东乡野生稻内生放线菌分离及菌株S123次级代谢产物分析

【目的】从东乡野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)中分离和鉴定内生放线菌,对其进行抗菌活性筛选,并分析高抗菌活性菌株S123的次级代谢产物。【方法】采用S培养基对东乡野生稻内生放线菌进行分离、纯化,并构建16S rRNA基因序列系统发育进化树进行菌株鉴定。以琼脂扩散法和菌丝生长速率法进行抗菌活性筛选,同时设计简并引物检测菌株I型聚酮合酶(PKS-I)基因。对具广谱抗菌活性的菌株S123进行分批大量发酵,运用多种色谱方法对发酵产物进行分离、纯化,利用MS和NMR分析鉴定化合物的结构。【结果】从东乡野生稻中共分离到11株内生放线菌,分别属于链霉菌属(8株)和假诺卡氏属(3株)。其中有8株具有抗菌活性,8株呈现I型PKS阳性。从高抑菌活性菌株S123中分离到化合物Nigericin和17-O-demethylgeldanamycin,其中Nigericin对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌及水稻纹枯病菌均有抑制活性。【结论】对东乡野生稻内生放线菌进行了分离、鉴定和抗菌活性筛选,并从中分到两种与I型PKS基因相关活性的化合物Nigericin和17-O-demethylgeldanamycin,为研究东乡野生稻内生放线菌的多样性和次级代谢产物的分离提供依据。     

一株海洋链霉菌MMHS020的抗菌活性代谢产物

【背景】海洋微生物因其生存环境的多样性与独特性,已成为天然产物研究的重要来源。【目的】以一株太平洋海泥来源链霉菌MMHS020为出发菌株,筛选可促进其产生丰富代谢产物的发酵条件,挖掘菌株在抗菌抗肿瘤方面的潜力。【方法】采用单菌株多次级代谢产物策略对MMHS020菌株进行培养诱导,使其产生更丰富的活性代谢产物。双层平板法测定发酵产物对6种指示菌的抑菌活性。以硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶层析和制备层析等方法对代谢产物进行分离纯化,再通过质谱技术和~1H-NMR和~(13)C-NMR对化合物进行结构解析。【结果】链霉菌属MMHS020菌株可在较高浓度盐离子环境中产生丰富的抑菌活性代谢产物,显示出对枯草芽孢杆菌、结核分枝杆菌和藤黄微球菌等多种指示菌的抑制活性。从发酵产物中分离鉴定了3个化合物,分别是诺卡胺素(1)、麦角甾醇(2)和星形孢菌素(3)。其中星形孢菌素表现出白色念珠菌的抑制活性,而诺卡胺素则对其他几个指示菌表现出较强的抑制活性。【结论】海洋链霉菌MMHS020菌株可代谢产生丰富多样的生物活性物质,具有开发成为新型抑菌生物制剂的潜力。     

具有抗哈维氏弧菌活性共生真菌HLZ-3菌株的筛选、鉴定及其培养条件

【背景】目前,海水养殖业中主要利用抗生素来防治哈维氏弧菌等病原菌,但抗生素的长期使用或滥用会对环境和人体健康带来危害,因此既环保又有效的生物防治方法具有广阔的应用前景。【目的】从海水产品共生微生物中筛选具有抗菌活性的菌株,对活性菌株进行鉴定并确定其合成抗菌活性物质的培养条件。【方法】利用沙氏和2216E培养基,以稀释涂布平板法从海水养殖动物中分离真菌和细菌;利用牛津杯法测定微生物发酵液抗水产病原哈维氏弧菌的活性;通过菌株的培养特征、形态特征和ITS序列分析对抗菌活性菌株进行鉴定;通过筛选发酵培养基的种类及盐度确定培养条件。【结果】从海蚌、白虾、海蛎子等9种样品中分离出微生物52株,其中真菌30株、细菌22株;筛选得到2株具有抗哈维氏弧菌活性的真菌菌株;其中一株活性菌株HLZ-3被鉴定为塔宾曲霉;菌株HLZ-3合成抗菌活性物质的培养条件为4%NaCl的大米培养基,28°C静置培养2周。【结论】实验结果为进一步分离纯化菌株HLZ-3所产抗菌活性次生代谢产物提供了基础。     

广西北部湾放线菌的分离筛选及活性产物的鉴定

为从广西北部湾的泥样和植物中分离海洋放线菌,筛选具有抑菌活性的菌株,分离活性化合物。研究采用普通稀释法分离菌株,对发酵产物进行抑菌活性测试,利用活性追踪分离活性化合物,并通过波谱方法确定化合物结构。结果表明从6个海泥样品和3个植物样品中共分离73株放线菌,筛选得到具有抑香蕉枯萎病和金黄色葡萄球菌活性的菌株7株,并从其中的1株链霉菌 Streptomyces sp.MDCW-126的次级代谢产物中分离鉴定了星形孢菌素。从广西北部湾分离的药用活性菌株资源具有开发和深入研究价值。     

木本曼陀罗内生真菌抗菌活性的筛选研究

从木本曼陀罗植物内生真菌中筛选高效抗菌活性的菌株。选择与人类和植物相关的36株病原微生物,分别对分离自木本曼陀罗(Datura arborea L.)植物的内生真菌77株进行了发酵代谢产物的抗菌活性筛选研究。结果显示:对细菌病原菌、皮肤致病真菌、植物致病真菌有抑制作用的内生真菌分别有24,9,17株,其中5株内生真菌对10种以上的供试病原菌有明显的抑制作用,活性最好的1株对20种病原菌有较强抑制活性,最大抑菌圈直径达48mm。这说明木本曼陀罗植物内生真菌抗菌能力较强,抗菌谱较广。     

决明草内生真菌拮抗菌株筛选鉴定及桔青霉ZH-11抗菌物质分析

[背景] 由于抗生素的滥用，导致“超级细菌”出现，寻找新的抗菌药物将有效地应对细菌耐药问题，因为大多数抗菌药物都是从微生物中发现的，所以药用植物内生真菌的研究拓宽了药用资源，并且具有巨大的应用价值。[目的] 对采自江西九江庐山植物园的决明草进行内生真菌分离，筛选出拮抗菌株，并对拮抗菌株的次级代谢产物进行分离，分析其抗菌物质理化性质，为新型抗菌物质的研究提供基础数据。[方法] 用管碟法筛选拮抗菌株，并根据形态学特征和分子生物学的方法鉴定菌株，采用硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶LH-20柱层析和RP-C18柱层析对其次级代谢产物进行分离，并用液质联用（高分辨飞行时间质谱）和能谱仪分析所得抗菌物质的分子量和分子式。[结果] 筛选到一株广谱拮抗活性菌株桔青霉ZH-11，通过管碟法显示其对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、水稻黄单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌这8株指示菌均有较好的抑菌效果。从桔青霉ZH-11次级代谢产物中分离得到纯化合物Y3，其分子量为410.169 1，分子式为C₂₄H₂₆O₆。当Y3浓度为10 μg/mL时，其对大肠杆菌和苏云金芽胞杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别为16.23 mm和17.27 mm。[结论] 菌株桔青霉ZH-11的活性物质与已知的来源于桔青霉类的抗菌活性物质不同，该研究结果为进一步挖掘桔青霉属的活性产物奠定基础，同时丰富了人们对决明草内生真菌的认识。     

风信子中抗青霉素内生菌的分离、筛选和活性检测

通过用初筛培养基培养,从风信子叶子中分离出一种抗青霉素的内生菌,进行离体培养和抑菌活性检测。结果表明所筛选的菌株的发酵产物对细菌和真菌均有一定的抑菌活性。其中发酵液提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌有一定的抑菌活性,对苹果干腐病原菌和烟草赤星病原菌的抑菌率分别是94.8%和93.8%,而菌体内的活性物对蜡状芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌都有较高的活性,对苹果干腐病原菌、烟草赤星病原菌和苹果轮纹病原菌的抑菌率都在80%以上。     

拮抗枯草芽孢杆菌KC-5的分离鉴定及其发酵优化

为了筛选出对植物病原菌具有拮抗作用的生物防治细菌,采用平板对峙法从蔬菜根际土壤中分离获得一株对多种病原真菌具有抑制作用的枯草芽孢杆菌,并对抑制后的病原菌菌丝进行了观察,结果表明该菌株对尖孢镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌、层出镰刀菌以及腐皮镰刀菌均具有抑菌活性。通过形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rRNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),并对其发酵培养基进行了优化。     

茵陈内生细菌的分离鉴定与抑菌活性成分分析

为从中药茵陈中分离内生细菌,筛选具有抑菌活性的菌株,分析活性成分。研究采用7种不同的培养基分离菌株,对分离到的菌株进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定,并对发酵产物进行抑菌活性测定,并利用分光光度法和高效液相色谱法分析抑菌活性较高的菌株发酵液活性成分。结果表明从茵陈新鲜组织中共分离到52株内生细菌,分属于9个种,芽孢杆菌为优势菌群。筛选得到具有抑菌活性的菌株17株,其中NA-3、BPA-24和KMB-32 3株菌活性较强,NA-3和KMB-32的发酵液中齐墩果酸含量较高。本研究通过分离纯化茵陈内生细菌,明确了茵陈内生细菌的菌群类别,获得了产齐墩果酸的两个菌株,为微生物发酵生产活性物质提供了素材。     

杜仲内生真菌的抑菌活性筛选

以金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌为测试菌种。对杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)根、茎、叶中分离出的20株内生真菌及其次生代谢物进行抗菌活性筛选。结果表明：有15个菌株至少对1种实验细菌具有抑菌活性,19株的代谢产物至少对1种实验细菌具有抑菌活性,其中有3株内生真菌及其次生代谢产物对测试病原细菌均有较强抑制作用。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Cultural, Biochemical, and Immunological Properties of Mima, Herellea, and Flavobacterium Species

From study of cultural and biochemical characteristics of 40 strains of Herellea, Mima, or Flavobacterium species, a proposed schema for identification was developed. The reactions observed by agglutination, gel diffusion, and immunofluorescence suggest antigenic heterogeneity of this group of organisms.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.