山东省甲型H1N1流感病毒病原学及基因特性研究

在2009~2010年监测年度开展甲型H1N1流感病毒学监测并进行病原学分离鉴定,以及对血凝素基因(HA)和神经氨酸酶基因(NA)特性分析,研究其基因变异情况。采集了17 126份发热患者的鼻、咽拭子标本,采用逆转录实时荧光定量RT-PCR(Real-Time RT-PCR)进行核酸检测,其中甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测阳性4004份,总阳性率为23.38%。对阳性标本开展病毒分离,并对分离的甲型H1N1流感病毒的HA、NA基因序列进行测序。利用DNAStar软件对序列进行同源性分析发现与WHO推荐的疫苗株相比,山东省甲型H1N1流感流行株HA、NA基因同源性分别为96.9%~99.3%和99.1%~99.6%;利用Mega 4.0软件进行基因进化分析和氨基酸进化分析发现,与WHO推荐的疫苗株相比,山东省甲型H1N1流感流行株有21个血凝素基因的氨基酸发生替换,其中11个氨基酸位点位于抗原决定簇区,一个糖基化位点发生改变;有16个神经氨酸酶基因的氨基酸发生了替换,一个糖基化位点发生改变;未发生神经氨酸酶蛋白275位H→Y的替换。结果显示山东省甲型H1N1流感暴发流行株HA基因和NA基因均具有高度同源性,HA蛋白和NA蛋白均存在不同程度的氨基酸替换,部分流行株抗原决定簇和糖基化位点发生改变,所有病毒均对达菲类药物敏感。     

一株2011年出现的季节性甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒血凝素基因特性的研究

本文通过比较2011年分离培养的1株季节性甲型H1N1流行性感冒(简称流感)病毒(A/Shanghai/1167/2011(H1N1))与历年季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒的血凝素(HA)基因,追溯该病毒的基因变异与来源,探讨该毒株的出现对流感防控工作的意义.采用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法扩增病毒的HA和神经氨酸酶(NA)片段,并进行测序;应用分子生物学软件对获得的序列进行分析,绘制基因进化树;同时,通过血凝抑制试验检测2011年下半年健康人群中该流感病毒的抗体水平.结果显示,A/Shanghai/1167/2011(H1N1)的HA基因序列与世界卫生组织(WHO)2007～2008年季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒疫苗株A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)最接近,同源性达99.2%,与新型甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/07/2009疫苗株同源性仅为72.4%.其HA基因裂解位点为PSIQSR↓GLF,尚未出现高致病性的分子特征.HA片段共编码557个氨基酸,有9个潜在的糖基化位点,序列与2009年前WHO疫苗株A/NewCaledonia/20/1999(H1N1)、A/SolomonIslands/3/2006(H1N1)和/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)相比,分别有15、12和4处不同,这些差异分布在Sa、Sb、Ca1、Ca2、Cb 5个抗原决定簇的氨基酸差异分别有5、5和2处.该毒株在健康人群血清的抗体阳性率为34.33%,几何平均效价(GMT)为10.38.A/Shanghai/1167/2011(H1N1)是2011年出现在上海地区的一个季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒毒株,其抗原变异与既往季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒相比不大,但在以A(H1N1)pdm09为主要流行株的年份检测到散在发生的既往季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒毒株应当引起重视,其在人群中的抗体水平较低,易引起流行,需要提高对类流感人群中此种毒株的持续监测.     

长沙A(H1N1)亚型季节性流感暴发疫情的实验室诊断及其HA基因特性分析

对2009 年长沙麓山国际学校流感暴发疫情进行实验室诊断, 并探索新分离的A(H1N1)亚型流感病毒血凝素(HA)的基因特性。对流感暴发疫情的25 份鼻/咽拭子标本进行RT-PCR检测和流感病毒分离, 然后利用CEQ?8000 Genetic Analysis System对病毒分离株(A/Yuelu/314/2009)进行测序, 测序结果提交至GenBank(登录号: FJ912843)并用ClustalX和Mega4.1软件进行序列分析。结果显示, 分离出A(H1N1)亚型流感毒株18株, 检出21份A(H1N1)亚型流感病毒核酸阳性; A/Yuelu/314/2009(H1N1) HA基因序列与2008~2009 年疫苗株(A/Brisbane/59/2007)比较显示: 核苷酸和氨基酸同源性均为99%, 有6个位点的氨基酸发生了变异(V148A、S158N、G202A、I203D、A206T、W435R), 其中一个S158N氨基酸变异位于B抗原表位, HA基因序列上共有潜在糖基化位点9 个(27、28、40、71、151、176、303、497、536), 与A/Brisbane/59/2007相同且氨基酸序列保守。本实验诊断出此次流感暴发疫情的病原体为A(H1N1)型季节性流感病毒, 研究还发现A/Yuelu/314/2009(H1N1)长沙分离株与A/Brisbane/59/2007 疫苗株基因序列比较显示并未形成一个新的变种, 推测是由于分离株与疫苗株之间基因特性的改变和人群对A(H1N1)亚型流感病毒免疫力降低导致了此次长沙麓山国际学校A(H1N1)亚型流感的暴发。     

2009−2015年中国甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素基因进化分析

【目的】为了解中国地区2009?2015年甲型H1N1流感病毒流行态势,分析血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)基因的变异情况及其遗传进化特征。【方法】汇集国家流感中心2009?2015年流感周报的流感流行数据,分析甲型H1N1流感的流行病学特征;从全球共享禽流感数据倡议组织数据库及美国国家生物技术中心数据库下载甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因序列,采用生物学软件进行系统进化和遗传特性的分析。【结果】2009?2015年全国共发生4次甲型H1N1流感的流行高峰。2009?2015年毒株与参考毒株A/California/07/2009(H1N1)的HA基因同源性逐年降低。遗传进化分析显示同一年份的毒株在系统进化树上基本呈现集中分布,2011年的毒株独立形成2个分支。分子特征表现为HA基因的4个抗原决定簇氨基酸位点均有变异,其中Ca区的203位、Sa区的163位和Sb区的185位氨基酸位点逐渐替换为新的氨基酸。除2010年与2012年,其他年份的毒株通过不同模型均得到正向压力选择HA氨基酸位点240。【结论】甲型H1N1流感在中国地区成为主要流行的亚型之一。HA基因与其编码的氨基酸逐年变异,未来进一步的流感监测能力还需加强。     

新发甲型H1N1流感病毒HA分子的变异分析

目的:从分子进化水平上分析流感的起源及发展问题,研究目前爆发的H1N1病毒的HA分子的变异行为.方法:以GenBank公布的甲型流感H1N1病毒血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)核酸序列和我国及世界范围内近几年来报告的H1N1流感病毒HA的核酸及氨基酸序列为研究对象,利用CLUSTAL 1.83和NetNGlyc 1.0等生物信息学软件对HA核酸和氨基酸序列进行了比对分析;将其糖基化位点、氨基酸序列和抗原决定簇与以往流感病毒进行了比较.同时,还将人源和猪源甲型H1N1流感病毒的HA氨基酸序列进行了序列比对和系统发育分析.结果:最新爆发的甲型H1N1流感病毒的HA除了在60,259,453,512位点高度保守区域与之前爆发的流感病毒一致外,在249位点新出现1个"-NTT-"的糖基化位点.发现所有的甲型病毒的氨基酸序列在8个氨基酸位点均发生改变,而8个氨基酸位点位于6个抗原抗原决定簇上.结论:糖基化位点的增加,氨基酸位点的改变导致抗原决定簇的改变,即抗原性漂移现象,都成为引起其传染性改变的重要原因.     

2008～2009年珠海市H3N2亚型流感病毒HA1基因特性分析

为了解2008~2009年珠海市H3N2亚型流感病毒HA1基因变异情况,选择珠海市2008~2009年期间不同时间点的经狗肾传代细胞(MDCK)培养分离的H3N2亚型流感毒株20株,提取病毒RNA,通过RT-PCR扩增HA1基因片段,将产物纯化并测序,推导氨基酸序列,进行基因进化特性分析。与同时期的疫苗株比较,2008年珠海市流行的H3N2亚型流感毒株HA1区抗原决定簇的氨基酸位点变异数少于4个;2009年珠海市流行的H3N2亚型流感毒株除09-0056外,HA1区存在5个位于抗原决定簇内的变异氨基酸位点。2008年H3N2亚型流感毒株的HA1区的糖基化位点与疫苗株一致;2009年H3N2亚型流感毒株HA1区丢失第144位糖基化位点。2008~2009年H3N2亚型流感毒株RBS氨基酸序列未见明显变异。与2008年H3N2亚型流感毒株比较,2009年H3N2亚型流感毒株HA1区抗原决定簇内存在多个位点的氨基酸替换。这些说明2008年珠海市流行的H3N2亚型流感病毒不是新变种;2009年流行的H3N2亚型流感病毒为新的变异株,这可能是H3N2亚型流感病毒在2009年6-9月为珠海地区季节性流感流行优势株的原因。     

1981～2005年中国H1N1甲型流感病毒血凝素基因的HA1演变特征

为了解1981~2005年我国H1N1甲型流感病毒血凝素基因的HA1演变特征,选取H1N1甲型流感病毒370株,提取病毒RNA,经逆转录和聚合酶链反应扩增HA1并测序,测定的序列用生物信息软件分析,与GenBank中相关序列比较,并对推导的编码氨基酸序列进行基因特性分析。结果表明:HA1氨基酸的变异表现为抗原决定簇4个区均有变异,Sb区和Ca区变化较大;HA1受体结合位点(RBS)的前壁130环的第134位赖氨酸从1991年起在部分毒株HA1序列上开始缺失,以后缺失株逐步增多,自2000年起测定的所有毒株上该氨基酸全部缺失,同时这些缺失株的第137位氨基酸也全部由苏氨酸替换为丝氨酸;糖基化位点从增多到减少,最后稳定在7个;1981~2004年我国H1N1甲型流感病毒血凝素HA1编码的氨基酸在种系发育树上同年代基本呈现集中分布,与时间和地域无关,2005年毒株分成两个分支在时间上有明显差异。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒HA蛋白结构和功能研究进展

自2009年3月,甲型H1N1流感疫情相继在包括我国在内的许多国家暴发,对人体健康和社会经济发展造成了严重危害。血凝素（HA）蛋白是重要的病毒表面糖蛋白,主要有3种功能：①与宿主细胞表面受体结合;②引起病毒包膜与靶细胞间的膜融合;③刺激机体产生中和性抗体。本文综合了近年来的研究成果,对甲型H1N1流感病毒HA蛋白结构、主要功能、进化、抗原性的研究进展进行了综述。     

云南省2009～2014年甲型H1N1流感病毒HA及NA基因特征分析

了解云南省2009~2014年甲型H1N1流感病毒的流行趋势,研究HA和NA基因进化特征。对云南省近6年来上报的流感监测病例数据进行病原谱总结,挑选出23株甲型H1N1流感毒株进行HA及NA基因分析。利用MEGA 5.0软件对测序结果构建进化树分析基因同源性。2009~2014年云南省共监测到4次甲型H1N1流感流行高峰,核酸检测结果中甲型H1N1流感占检出总量的28.8%。测序结果显示,HA与NA基因均分为3个类群,检测到一株具有H275Y突变位点的毒株。甲型H1N1流感是导致本省流感流行的重要亚型之一,2009~2014年间分离的毒株主要有Goup1、Gourp7和Gourp6三个支系,绝大部分甲型H1N1流感毒株仍对神经氨酸酶抑制剂敏感。     

广州地区新型H1N1流感病毒PB1-F2基因进化和变异分析

比较和分析2009～2011年广州地区分离到的甲型H1N1流感病毒PB1-F2基因和世界各地甲型H1N1流感病毒PB1-F2基因的变异情况,为该蛋白的功能和作用机制奠定基础。对分离自中国广州地区2009～2011年人类感染的17株新型H1N1和1株季节性H1N1流感病毒进行了PB1-F2基因克隆和序列测定,通过与GenBank数据库中68株人类新型H1N1和季节性H1N1流感病毒参考株的PB1-F2基因进行比对。结果表明,甲型流感病毒的PB1-F2基因进化树形成了2个不同的进化分支。全部2009～2011年新型H1N1流感病毒为一分支。广州地区PB1-F2基因与其它地区分离到的新型H1N1流感病毒具有高度的同源性,均为截短型变异。本实验室分离的1株季节性H1N1流感病毒也发生了第12位氨基酸截短突变。广州地区新型H1N1流感病毒PB1-F2截短蛋白与其它地区病毒相比未发生氨基酸变异,季节性H1N1流感病毒发现类似新型H1N1流感病毒PB1-F2的截短变异,提示新型H1N1流感病毒和季节性H1N1流感病毒PB1-F2可能发生早期重组。     

Comparative analysis of hemagglutinin of 2009 H1N1 influenza A pandemic indicates its evolution to 1918 H1N1 pandemic

To gain insight into the possible origin of the hemagglutinin of 2009 outbreak, we performed its comparative analysis with hemagglutinin of influenza viral strains from 2005 to 2008 and the past pandemics of 1977, 1968, 1957 and 1918. This insilico analysis showed a maximum sequence similarity between 2009 and 1918 pandemics. Primary structure analysis, antigenic and glycosylation site analyses revealed that this protein has evolved from 1918 pandemic. Phylogenetic analysis of HA amino acid sequence of 2009 influenza A(H1N1) viruses indicated that this virus possesses a distinctive evolutionary trait with 1918 influenza A virus. Although the disordered sequences are different among all the isolates, the disordered positions and sequences between 2009 and 1918 isolates show a greater similarity. Thus these analyses contribute to the evidence of the evolution of 2009 pandemic from 1918 influenza pandemic. This is the first computational evolutionary analysis of HA protein of 2009 H1N1 pandemic.     

Minor changes in the hemagglutinin of influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus alter its antigenic properties

Background

The influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus has been the dominant type of influenza A virus in Finland during the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 epidemic seasons. We analyzed the antigenic characteristics of several influenza A(H1N1)2009 viruses isolated during the two influenza seasons by analyzing the amino acid sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA), modeling the amino acid changes in the HA structure and measuring antibody responses induced by natural infection or influenza vaccination.

Methods/Results

Based on the HA sequences of influenza A(H1N1)2009 viruses we selected 13 different strains for antigenic characterization. The analysis included the vaccine virus, A/California/07/2009 and multiple California-like isolates from 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 epidemic seasons. These viruses had two to five amino acid changes in their HA1 molecule. The mutation(s) were located in antigenic sites Sa, Ca1, Ca2 and Cb region. Analysis of the antibody levels by hemagglutination inhibition test (HI) indicated that vaccinated individuals and people who had experienced a natural influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus infection showed good immune responses against the vaccine virus and most of the wild-type viruses. However, one to two amino acid changes in the antigenic site Sa dramatically affected the ability of antibodies to recognize these viruses. In contrast, the tested viruses were indistinguishable in regard to antibody recognition by the sera from elderly individuals who had been exposed to the Spanish influenza or its descendant viruses during the early 20^th century.

Conclusions

According to our results, one to two amino acid changes (N125D and/or N156K) in the major antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin of influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus may lead to significant reduction in the ability of patient and vaccine sera to recognize A(H1N1)2009 viruses.     

Evolution of the Hemagglutinin Gene of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus in Morocco During Two Influenza Seasons 2009–2011

To study genetic evolution of Moroccan influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains, we conducted a molecular characterization of the hemagglutinin gene subunit 1 (HA1) of 36 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains. The stains were collected from patients in Rabat and Casablanca during two influenza seasons 2009–2010 and 2010–2011. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of 14 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains from 2009 to 2010 were ~97 and 99 %, respectively, similar to the reference strain A/California/07/2009 (H1N1). Phylogenetic analysis of 22 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains from 2010 to 2011 revealed a co-circulation of three well-described different genetic groups. Most important, none of the identified groups showed significant changes at the antigenic site of the virus HA1 subunit which may alter the efficacy of California/07/2009 (H1N1) vaccine.     

Phylogenetic analysis of surface proteins of novel H1N1 virus isolated from 2009 pandemic

Swine Influenza Virus (H1N1) is a known causative agent of swine flu. Transmission of Swine Influenza Virus form pig to human is not a common event and may not always cause human influenza. The 2009 outbreak by subtype H1N1 in humans is due to transfer of Swine Influenza Virus from pig to human. Thus to analyze the origin of this novel virus we compared two surface proteins (HA and NA) with influenza viruses of swine, avian and humans isolates recovered from 1918 to 2008 outbreaks. Phylogenetic analyses of hemagglutinin gene from 2009 pandemic found to be clustered with swine influenza virus (H1N2) circulated in U.S.A during the 1999-2004 outbreaks. Whereas, neuraminidase gene was clustered with H1N1 strains isolated from Europe and Asia during 1992-2007 outbreaks. This study concludes that the new H1N1 strain appeared in 2009 outbreak with high pathogenicity to human was originated as result of re-assortment (exchange of gene). Moreover, our data also suggest that the virus will remain sensitive to the pre-existing therapeutic strategies.     

Reassortment and mutations associated with emergence and spread of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza A/H1N1 viruses in 2005-2009

A dramatic increase in the frequency of the H275Y mutation in the neuraminidase (NA), conferring resistance to oseltamivir, has been detected in human seasonal influenza A/H1N1 viruses since the influenza season of 2007-2008. The resistant viruses emerged in the ratio of 14.3% and quickly reached 100% in Taiwan from September to December 2008. To explore the mechanisms responsible for emergence and spread of the resistant viruses, we analyzed the complete genome sequences of 25 viruses collected during 2005-2009 in Taiwan, which were chosen from various clade viruses, 1, 2A, 2B-1, 2B-2, 2C-1 and 2C-2 by the classification of hemagglutinin (HA) sequences. Our data revealed that the dominant variant, clade 2B-1, in the 2007-2008 influenza emerged through an intra-subtype 4+4 reassortment between clade 1 and 2 viruses. The dominant variant acquired additional substitutions, including A206T in HA, H275Y and D354G in NA, L30R and H41P in PB1-F2, and V411I and P453S in basic polymerase 2 (PB2) proteins and subsequently caused the 2008-2009 influenza epidemic in Taiwan, accompanying the widespread oseltamivir-resistant viruses. We also characterized another 3+5 reassortant virus which became double resistant to oseltamivir and amantadine. Comparison of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A/H1N1 viruses belonging to various clades in our study highlighted that both reassortment and mutations were associated with emergence and spread of these viruses and the specific mutation, H275Y, conferring to antiviral resistance, was acquired in a hitch-hiking mechanism during the viral evolutionary processes.     

Cross-neutralizing antibodies to pandemic 2009 H1N1 and recent seasonal H1N1 influenza A strains influenced by a mutation in hemagglutinin subunit 2

Pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (2009 H1N1) differs from H1N1 strains that circulated in the past 50 years, but resembles the A/New Jersey/1976 H1N1 strain used in the 1976 swine influenza vaccine. We investigated whether sera from persons immunized with the 1976 swine influenza or recent seasonal influenza vaccines, or both, neutralize 2009 H1N1. Using retroviral pseudovirions bearing hemagglutinins on their surface (HA-pseudotypes), we found that 77% of the sera collected in 1976 after immunization with the A/New Jersey/1976 H1N1 swine influenza vaccine neutralized 2009 H1N1. Forty five percent also neutralized A/New Caledonia/20/1999 H1N1, a strain used in seasonal influenza vaccines during the 2000/01-2006/07 seasons. Among adults aged 48-64 who received the swine influenza vaccine in 1976 and recent seasonal influenza vaccines during the 2004/05-2008/09 seasons, 83% had sera that neutralized 2009 H1N1. However, 68% of age-matched subjects who received the same seasonal influenza vaccines, but did not receive the 1976 swine influenza vaccine, also had sera that neutralized 2009 H1N1. Sera from both 1976 and contemporary cohorts frequently had cross-neutralizing antibodies to 2009 H1N1 and A/New Caledonia/20/1999 that mapped to hemagglutinin subunit 2 (HA2). A conservative mutation in HA2 corresponding to a residue in the A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 and A/Brisbane/59/2007 H1N1 strains that circulated in the 2006/07 and 2007/08 influenza seasons, respectively, abrogated this neutralization. These findings highlight a cross-neutralization determinant influenced by a point mutation in HA2 and suggest that HA2 may be evolving under direct or indirect immune pressure.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体轻链和重链可变区基因的巢式PCR扩增及序列分析

目的：采用巢式PCR对甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体的轻链和重链基因进行扩增,对获得的基因进行序列分析,并找出克隆鼠Igκ轻链和重链可变区基因的通用方法。方法：设计22对扩增鼠Igκ轻链可变区和重链可变区基因的引物,对6株鼠抗人甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体的轻链和重链可变区基因进行克隆并测序,与NCBI公布的鼠免疫球蛋白序列比对分析。结果：巢式PCR方法可以有效避免单克隆抗体克隆过程的假基因,并且得到的单克隆抗体的氨基酸序列均符合鼠免疫球蛋白可变区特征。结论：建立了克隆鼠免疫球蛋白轻链和重链可变区基因的通用方法,为后期克隆鼠源性单克隆抗体的可变区基因提供了基础,并为研究甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素与抗体的结合位点提供了实验数据。