解淀粉芽孢杆菌NK10.BAhjaWT抑真菌作用的研究

芽孢杆菌属以多产抗菌素闻名.通过筛选几十株不同来源的芽孢杆菌,获得1株具有强抑真菌活性的芽孢杆菌.经过16S rDNA检测与Biolog分析,确定此株菌为解淀粉芽孢杆菌.本实验对摇瓶发酵的条件进行了优化,经过对发酵上清液硫酸铵盐析、透析,真空冷冻干燥获得粗提蛋白.并对粗蛋白的热稳定性、pH稳定性、抗蛋白酶水解能力、离子稳定性以及抑真菌谱进行了研究,最后使用扫描电镜对抑真菌机制进行了探索.     

远志内生真菌抑菌活性筛选

从10月份采集的栽培和野生远志(Polygala tenuifolia Willd) 的根、茎、叶中分离内生真菌85株, 其中自栽培远志分离33株, 野生远志分离52株, 共鉴定76株, 隶属于23个属。通过对14种指示菌进行生长抑制试验, 发现远志内生真菌对枯草芽孢杆菌、宋内氏痢疾杆菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌和九州镰孢霉等5种指示菌抑制效果较好。经鉴定, 它们属于镰孢霉属, 交链孢霉属, Aphanocladium等属, 对单核细胞增生李斯特菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、普通变形杆菌、致病性大肠埃希氏菌、小孢拟盘多毛     

杜仲内生真菌的抑菌活性筛选

以金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌为测试菌种。对杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)根、茎、叶中分离出的20株内生真菌及其次生代谢物进行抗菌活性筛选。结果表明：有15个菌株至少对1种实验细菌具有抑菌活性,19株的代谢产物至少对1种实验细菌具有抑菌活性,其中有3株内生真菌及其次生代谢产物对测试病原细菌均有较强抑制作用。     

拮抗枯草芽孢杆菌KC-5的分离鉴定及其发酵优化

为了筛选出对植物病原菌具有拮抗作用的生物防治细菌,采用平板对峙法从蔬菜根际土壤中分离获得一株对多种病原真菌具有抑制作用的枯草芽孢杆菌,并对抑制后的病原菌菌丝进行了观察,结果表明该菌株对尖孢镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌、层出镰刀菌以及腐皮镰刀菌均具有抑菌活性。通过形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rRNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),并对其发酵培养基进行了优化。     

艾纳香内生真菌粉红粘帚霉抗菌次生代谢产物

植物内生真菌一直是发现结构新颖、活性广泛的化合物的重要宝库。文中对一株艾纳香内生真菌粉红粘帚霉Clonostachysrosea进行化学研究,通过活性跟踪手段,结合硅胶柱色谱、凝胶色谱、以及半制备液相色谱技术从该菌株的发酵提取物中共分离获得6个单体化合物,经波谱学技术结合质谱鉴定其分别为verticillin A (1)、(S)-(+)-fusarinolic acid (2)、8-hydroxyfusaric acid (3)、cerebroside C (4)、3-Maleimide-5-oxime (5)以及bionectriol A(6)。所有化合物进行了体外抗大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌以及铜绿假单胞菌4株细菌的活性评价,其中1、4和6对3株细菌表现出显著的抑菌活性,MIC值2–16μg/mL。研究结果为从黎药植物艾纳香的内生真菌中寻找新型抗生素提供重要参考。     

野生黄芩内生真菌的分离鉴定及抗菌活性筛选

从野生黄芩的根、茎、叶中分离出97株内生真菌, 其中33株来自生长期植株, 64株来自成熟期植株。经分类鉴定, 隶属于38个属, 优势属为Alternaria, 成熟期的属种多样性高于生长期。将其中的95株内生真菌对14种指示菌进行抑菌试验, 发现其中91株内生真菌对一种或多种指示菌具有抑菌活性, 占分离菌株总数的95.8%。野生黄芩内生真菌对大肠杆菌CGMCC1.1103、枯草芽孢杆菌CGMCC1.769、蜡样芽孢杆菌ATCC1361、致病性大肠埃希氏菌ATCC49105、白色假丝酵母ATCC10231、小孢拟盘多毛孢CNUMB2PM01等6个指示菌菌株抑菌效果较好; 对单核细胞增生李斯特菌ATCC27708、普通变形杆菌ATCC33420、肠炎沙门氏菌ATCC14208、副溶血型弧菌ATCC27519、宋内氏痢疾杆菌ATCC51060、九州镰孢霉CNUMB2FK01等6个指示菌菌株抑菌效果较差; 对深红酵母CGMCC2.282和金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC12600没有抑制作用。     

河南太行红豆杉产紫杉醇内生真菌的筛选

目的：筛选出高产紫杉醇的内生菌株,为发酵生产紫杉醇提供菌种。方法：从不同来源的红豆杉根、茎、叶中分别分离内生真菌,并对其进行发酵,用HPLC法对菌丝体和发酵液中的紫杉醇含量进行检测,获得高产菌株。结果：获得54株产紫杉醇的内生真菌,其中根、茎、叶分别为29株、16株、9株。根、茎、叶三部位产紫杉醇菌株的平均产量分别为248.57μg/L、149.09μg/L、104.94μg/L;其中一株产量高达622.75μg/L。结论：从野生红豆杉的根部分离内生真菌效果较好,并获得了一株高产菌株。     

枯草芽孢杆菌产胞苷的初步研究

目的:通过对野生型枯草芽孢杆菌NO122的诱变筛选,选育出胞苷产生菌株。方法:以野生型枯草芽孢杆菌为出发菌株进行紫外线、硫酸二乙酯诱变,经3-脱杂氮尿嘧啶、5-氟胞苷结构类似物平板定向筛选产胞苷突变株;研究碳源、氮源、温度、初始pH值等发酵条件对该突变菌株产胞苷的影响。结果:经诱变传代后得到突变株TZM1012,该突变株在发酵温度37℃、初始pH7.2、摇床转速220r/min的条件下,摇瓶发酵72h,发酵液中的胞苷可达1.873g/L,并具有较好的遗传稳定性。结论:获得产胞苷生产菌株,并具有较好的遗传稳定性。     

菜籽饼粕粗蛋白降解菌的筛选、初步鉴定与发酵条件摸索

在接种了诱变菌株A的未灭菌的菜籽饼粕发酵样品中筛选得到3株能以菜籽饼粕为原料生长的菌株,编号为S1、 S2、S3,3株菌种通过鉴定确定为圆孢芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌和球形芽孢杆菌。通过设计正交实验摸索出这3株菌种和诱变 菌株A的最佳培养条件。对饼粕固体混合菌发酵进行了初步摸索和探讨。     

云贵川湖泊芽孢杆菌分离、鉴定及抗动物病原菌活性研究

为从湖泊沉积物中筛选出对动物病原菌具有抑菌活性的芽孢杆菌Bacillus,采用纯培养方法对云贵川地区9个湖泊样品中的芽孢杆菌进行分离、16S rRNA基因序列测定和发酵,以4株常见动物病原菌作为对象,对芽孢杆菌次级代谢产物进行活性检测,筛选有抗菌活性的菌株,并对活性菌株的发酵产物进行液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析。结果显示,在9个湖泊样品中共分离出47株芽孢杆菌,筛选出13株有抗菌活性的菌株,且其产生的脂肽类抗生素对动物病原菌显示出较好的抗菌活性。本研究不仅扩大了芽孢杆菌物种资源信息库,为后续开展芽孢杆菌次生代谢产物研究奠定理论依据。同时也为开发新型动物致病菌抗生素提供了新的途径。     

拮抗菌TG26的鉴定及其抗菌蛋白BI的纯化和部分特性

从丝瓜根部分离出来的桔抗菌ＴＧ２６,根据形态特征和生理生化特性,鉴定为枯草芽抱杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓ）。该菌株能分泌大量的抗菌蛋白,经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１５０柱和ＦＰＬＣＭｏｎｏＱ柱层析后得到单一组分的抗菌蛋白,命名为ＢＩ。ＢＩ能抑制多种植物病原菌的生长,对热稳定,对蛋白酶部分敏感。经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和等电聚焦电泳测定其分子量约１４．５ｋＤ,等电点为５．５８。氨基酸组成分析表明,该蛋白宫含谷氨酸、酪氨酸和脯氨酸;并测定了Ｎ末端氨基酸的部分序列。     

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌HN-Q-8菌株发酵液稳定性测定及抑菌活性成分分析

【背景】贝莱斯芽胞杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) HN-Q-8菌株是本实验室前期获得的能有效拮抗立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的生防细菌。【目的】明确贝莱斯芽胞杆菌HN-Q-8菌株的抑菌活性物质。【方法】采用菌丝生长速率法检测其发酵液对5种马铃薯病原菌的拮抗能力以及稳定性,利用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱技术对HN-Q-8菌株活性物质进行鉴定。【结果】HN-Q-8菌株对立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、尖镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、茄链格孢(Alternaria solani)和致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)具有良好的抑菌活性,抑菌率可达50%-90%。发酵液分别经紫外照射35min、自然光照射10 h以及100°C高温处理后,相对抑菌率分别为74%、92%和98%;发酵液的抑菌活性不受胰蛋白酶和蛋白酶K的影响;但不耐强酸、强碱,其适宜pH为4.0-10.0,表明HN-Q-8菌株活性物质具有良好的稳定性。活性成分能使立枯丝核菌菌丝形态畸形扭曲,从而抑制立枯丝核菌的生长,经鉴定活性物质为丰原素(fengycin)和表面活性素(surfactin)。【结论】贝莱斯芽胞杆菌HN-Q-8菌株发酵液具有较好的稳定性和较强的抑菌活性,具有良好的开发价值和应用前景。     

离子注入选育高效植物病原真菌拮抗菌JA

Bacillus subtitles JA能够对多种植物病原菌如小麦赤霉菌、西瓜枯萎病菌、黄瓜黑星、油菜菌核、小麦白粉等有良好的抑制效果,本文利用离子注入诱变筛选高效植物病原真菌拮抗菌并且对JA菌株的发酵特性作了进一步的研究,获得了两株高效拮抗菌。其发酵水平的抑菌圈直径从16.62mm提高到21.23mm,经传代实验表明,其遗传性较为稳定。     

枯草芽孢杆菌TF26抗菌蛋白抑菌活性的初步研究

目的:研究枯草芽孢杆菌TF26抗菌蛋白的抑菌活性和生物稳定性,为菌株及抗菌蛋白的应用提供理论依据.方法:采用硫酸铵盐析方法提取抗菌蛋白,采用菌丝生长速率法检测其对13种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,采用抑菌圈方法对其生物稳定性进行分析.结果:抗菌蛋白粗提物能够抑制13种植物病原真菌的生长,平皿抑制率为74.3％ ～91.3％,对葵花菌核病菌、番茄和黄瓜枯萎病菌、黄瓜菌核病菌和立枯病菌、水稻恶苗病菌和大豆根腐病菌抑制作用较强.抗菌蛋白在100℃以下,pH＜ 10范围内抑菌活性稳定,对紫外线照射不敏感,室温(20℃)和4℃储存150d抑菌活性稳定.结论:抗菌蛋白具有较强的热、酸碱、紫外和储存稳定性以及广谱的抑菌活性.     

Control of foliar diseases of mustard by Bacillus from reclaimed soil

Bacillus subtilis strain UK-9, an isolate from reclaimed soils, was studied for its biological control activity against Alternaria leaf spot disease of mustard. In dual culture, production of antifungal metabolites by the bacteria caused morphological alterations of vegetative cells and spores, disruption and lysis of their cell wall. The antagonist reduced spore germination on leaves and disease incidence of the pathogen in plant trial as well as it also demonstrated plant-growth-promoting ability.     

Optimization of laboratory cultivation conditions for the synthesis of antifungal metabolites by bacillus subtilis strains

In order to achieve the optimal number of colony forming units and a high level of antifungal metabolites synthesis, we carried out the periodic cultivation of the Bacillus subtilis BZR 336 g and Bacillus subtilis BZR 517 strains at various pH and temperature levels. In the experiment for determining the optimal temperature, the maximum titer of B. subtilis BZR 336 g bacterium (1.6–1.7 × 10⁹ CFU/ml) was recorded at a cultivation temperature of 20–25 °C. For B. subtilis BZR 517 strain, the temperature turned out to be optimal at 30 °C: the titer was 8.9 × 10⁸ CFU/ml. The maximum antifungal activity of B. subtilis BZR 336 g strain against the test culture of Fusarium oxysporum var. orthoceras was observed at a cultivation temperature of 20–25 °C; for B. subtilis BZR 517 strain, 25–30 °C. When determining the optimal pH level, it was found that a high titer of B. subtilis BZR 336 g strain cells was determined at pH 8.0 (2.7 × 10⁹ CFU/ml), for B. subtilis BZR 517 strain it was at pH 6.0–8.0 (1.0 × 10⁹ CFU/ml). The maximum antifungal activity was noted with the same indicators. Chromatographic and bioautographic analyses suggest that the synthesized antifungal metabolites belong to surfactin and iturin A. The data obtained in this research can be used in the development of the technology for the production of effective biofungicides to protect crops against Fusarium pathogens.     

一株真菌拮抗细菌Z21的筛选与鉴定及其发酵条件优化

【背景】芽孢杆菌属的许多细菌具有抗逆性强、安全等特点,一直以来都是开发新型活性物质的研究热点。【目的】筛选对食品腐败真菌有抑制作用的细菌,将其开发为天然食品防腐剂。【方法】采用平板分离法、平板对峙法、抑制菌丝生长速率法从空气、竹子内生细菌中筛选真菌拮抗菌,通过形态、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析等方法对其进行鉴定,利用正交试验确定其最优生长条件。【结果】筛选到一株对6种常见霉菌均有较强抑制作用的细菌Z21。Z21与甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillusmethylotrophicus strain CBMB205~T)的相似性最高,且形态特征和生理生化特征与CBMB205~T菌株基本相符。Z21最佳发酵培养基配方和培养条件分别为:葡萄糖20.0 g/L、NaNO_3 20.0 g/L、MgSO_4 3.0 g/L,培养温度为32°C,培养时间为48 h。【结论】Z21为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus),对黑曲霉、康氏木霉、绿色木霉、少根根霉、易脆毛霉、赭绿青霉的生长具有较强的抑制作用且抑菌效果稳定,为广谱真菌拮抗菌。     

Comparision between Bacillus subtilis RP24 and its antibiotic-defective mutants

Bacillus subtilis RP24, a promising plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium and a potent biocontrol agent isolated from pigeonpea rhizosphere was mutagenized with ethyl methanesulphonate to study the possible mechanism/s involved in the potential antagonistic properties of the strain. Over 10,000 mutants were screened against the phytopathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina on potato dextrose agar plates to select ten mutants showing partial antagonism as compared to the parent strain and one negative mutant showing no antagonism. The parent strain RP24 was compared with its mutants for the presence of different possible mechanisms behind antagonism. Production of hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, siderophores, and hydrolytic enzymes like lipase, amylase, and protease were detected in all the mutants as well as the parent strain, whereas fungal cell-wall-degrading enzymes, β-1, 3-glucanase and chitosanase were not detected in any of the mutants and the parent strain, indicating that none of these mechanisms was involved in the antagonistic trait of the strain. Two possible mechanisms detected behind the antifungal trait of the strain RP24 were production of antifungal volatiles and extra-cellular diffusible antibiotics. An attempt was made for extraction, partial characterization of the extra-cellular diffusible antifungal metabolite/s by thin layer chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). The extracellular, methanol soluble, hydrophobic, ninhydrin-negative, thermostable and pH-stable antifungal metabolites were characterized as cyclic lipopeptides belonging to the iturin group of peptide antibiotics.     

Isolation and characterization of Bacillus sp. producing broad-spectrum antibiotics against human and plant pathogenic fungi

A strain of bacterium producing antifungal antibiotic was isolated and identification of the strain was attempted. We could identify the bacterium as being a Bacillus sp., based on morphological observation, physiological characteristics, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, thus leading us to designate the strain as Bacillus sp. AH-E-1. The strain showed potent antibiotic activity against phytopathogenic and human pathogenic fungi by inducing mycelial distortion and swelling and inhibiting spore germination. The antibiotic metabolite produced by the strain demonstrated excellent thermal and pH (2-11) stability, but was labile to autoclaving. From these results, we could find a broader antifungal activity of Bacillus genus. Isolation and characterization of the active agent produced by the strain are under progress.