中华沙鳅(♀)与宽体沙鳅(♂)杂交种的胚胎发育

以中华沙鳅为母本,宽体沙鳅为父本,通过人工杂交获得受精卵,运用数码体视显微镜对杂交种的胚胎发育进行观察拍照,并对杂交种胚胎发育各时期特征进行了详细描述。受精卵直径1.41 mm±0.16 mm,吸水膨胀后直径达1.91 mm±0.09 mm,半漂流性。25℃±0.5℃水温条件下,受精卵历时25 h 50 min孵出。胚胎发育过程分为7个阶段、27个发育期。初孵仔鱼全长4.71 mm±0.12 mm。经统计,杂交种受精率46.84%,孵化率72.84%,仔鱼畸形率8.62%,表明这两种沙鳅属间杂交表现出亲和性。     

长薄鳅胚胎发育的观察

1999年5月,作者首次通过人工繁殖获得长薄鳅的受精卵,并对其胚胎发育特征进行了连续的观察。卵膜无粘性,吸水后卵周间隙明显膨胀扩大,卵膜径3.67-4.00 mm,平均3.79mm,属漂流性卵。胚胎发育可分为26个时期,初孵仔鱼长5.0mm左右,通体透明无色素。     

长鳍吻鮈胚胎发育特征观察

以人工繁殖获得的长鳍吻鮈Rhinogobio ventralis受精卵为材料,观察了长鳍吻鮈胚胎发育,分析了其发育特征。结果显示:成熟长鳍吻鮈卵的卵径为1.52 mm±0.07 mm,吸水膨胀后卵膜径达到6.44 mm±0.08 mm,为卵径的4.2倍。在水温17.35℃±0.24℃条件下,长鳍吻鮈受精卵历时73.50 h孵化出膜,出膜仔鱼全长6.25 mm±0.11 mm,从受精到孵化出膜的积温为1275.44℃·h。根据胚胎发育过程形态特征,将长鳍吻鮈胚胎发育过程分为受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官发生和出膜7个阶段26个时期。结果表明:长鳍吻鮈受精卵吸水后的卵膜径、出膜前胚体蜷曲程度等可作为长鳍吻鮈早期发育阶段形态学鉴定的依据。长鳍吻鮈胚胎发育阶段的积温高于一些产漂流性卵鱼类。     

鲈鲤的胚胎发育

2011年4月,对人工授精的鲈鲤受精卵发育过程进行连续观察,鲈鲤胚胎发育分为7个阶段,32个发育期,成熟卵直径2.61mm±0.05mm,淡黄或金黄色,沉性,具弱粘性。卵膜遇水1h40min膨胀达最大,直径3.51mm±0.15mm。在水温15.7℃±0.7℃条件下,受精卵历时164h孵出。初孵仔鱼全长10.05mm±0.39mm,肌节51对,胸鳍原基形成,血液循环明显。     

壮体沙鳅早期发育及红水河来宾江段资源补充量评估

2017年4月中旬至8月底于红水河来宾江段进行鱼卵、鱼苗监测, 发现壮体沙鳅Botia robusta (Wu, 1939)为所采集鱼卵中的主要优势种。研究对壮体沙鳅卵进行培育、观察并详细记录了14个重要发育期的形态特征。卵膜无黏性, 卵膜径平均为6.8 mm; 鳔一室期, 鱼苗体长为7.1 mm, 身体肌节数为33对。孵出后第20日, 鳍条完全形成、体表色素整体形成, 进入稚鱼阶段。该江段壮体沙鳅的产卵繁殖主要集中在5—6月, 当年补充群体总量估计达2.23×108颗, 然而伴随下游大藤峡水利枢纽的建成其年际补充量将受到严重威胁; 将壮体沙鰍卵的单位捕捞努力量与主要环境因子进行相关性分析, 发现仅水温变动与其产卵动态呈显著性相关（P<0.05）, 现场水温记录表明:水温达到20℃时开始产卵, 水温超过28℃时产卵量明显减少, 且最适产卵温度为22℃。     

赤水河银鮈的早期发育与仔鱼的耐饥饿能力

利用采自赤水河下游的银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)鱼卵对其早期发育进行了观察和描述,并对仔鱼的耐饥饿能力进行了研究。银卵属中等大小的漂流性卵,具双层卵膜,外膜径(3.35±0.41)mm。胚胎发育分32个发育期,在水温24.6～25.5℃时历时40h。初孵仔鱼全长(3.84±0.36)mm,眼下有一个黑点,胸鳍原基已形成,经85d左右发育成幼鱼。仔鱼孵出后2～3d开口摄食,5日龄时初次摄食率即达100%。持续饥饿对银鮈仔鱼生长、发育、存活均有很大影响,饥饿仔鱼11～12d达不可逆点(PNR),饥饿至13日龄时,绝大部分仔鱼死亡。     

白点鲑胚胎与仔鱼发育

通过Bouin's液、5%的福尔马林、透明液固定和活体解剖观察等4种不同方法,对白点鲑(Salvelinus leucomaenis)胚胎和仔鱼发育进行了系统观察,描述了早期发育过程。白点鲑受精卵为端黄卵,沉性,橙黄色,呈圆球形。在水温3.40～8.89℃,受精卵历时1 944 h,经历6个阶段的胚胎发育破膜孵出仔鱼;初孵仔鱼全长(17.89±0.32)mm,破膜后73 d各鳍条发育完全,并出现"幼鲑斑",破膜后350d鱼体外部形态与成鱼基本相同。将白点鲑与几种鱼类进行了对比,并且探讨了其胚胎发育特点。经比较4种不同观察方法,Bouin's液固定后剥离卵膜观察是研究白点鲑等卵膜较厚鱼类的理想方法。     

怀头鲇胚胎发育过程卵膜形态结构变化及对孵化影响

采用扫描电镜和光学解剖镜,对黑龙江水域怀头鲇(Silirus soldatovi)成熟卵膜层次构造和受精卵胚胎发育过程中卵膜形态结构变化进行观察,并比较未脱黏和人工脱黏卵受精卵膜的表面超微结构变化.结果显示,受精卵膜的胶膜表面由一层薄而致密的物质组成,上有微孔构造.未脱黏受精卵膜表面胶膜光滑致密,多孔隙,内有小梁相连,随胚胎发育逐渐膨胀、展开、变薄,破膜期自然脱落.人工脱黏几乎全部脱去鱼卵的胶膜层,从而使卵失去黏性.脱去胶膜层的受精卵膜表面由不规则的颗粒状结构紧密嵌合而成,表面粗糙,胚胎发育过程中颗粒形状变化不大,但颗粒层逐渐变薄而且疏松,直至胚胎破膜而出:胚胎发育后期颗粒层有过早脱落和破洞出现.同时对活体鱼卵进行连续比较观察,讨论了卵膜结构及动态变化与孵化效果的关系.     

黑龙江流域绥芬河水系野生洛氏鱥胚胎发育

采用活体观察和固定观察2种方法,对野生洛氏鱥胚胎发育进行了系统观察,分析了洛氏鱥胚胎及仔鱼发育过程及各时期特点。结果表明:洛氏鱥成熟卵为圆球形,米黄色,略透明,卵沉粘性,卵膜适中,略有弹性;受精卵吸水后极度膨胀,弹性增大明显;受精卵在水温15.0~17.1℃条件下,历经170 h孵出,整个发育期间所需积温为2612.8℃·h,整个胚胎发育过程可分为受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成至破膜等6个阶段,各阶段发育所需积温分别为17.0、119.0、145.0、132.0、164.0、2035.8℃·h;在胚胎发育期间,许多器官分化形成,至孵化时,胚胎已具有较完善的内部器官,胸鳍、尾鳍、臀鳍均已形成,背鳍原基开始出现;初孵仔鱼卵黄囊为长椭圆形,鱼体透明,无色素,3日龄仔鱼黑斑呈块状,卵黄基本吸收完全,不久便可以摄食单胞藻、草履虫或蛋黄。     

波氏吻鰕虎鱼的胚胎发育

对波氏吻鰕虎鱼的胚胎发育进行了观察,详细描述了发育各期的形态特征和时序.在水温23.7～26.1 ℃条件下,受精卵历时59 h 28 min 孵出,所需积温为1480.7℃.胚胎发育可划分为6个阶段,33个发育时期.孵化率约50%.初孵仔鱼平均全长3.61 mm.     

The effect of egg size on yolk utilization and growth of rainbow trout alevins (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

Changes in body weight and yolk weight were studied in rainbow trout alevins derived from large eggs (diameter >4 mm) and small eggs (egg diameter <4 mm) from the same female. Maximal body weight was reached later, and was higher, for alevins derived from large than from small eggs. The yolk was absorbed more quickly by the alevins of small eggs. Percentage of body water increased in alevins during fasting up to a limit of 91%. Although the limit was the same for both groups of alevins, it was reached more quickly by alevins from small eggs. Relative water content of the yolk did not seem to be influenced by egg size. These results suggest that original egg size had both a quantitative and qualitative effect on the early development of alevins.     

Reproductive biology of brown trout, Salmo trutta macrostigma Dumeril 1858, in a tributary of the Ceyhan River which flows into the eastern Mediterranean Sea

The study describes some key elements of the reproductive biology, including spawning season, age at sexual maturity, fecundity and egg diameter of the native brown trout, Salmo trutta macrostigma, in a tributary of the Ceyhan River. A total of 197 brown trout (118 females and 79 males) were captured in 2000–2001 by electric fishing. In observations on monthly changes, the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and the monthly frequency distribution of egg diameter confirmed that spawning lasted from November to January. Some 27.7% of the females and 62.5% of the males attained sexual maturity in their second year. The smallest fork length (FL) of brown trout attaining sexual maturity was 17.4 cm for males and 17.8 cm for females. Mean fecundity in age groups II, III, IV and V were 360, 452, 693 and 1283 eggs per female, respectively. One 9‐year‐old female had a unique 3232 egg count. The mean fecundity of the sampled population was 554 eggs per fish, positively correlated with the FL (mm) (R = 0.8227 ) and body weight (R = 0.8130). The diameter of mature eggs in the spawning season ranged from 3.250 to 5.930 mm, with a 4.146 mm average. Mean egg diameter in age groups II, III, IV and V in the spawning season were 0.813, 3.799, 4.663 and 5.243 mm, respectively. Fecundity, egg weight and diameter were statistically different in all age groups.     

ADAPTATIONS FOR COLD WATER SPAWNING IN LOLIGINID SQUID: LOLIGO GAHI IN FALKLAND WATERS

Inshore spawning sites of the cold water squid Loligo gahiwere found in the waters of East Falkland (Southwest Atlantic),where there is a major fishery based on this species. Egg massesoccurred in algal beds, often at the outer (seaward) edge, with ambientwater temperatures of 6.5-90C and salinity 33.75- 33.58. They wereattached to the stipes of the kelp algae Lessonia spp. and Macrocystispyrifera from 0.5 m to 2.5 m off the bottom at 8-20 m depths.The overall density of egg masses was low. The egg mass is abundle of elongated gelatinous translucent capsules with eachcapsule firmly attached to the kelp stipe at its basal end.The capsules are mainly 50-60 mm in length and contain an averageof 70 fertilized eggs. Sampled egg masses consisted of 4-161 capsulesand from 138 to 11,487 eggs. Large egg masses (. 50 capsules) wereapparently formed by several females at different times, as embryosin different capsules were at various stages of development.Eggs laid in winter are significantly larger than those laidin summer. In comparison with tropical and temperate Loligo spp.L. gahi have short egg capsules containing a small number of eggs,but the eggs (2.2-2.5 mm diameter) and hatchlings (3.1-3.4 mm mantlelength) are large. These are probable adaptations for cold waterspawning and development. (Received 30 March 2000; accepted 5 June 2000)     

稀有鮈鲫的繁殖生物学

根据野外调查与室内养殖的结果,稀有鮈鲫的繁殖季节为3—11月,在人工控制条件下可周年繁殖。在适宜的水温和充足的饵料条件下孵出后4个月左右即可达性成熟并产卵。对7对鱼共136批次产卵进行了观察统计,平均每尾雌鱼5.4d产卵一次,平均每次产卵300.3粒。根据卵母细胞发育进程、卵径分布、产卵频次以及年产卵量大于怀卵量、含卵量等特征,建议将稀有鮈鲫的特殊产卵类型命名为连续产卵类型,并与生态学上常用的“多次产卵”、“分批产卵”加以区别。最后就稀有鲍鲫作为一种新的实验鱼等应用前景作了展望。       

Larval development of the gastropod <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epheria turrita</Emphasis> (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)

The larval development and microsculpture of the shell of the prosobranch gastropod Epheria turrita were studied in laboratory conditions. The mollusk laid egg masses on the thalli of macrophytes. An egg mass looked like a flattened ring or a spiral, from 1 up to 6 mm in diameter. The number of eggs in egg masses depended on their size and varied from several hundreds up to several thousands. The free-swimming larvae were released from the egg masses 7–8 days after the beginning of cleavage at a water temperature of 10 ° C. The larval protoconch was translucent, the mouth was wide, S-shaped and curved. The protoconch microsculpture was presented by fine granules merging into thin radial costae at lateral surfaces.     

北极茴鱼胚胎及仔鱼发育

研究对人工繁殖的北极茴鱼(Thymallus arcticus grubei)胚胎发育开展系统观察,记录分析其胚胎及仔鱼发育各时期的形态特征,旨在为北极茴鱼的人工繁育和种质资源保护提供必要的基础数据。结果显示,北极茴鱼受精卵呈圆球形,金黄色,沉性卵,未吸水卵径(2.46±0.14) mm,吸水卵径(3.14±0.18) mm,卵黄质内有多个油球。油球的数量和空间分布在胚胎发育过程中发生了规律性变化。在孵化水温(11.06±0.72)℃,溶氧8.3—9.8 mg/L条件下,历时301h完成整个胚胎发育过程,所需积温为3384.84h·℃,经历合子期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和孵化出膜7个阶段,共26个时期。北极茴鱼仔鱼尾鳍、胸鳍的分化和眼色素沉积在受精卵胚胎发育后期就已经完成,背鳍、腹鳍、臀鳍和脂鳍等在胚后发育过程中相继分化。其初孵仔鱼平均全长为(9.33±0.35) mm,仔鱼卵黄囊呈圆球形, 18日龄时卵黄囊和油球被完全消耗。其早期发育阶段(0—16日龄)的生长特性符合公式:y=0.0005x⁴–0.0201x³+0....     

Size and visibility of Baltic cod eggs with reference to size-selective and stage dependent predation mortality

Size of Baltic cod eggs from incubation experiments and from field samples was determined by microscopic analysis. Results from plankton samples were compared with corresponding size distributions of cod eggs found in herring stomachs. The influence of fixation on size of different developmental stages was studied. Live eggs from incubation experiments were also sized repeatedly throughout the developmental period with an optical plankton counter (OPC) based on light attenuance measurements as this was assumed to be more closely related to the visibility of the eggs for potential predators than egg diameter as obtained by microscopic analysis.
Preservation in formaldehyde solution caused a small reduction in egg diameter (2.2%) whereby no differences between the developmental stages were detected. Egg size decreased slightly during incubation (6.9%) while the OPC measurements revealed a substantial increase in light attenuance during egg development (42.2%). In the field, a general decrease in egg size with increasing depth was observed while no change between the developmental stages was detectable. The mean size of eggs ingested by herring was slightly lower than in the water column which was most pronounced for the late stages containing a well-developed embryo. The frequency of eggs in an advanced stage of development was considerably higher in the stomachs than in corresponding plankton samples. Therefore, it is suggested that the selection of further developed egg stages by predatory fish in the central Baltic Sea, i.e. herring and sprat, is due to an increase of visibility during egg development in relation to growth and pigmentation of the embryo. Thus it is likely that egg mortality due to predation is stage-dependent rather than strictly size-selective.     

金沙江中下游圆口铜鱼的繁殖生物学

根据2013—2014在皎平渡圆口铜鱼产卵场的定点亲鱼收集(n=206)和2006—2014年在金沙江中下游金安桥至巧家干流江段的流动亲鱼采集(n=70), 对圆口铜鱼的繁殖生物学进行了初步研究。定点亲鱼收集的结果显示: 圆口铜鱼雌性最小性成熟个体全长330 mm, 体质量441.0 g, 年龄4龄; 雄性最小性成熟个体全长352 mm, 体质量396.6 g, 年龄3龄; 50%个体达到性成熟的年龄和全长分别为雌性4.32龄 406 mm, 雄性4.44龄 412 mm; 繁殖群体雌雄性比为1.37﹕1, 繁殖群体中雌性年龄为4—7龄, 雄性年龄为3—7龄; 雌雄个体的性成熟系数平均值均以6龄个体最高, 分别为10.55%和3.45%; 平均卵径为0.16 cm, 卵径分布呈双峰型。定点和流动亲鱼收集的雌性性成熟个体的结果表明: 圆口铜鱼绝对繁殖力变动范围为4055—137900粒/尾, 平均值为22817粒/尾; 相对繁殖力变动范围为5—73粒/g, 平均值为20粒/g, 75.68%个体的绝对繁殖力在10000—30000粒/尾之间, 70.27%个体的相对繁殖力在15—20粒/g之间; 绝对繁殖力和相对繁殖力均随着体长和体质量的增加而增加, 其中全长、体质量与绝对繁殖力呈指数分布函数正相关, 而与相对繁殖力呈二次项函数正相关。研究结果可为长江流域圆口铜鱼资源的保护提供重要的基础数据支撑。     

牛蒡抗虫活性及抗虫成分的初步研究

在水温(23±0.5)℃、pH 7.0～8.0、溶解氧＞5 mg· L-1的条件下,研究孵化过程中不同盐度对拟目乌贼胚胎发育和孵化率的影响.结果表明,拟目乌贼卵透明略带奶油色,近椭圆形,短径为0.596～1.758 cm,长径为1.452～3.136 cm,刚产出的卵重约2g;孵化完成时,卵膜内的重量达到4.5g.在盐度为28‰时,经过28～30 d孵化,卵的短径和长径平均分别增加了0.601、0.615 cm,孵化率为57.0％;盐度为23‰时,卵的长径和短径也相应增加,增幅分别为0.567、1.263 cm,孵化率为13.5％;盐度为33‰时,经过28～30 d孵化,卵短径平均增长0.150 cm,而长径却缩短了0.141 cm,孵化率为9.5％;在盐度为13‰、18‰、38‰和43‰条件下,胚胎停止发育,孵化率为0.结果表明,拟目乌贼属于狭盐性种类,盐度变化对拟目乌贼胚胎发育和孵化有直接影响.