一种几丁质裂解性多糖单加氧酶的活性评价及稳定性研究

【目的】裂解性多糖单加氧酶(LPMO)是一类铜离子依赖型的单加氧酶,能够通过氧化的方式断裂糖苷键,进而显著提高多糖的降解效率,受到广泛的关注。但是LPMO单加氧酶的性质使其容易被自身氧化而失活,且底物的聚合性质和释放产物的多样性使得对LPMO催化过程活性的评估变得十分困难。【方法】本研究以2,6-二甲氧基苯酚(2,6-DMP)和H2O2为底物,建立了测定几丁质裂解性多糖单加氧酶(BtLPMO10A)活性的评价体系,并研究该酶在降解几丁质底物过程中的稳定性。【结果】研究发现,在测定BtLPMO10A活性的过程中,较高的酶浓度,过氧化氢浓度和2,6-DMP浓度均使得反应过程脱离了线性范围,而抗坏血酸的加入能够提高灵敏度,但是对活性测定过程有较大影响。BtLPMO10A对2,6-DMP和H2O2的Km分别为0.53mmol/L和5.31 mmol/L,亲和性高于纤维素裂解活性的NcLPMO9C。BtLPMO10A在还原剂抗坏血酸存在的条件下容易失活,但底物几丁质的加入能够一定程度上稳定LPMO的活性,但是其在降解几丁质过程中活性依然会下降。【结论】本研究以2,6-二甲氧基苯酚为底物检测BtL...     

米曲霉裂解性多糖单加氧酶的异源表达与性质分析

【目的】裂解性多糖单加氧酶(lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases,LPMOs)是一类以氧化方式断裂多聚糖糖苷键的新型木质纤维素降解酶,本文旨在挖掘新型LPMOs并研究其性质。【方法】从米曲霉中克隆LPMO基因,利用毕赤酵母表达系统进行异源表达,研究其酶学性质和还原剂对其活性的影响,进一步探讨LPMO与糖苷水解酶协同作用时的底物结合现象。【结果】Ao LPMO2和Ao LPMO5序列分析显示,两种蛋白都为辅助酶类9家族的LPMOs;电击转化至真核毕赤酵母GS115中,获得双拷贝转化子GS/AO5-4,经1%甲醇诱导4 d后,上清液蛋白表达量为0.19±0.01 g/L。重组蛋白分子量约34 k Da,高于理论分子量,推测可能存在翻译后修饰。酶学性质分析表明,Ao LPMO5对刺槐豆胶的最适反应温度和p H分别为60°C和5.0,Km和Vmax分别为8.72±1.99 mg/m L和109.4±12.8μmol/(s·mg)。0.1 mmol/L Cu^2+促进酶活性提高(7.10±1.32)%(P<0.05),0.5、2.0和2.5 mmol/L H2O2分别促进酶活性提高(21.11±6.17)%(P<0.01)、(20.22±1.13)%(P<0.01)和(18.40±2.86)%(P<0.01),而没食子酸和维生素C对活性无明显作用。在反应前期,Ao LPMO5与刺槐豆胶底物结合从而影响甘露聚糖酶Bs MAN3的降解作用。而在反应后期,Ao LPMO5与Bs MAN3则表现出协同增效作用。【结论】Ao LPMO5是一种全新的生物质降解酶,阐明其酶学性质和底物作用方式,将为天然木质纤维素类底物的高效转化与生物炼制,如第二代生物乙醇、功能性低聚寡糖等生产建立基础。     

嗜热革节孢多糖单加氧酶氧化方式

多糖单加氧酶(polysaccharidemonooxygenase,PMO)是一种铜离子依赖的氧化酶,属于辅助活性酶类第九家族(auxiliary activity 9,AA9),在存在电子供体维生素C(vitamin C,Vc)的情况下,可以氧化裂解纤维素的多糖链,显著提高纤维素的酶解效率。本文克隆了嗜热革节孢Scytalidium thermophilumAA9家族的一个编码基因pmo7651,并在毕赤酵母GS115进行诱导表达,通过His标签获得了重组蛋白PMO7651-His。以磷酸膨胀纤维素(PASC)为底物进行酶促反应,薄层层析法(TLC)结果显示PMO7651酶解产物主要为纤维二糖至纤维五糖;飞行时间质谱法(MALDI-TOF-MS)和溴氧化法确定PMO7651具有C1、C4、C6位的氧化活性;底物结合平面的3个芳香族氨基酸位点突变对酶的活性具有不同程度的影响;在PMO7651帮助下,纤维素酶的降解效率均具有不同程度的提高。     

丝状真菌Podospora anserina AA11家族裂解多糖单加氧酶基因的鉴定和功能研究

辅助活性蛋白家族(auxiliary activity family, AA family)中的裂解多糖单加氧酶(lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, LPMO)能催化纤维素、几丁质和淀粉等多种难降解碳水化合物的氧化解聚。尽管目前对LPMO的酶学研究较多,但对LPMO基因失活的研究却鲜有报道。本研究利用同源重组方法定点敲除丝状真菌Podospora anserina中AA11家族的5个LPMO基因PaLPMO11A(Pa＿4＿4790)、PaLPMO11B(Pa＿1＿5310)、PaLPMO11C(Pa＿2＿7840)、 PaLPMO11D(Pa＿2＿8610)和PaLPMO11E(Pa＿3＿9420),分别构建了单突变体ΔPaLPMO11A (ΔA)、ΔPaLPMO11B (ΔB)、ΔPaLPMO11C (ΔC)、ΔPaLPMO11D (ΔD)和ΔPaLPMO11E (ΔE),然后通过遗传杂交构建所有多基因突变体。通过在不同碳源培养基上的表型分析、DAB和NBT染色以及纤维素酶活测定分析野生型菌株与突变型菌株在生长速率、有性生殖、氧化应激和纤维素降解...     

嗜热真菌多糖单加氧酶的克隆表达及氧化产物初步鉴定

多糖单加氧酶(Polysaccharide monooxygenases,PMOs)是一类含铜氧化酶,在还原型辅因子(如维生素C)存在下可使纤维素分子氧化降解,在纤维素的酶解中起重要作用。本研究克隆5个嗜热真菌PMOs基因,构建p PICZαA-PMO表达载体,电转毕赤酵母GS115进行真核表达,经镍柱纯化获得重组蛋白后对其氧化活性进行探究。用5个PMOs分别处理磷酸膨胀纤维素(PASC),薄层层析法(TLC)鉴定酶解产物主要为纤维二糖到纤维六糖;飞行时间质谱法(MALDI-TOF-MS)鉴定结果显示:PMO0810为C4或C6氧化,PMO2033、PMO0154、PMO4983既有C1氧化也有C4或C6氧化,PMO3424未检测到相应的氧化裂解峰。     

家蝇几丁质酶基因MDcht2的原核表达及其表达产物的酶学性质分析

几丁质酶是昆虫几丁质降解过程中的重要酶类.本研究旨在利用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)原核表达系统获得高纯度的MDCht2重组蛋白,并从几丁质酶活性及抗菌活性两方面来初步探讨MDCht2的生物学功能.MDCht2的cDNA序列设计包含酶切位点EcoRⅠ、Hind Ⅲ和6xHis标签的引物,以家蝇3龄幼虫的cDNA为模板进行PCR扩增,以pET28a(+)为载体构建重组质粒,并转化到大肠杆菌Transetta(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导,表达产物用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳鉴定,利用Ni离子亲和层析技术纯化MDCht2重组蛋白,Western Blot技术及质谱分析鉴定纯化蛋白.以4MU-(GlcNAc)3为底物,测定重组蛋白的酶活性;采用微量液体稀释法分析重组蛋白对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白假丝酵母菌的抗菌活性.成功克隆MDCht2基因,构建了具有正确序列的原核重组表达质粒,将重组质粒导入Transetta(DE3)中,经镍柱纯化获得带His标签的重组MDCht2蛋白,质谱分析显示重组蛋白与MDCht2蛋白序列一致.酶活分析表明,不同浓度的MD-Cht2重组酶均有几丁质酶活性,呈现一定的量效关系;该重组蛋白的最适pH值为4.0,在pH=8.0时稳定性最好;最适温度为35℃;金属离子和Tris对MDCht2酶活均有抑制作用.抗菌活性结果显示,MDCht2蛋白对金黄色葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌均无抑菌效果,但对白假丝酵母菌有抑制作用,MIC值为225 μg/mL,MBC(Minimum bactericidal concentration)值为450 μg/mL.本研究成功获得了 MDCht 2重组蛋白,体外检测有较强的几丁质酶活性和抗真菌活性,为进一步研究该酶的功能奠定一定基础.     

哈茨木霉几丁质酶cDNA基因的克隆及在酿酒酵母中的表达

为研究哈茨木霉 (Trichodermaharzianum)的生物防治机制并获得与生物防治相关基因 ,通过构建哈茨木霉菌丝生长期的cDNA文库及对部分表达序列标签序列的测定与生物信息学分析 ,成功获得了哈茨木霉几丁质酶v(ChiV)基因的全长cDNA序列。该基因的编码框长度为 1194bp ,编码 397个氨基酸 ,理论分子量为 4 4kD。将该基因构建到酿酒酵母诱导型表达载体pYES2上 ,转化到酿酒酵母H15 8菌株中 ,通过Northern杂交检验后 ,确定该基因在酿酒酵母转录水平上表达。在 β_半乳糖诱导下 ,转化子在培养 6 0h时产生的酶活活性最高 ,几丁质酶V最适活性温度为 37℃ ,在pH 6和pH 8时活性较高。     

毛头鬼伞多糖对烟草酶活性和同工酶谱的影响

分析了毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)真菌多糖诱导烟草对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)抗性过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶、-β1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的变化。结果表明,毛头鬼伞多糖可提高POD、PPO、PAL、几丁质酶和-β1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性,接种TMV后毛头鬼伞多糖处理的烟草酶活性显著高于不处理者。上述结果提示,毛头鬼伞多糖处理后烟草酶活性的增强可能与其诱导烟草获得抗性有关。     

短短芽孢杆菌几丁质酶BBChi4基因的原核表达及抑菌活性研究

采用生物信息学方法分析短短芽孢杆菌GZDF3菌株几丁质酶BBChi4基因,以GZDF3菌株全基因组DNA为模版设计特异性引物,通过PCR扩增出BBChi4基因的全序列并对其测序验证。将测序验证无误的基因序列连接到原核表达载体(pET-28a),构建重组表达载体pET-28a-BBchi4,转入大肠杆菌BL21进行诱导表达,利用打孔法对诱导表达产物进行抑菌活性研究。生物信息学分析显示BBChi4基因全长为2 181 bp,编码726个氨基酸,分子量大小为77.69 kD,等电点为4.83,属于酸性几丁质酶。破碎重组表达菌体上清液SDS-PAGE电泳显示,重组蛋白质分子量大约为78 kD,与生物信息学预测结果一致。诱导表达最佳参数为1 mmol/L IPTG,30℃诱导4 h。破碎重组表达菌体上清液对半夏致病真菌(尖孢镰刀菌)有较强的拮抗作用。重组表达载体pET-28a-BBchi4的成功构建及表达为深入研究几丁质酶的功能提供科学依据。     

鸡枞菌转录组分析揭示其对木质纤维素的降解功能

【目的】探究鸡枞菌是否能降解木质纤维素成分,并理解其与共生白蚁之间的共生关系。【方法】本研究是应用新一代高通量测序技术454 GS FLX Titanium对鸡枞菌的转录组进行测序,挖掘鸡枞菌中能参与降解纤维素和木质素等成分的多样性酶系。【结果】八分之一的RUN测序总共得到了82386条表达序列标签,去除引物和载体等序列后,剩余的54410条序列被拼接成3301条contigs以及3193条singletons。根据序列相似性,将这些unigenes与三大蛋白数据库(Nr数据库、SwissProt数据库、CDD数据库)中的蛋白序列进行BLAST比较,发现有2681条基因与其他生物的已知基因有不同程度的相似性。在鸡枞菌的这些转录产物中,有33条编码可能参与降解纤维素或半纤维素的酶基因,其中包括5种纤维素酶以及28种水解半纤维素、淀粉或几丁质等物质的酶类。更重要的是,还发现了4种漆酶以及一种芳基乙醇氧化酶基因,这些都是能有效降解木质素的酶类。这些结果揭示了鸡枞菌中存在漆酶并可能有效降解植物残渣中的酚化合物。【结论】这些基因的发现说明了鸡枞菌能降解木质素,并能与共生白蚁分泌的纤维素酶协同作用有效降解纤维素。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV