的3倍。Clomazone可以抑制红豆杉细胞类胡萝卜素的合成,其对紫杉醇产量的提高可能与其抑制类胡萝卜素的合成有关。Clomazone与Methyl jasmorale (MJ)及Chloroholine chloride（CCC）对紫杉醇含量的提高有协同作用。     

NO和茉莉酸甲酯对黄芩悬浮细胞生长及黄芩苷合成的影响

以硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside, SNP)为一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)的供体, 向黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis)悬浮培养细胞系中添加SNP和茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate, MJ), 考察这两种诱导子在不同的添加时间、添加浓度及混合配比使用对黄芩悬浮细胞系生长和黄芩苷含量的影响。研究结果表明：低浓度的外源NO有利于细胞的生长, 但对黄芩苷积累无作用, 而MJ有利于黄芩苷的合成, 但抑制细胞生长,且两者的适用浓度范围和添加时间存在差异。在细胞培养初期(0天)添加0.05 mmol.L-1 SNP, 而在细胞生长对数中期(8天)添加10 μmol.L-1的MJ, 细胞鲜重可达到对照的1.2倍, 黄芩苷总量达到对照的2.96倍。     

NO和茉莉酸甲酯对黄芩悬浮细胞生长及黄芩苷合成的影响

以硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)为一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)的供体,向黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis)悬浮培养细胞系中添加SNP和茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MJ),考察这两种诱导子在不同的添加时间、添加浓度及混合配比使用对黄芩悬浮细胞系生长和黄芩苷含量的影响。研究结果表明：低浓度的外源NO有利于细胞的生长,但对黄芩苷积累无作用,而MJ有利于黄芩苷的合成,但抑制细胞生长,且两者的适用浓度范围和添加时间存在差异。在细胞培养初期(0天)添加0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SNP,而在细胞生长对数中期(8天)添加10μmol·L~(-1)的MJ,细胞鲜重可达到对照的1.2倍,黄芩苷总量达到对照的2.96倍。     

红豆杉细胞培养的研究

从红豆杉（Ｔａｘｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｐｉｌｇ）Ｒｅｈｄ）的嫩茎及针叶诱导的出愈伤组织,对愈伤组织培养及细胞悬浮培养进行了研究,利用ＨＰＬＣ方法测定它们合成紫杉醇的能力,发现了能够提高培养细胞生长速率及紫杉醇含量的一些因子,红豆杉愈伤组织及悬浮培养细胞的生长速率已分别达到０．２５ｇ／Ｌ．ｄ和０．２８ｇ／Ｌ．ｄ。而他们的紫杉醇含量分别是０．００２６％和０．０１２％。     

茉莉酸甲酯与水杨酸对肉苁蓉悬浮细胞中苯乙醇甙合成的影响

向肉苁蓉悬浮细胞培养系中添加茉莉酸甲酯(MJ)和水杨酸(SA) ,分别考察了这两种诱导子的添加浓度及添加时间对肉苁蓉悬浮细胞系中苯乙醇甙含量的影响。研究结果表明:MJ和SA能够促进肉苁蓉悬浮细胞系中苯乙醇甙(PeG)和松果菊甙(Echinacoside)的合成,但两者的适用的浓度范围和最佳添加时间存在差异。与未经诱导子处理的细胞培养结果相比,MJ在对数生长初期(培养14d) ,添加浓度为5 μmol L条件下,可使肉苁蓉悬浮细胞系中PeG含量提高2 5 9倍,Echin含量提高3 82倍;而SA在对数生长后期(培养2 8d) ,添加浓度为5 0 μmol L条件下,可使PeG含量提高2 71倍,Echin含量提高3 16倍。     

诱导子对藏红花悬浮培养细胞生产藏红花色素的影响

考察壳聚糖（chitosan）、壳寡糖（chitosanoligosaccharides,COS）、茉莉酸甲酯（methyljasmonate,MJ）、水杨酸（salicylicacid,SA）和Cu2＋等诱导子对藏红花悬浮培养细胞生长和藏红花色素合成的影响。结果表明：在实验考察浓度范围内,壳寡糖（1～500mg／L）和较低浓度壳聚糖（≤10mrdL）、MJ（≤10μmol／L）、SA（≤10μμmol／L）和Cu2＋（≤1μmoL／L）对细胞生长无显著影响;较高浓度壳聚糖（≥100mg／L）、MJ（≥100μmol／L）、SA（≥100μmoL／L）和cu“（≥10μmoL／L）显著抑制细胞生长。5种诱导子对藏红花色素合成的诱导效果不同,并且与诱导子作用浓度和添加时间有关。MJ诱导效果最好,在细胞培养第0天添加终浓度100仙moL／LMJ,藏红花色素含量（以1克干细胞计）达到28．57mg,比对照提高177．9％。其次是cu“,在细胞培养第4天添加终浓度500μmoL／LCu2＋,色素含量达到19．82mg,比对照提高108．2％。再次是壳聚糖和壳寡糖,在细胞培养第14天分别添加终质量浓度100mg／L壳聚糖和壳寡糖,色素含量分别达到18．33和17．39mg,比对照提高69．1％和69．0％。最后是SA,在细胞培养第14天添加终浓度10μmoL／LSA,色素含量达到14．65mg,比对照提高45．4％。     

水分胁迫对小麦幼苗及悬浮培养细胞中诱导蛋白表达的影响

丰抗8号小麦幼苗及成熟胚诱导的悬浮培养细胞在水分胁迫（－1．0MPa PEG6000）下,可溶性蛋白含量与蛋白组分变化有差异,幼苗可溶性蛋白含量高于对照,并随生长的延长呈降低趋势;悬浮培养细胞可溶性蛋白含量低于对照,且略有上升;复水后均可恢复对照水平,SDS－PAGE电泳及薄层扫描分析结果表明,幼苗受水分胁迫诱导,出现44．2kD蛋白亚基,该蛋白亚基含量可随胁迫时间延长上升,复水后消失,在正常条件下悬浮培养细胞中含有44．2kD蛋白亚基表达,轻度胁迫处理时,该蛋白亚基含量上升,对悬浮培养细胞进行水分胁迫,该蛋白则表现下降趋势,复水后又可上升。     

云南红豆杉细胞的悬浮培养

在云南红豆杉细胞悬浮培养中,适宜的培养基为B5,接种量为0．5～0．8g干重细胞／100ml培养基,2,4－D浓度为1．0mg／L;培养细胞的生长周期约30d;培养基中较高浓度的蔗糖（40g／L）可提高紫杉醇含量;添加的椰子汁（CM）、酪蛋白氨基酸（C）和水解乳蛋白（LH）3种有机添加剂均能提高培养细胞中紫杉醇的含量,但只有CM和CA能促进细胞的生长。于B5培养基中添加不同浓度的NH4NO3对培养细胞无明显影响。     

太子参细胞悬浮培养及其皂苷含量分析

以太子参的幼叶为外植体,诱导培养获得太子参愈伤组织,并通过细胞悬浮培养获取皂苷.结果表明：用MS＋BA 0.2 mg L^-1＋2,4-D 1.0 mg L^-1＋KT 1.0 mgL^-1液体培养基可获得大量繁殖速度快、生长均匀一致的悬浮细胞.由细胞悬浮培养获得的太子参皂苷的HPLC色谱峰值与常规种植及组培苗的相同,但纯度较好.细胞悬浮培养约30 d时,每克干重细胞的培养液内可提取总皂苷量为2.13-2.92 mg,略低于大田常规种植所收获的每克干重太子参块根内的总皂苷含量（3.6-4.3 mg）,与组培苗收获的太子参块根内的总皂苷含量相近.     

Salvia suspension cultures as production systems for oleanolic and ursolic acid

Oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) are triterpenic acids with diverse biological activities that are of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. To investigate the scope for producing these compound using cell suspension cultures of Salvia species, calli from Salvia officinalis, S. virgata and S. fruticosa were induced using several plant growth regulator combinations. Eleven lines were selected for suspension induction from a pool of calli. Six suspension cultures were established successfully and cultivated in the respiration activity monitoring system (RAMOS^®) to obtain online data on their growth kinetics and to establish appropriate sampling schedules for the determination of their OA and UA production. Based on their observed growth behaviour, OA and UA contents, and aggregation properties, one suspension culture from each studied Salvia species was selected for further optimisation. The µ_max values for these suspension cultures ranged from 0.20 to 0.37 day^?1, their OA and UA contents were greater than 1.3 and 1.2 mg g^?1, respectively, and they afforded maximum volumetric yields of 21.0 mg l^?1 for OA and 32.8 mg l^?1 for UA. These results will be useful in the development of a refined Salvia suspension-based process for OA and UA production.     

Antimutagenicity of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid against doxorubicin-induced clastogenesis in Balb/c mice

Ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) are triterpenoid compounds found in food, medicinal herbs and various other plants in free form or bound to glycosides. Both substances are known for their antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antiviral and cytotoxic activities. In the present study, we evaluated the antimutagenic potential of UA and OA using the micronucleus test in peripheral blood and bone marrow of Balb/c mice. The animals were divided into 10 treatment groups: mice treated with UA (80 mg/kg b.w.); OA (80 mg/kg b.w.); a mixture of UA and OA (80 mg/kg b.w.); the antineoplastic agent doxorubicin (DXR, 90 mg/kg b.w.); DMSO and DXR; UA and DXR; OA and DXR; UA, OA and DXR, and negative and solvent controls. UA, OA and a mixture of UA and OA were administered to the animals by gavage, followed by the intraperitoneal injection of DXR. The results showed a significant reduction in micronucleus frequency in the groups concomitantly treated with the triterpenoid compounds and DXR compared to that treated with DXR alone. The present results demonstrate the antimutagenic activity of UA and OA under the experimental conditions used in this study.     

Protective effects of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid in leukemic cells

Ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) have similar chemical structures but differ in the position of one methyl group on the ring E. We investigated protective effects of these two triterpenoic acids against H₂O₂-induced DNA damage in leukemic L1210, K562 and HL-60 cells using single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). We compared their protective effects (antioxidant activities) with respect to the different position of the methyl group in their chemical structures. After 24 h pre-treatment of cells both compounds investigated inhibited significantly the incidence of DNA single strand breaks induced by H₂O₂. The concentration range of UA and OA was in all experiments 2.5–10 μmol/l. The antioxidant activity of OA determined by SCGE was significantly higher compared to UA in L1210 (⁺P < 0.05) and K562 cells (⁺⁺⁺P < 0.001). Significant difference of the antioxidant activities of the two compounds was evidently connected with the different position of the methyl group. The protective effect of OA was in HL-60 cells slightly lower compared to the activity of UA, but the difference between the protective effects of UA and OA was not significant. In conclusion we can say that both natural pentacyclic triterpenoic acids investigated, UA and OA, manifested potent antioxidant effects. The different position of one methyl group in their chemical structures caused moderately different biological activities of these compounds on three leukemic cell lines. To explore their mechanisms of action further investigation seems to be therefore worthwhile.     

一种测定女贞子中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的新方法

为建立一种加速溶剂萃取-毛细管区带电泳测定女贞子中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的新方法.考察了萃取温度、萃取时间和萃取次数对目标物萃取效率的影响,并考察了硼砂浓度,β-环糊精浓度、pH及甲醇浓度对目标物分离的影响.结果表明:(1)萃取温度和萃取次数影响目标物的萃取效率,而萃取时间的影响很小;萃取压力影响萃取过程的重现性.(2)优化的萃取条件为:萃取压力6.9 MPa,萃取温度100℃,萃取时间5 min和萃取次数2次.(3)优化的缓冲体系为:40 mmol/L硼砂,1 mmol/Lβ-环糊精,pH 9.5及6%甲醇.(4)齐墩果酸和熊果酸分别在10~200、10~160 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.996,检测限分别为3.2 mg/L和3.0 mg/L,加标回收率为93%~97%.对比了加速溶剂萃取、索氏提取以及超声提取的提取效率.(5)不同提取方法比较结果表明,加速溶剂萃取的提取效率与索氏提取法接近,但高于超声提取;加速溶剂萃取法的主要优点是消耗提取溶剂量少,提取时间短,样品用量小.     

Biomass segregation in sage cell suspension culture

The biomass of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) cell suspension culture was composed of single cells and cell aggregates. The development of aggregated cell culture from a single-cell suspension was monitored by particle size distribution for four particle size classes. Particle size distribution was compared between the biomass grown in bioreactor and shake flasks. The size of the particles had a strong influence on content of secondary metabolite, ursolic acid (UA). The single cell biomass fraction accumulated up to 7.7 mg UA g^–1 DW which was up to 50 times higher compared to aggregated biomass fractions.     

Inhibition of cytochrome P450 activities by oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in human liver microsomes

Oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA), triterpene acids having numerous pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and hepato-protective effects, were tested for their ability to modulate the activities of several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes using human liver microsomes. OA competitively inhibited CYP1A2-catalyzed phenacetin O-deethylation and CYP3A4-catalyzed midazolam 1-hydroxylation, the major human drug metabolizing CYPs, with IC50 (Ki) values of 143.5 (74.2) microM and 78.9 (41.0) microM, respectively. UA competitively inhibited CYP2C19-catalyzed S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation with an IC50 (Ki) value of 119.7 (80.3) microM. However, other CYPs tested showed no or weak inhibition by both OA and UA. The present study demonstrates that OA and UA have inhibitory effects on CYP isoforms using human liver microsomes. It is thus likely that consumption of herbal medicines containing OA or UA, or administration of OA or UA, can cause drug interactions in humans when used concomitantly with drugs that are metabolized primarily by CYP isoforms. In addition, it appears that the inhibitory effect of OA on CYP1A2 is, in part, related to its anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.     

Involvement of phospholipase A2 in the release of silymarin to the culture medium of Silybum marianum cell suspensions

In suspension cell cultures of Silybum marianum, methyl jasmonate (MJ) stimulated the accumulation and release of silymarin (Sm) to the culture medium. This study shows that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) plays a role in the release of Sm in elicited cultures. PLA2 activity increased in cell suspensions treated with MJ. Addition of aristolochic acid (AA) or bromoenol lactone (BEL) compounds that inhibit PLA2 activity impeded silymarin release. The addition of linoleic or linolenic acid reversed the inhibitory action of AA. Fatty acids (FAs) stimulated Sm release when added alone to control cultures. By contrast, oleic acid and saturated FA were ineffective in emulating MJ action.     

A preliminary investigation of ursolic acid in cell suspension culture of Salvia officinalis

Callus and suspension cultures of two genotypes and two morphological forms (friable and compact) were established on MS medium supplemented with 10.47 μM NAA and 4.5 μM BA. Biomass increase in 14-day-culture was calculated and ursolic acid (UA) content was determined by HPLC and MS. The growth rate and UA accumulation was found to be significant in the two genotypes. The compact biomass of both genotypes demonstrated a much slower growth rate and a lower UA accumulation than the friable biomasses. The accumulation of UA in suspension culture was constant in time when derived from the friable callus but it declined, when derived from the compact callus. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Modulation of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens by oleanolic acid and ursolic acid

Antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens is a serious problem for human and veterinary medicine, which necessitates the development of novel therapeutics and antimicrobial strategies. Some plant-derived compounds, e.g. pentacyclic triterpenoids such as oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA), have potential as a new class of antibacterial agents as they are active against many bacterial species, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative, and specifically target the cell envelope. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of OA and UA on the susceptibility of four bacterial pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) to the β-lactam antibiotics ampicillin (Ap) and oxacillin (Ox). Antimicrobial assays were conducted with bacteria growing in liquid suspension cultures (planktonic cells) or as biofilms. Using FICI value estimation and the time-kill method it was demonstrated that in some combinations, the tested compounds acted in synergy to lower the susceptibility of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and L. monocytogenes to ampicillin and oxacillin, but no synergy was observed for P. aeruginosa. These results indicate that OA and UA may be useful when administered in combination with β-lactam antibiotics to combat bacterial infections caused by some Gram-positive pathogens.