新型杀虫剂——Spinosad发酵工艺的研究

采用₆₀Co正交设计的方法 ,选择最优种子培养基配方和发酵培养基配方 ,在此基础上进行UV、₆₀Co等诱变 ,得突变株 ,其发酵水平较原始菌株提高了 1 5 0 %。同时 ,对菌株的发酵接种量、发酵液处理及发酵曲线也作了研究。     

葡聚糖酶高产菌株的诱变筛选及其摇瓶发酵条件的初步研究

从土壤中分离出的一株产葡聚糖酶酶活31 U／ml的野生菌株,经UV、^60Co、LiCl诱变筛选后得到了产葡聚糖酶高产菌株SB126,经发酵条件优化试验后检测其酶活达到85U／ml,较野生菌株提高了近两倍。葡聚糖酶摇瓶较适发酵条件为：装量30ml(250m1)、转速180r／min、pH7．0、温度30℃、接种量8％、发酵周期5d。     

拮抗链霉菌S24 发酵培养基的优化及其对黄曲霉的抑菌作用

拮抗链霉菌S24对黄曲霉、赭曲霉、黑曲霉等粮食和饲料中常见的曲霉菌具有广谱抗性。优化了该菌株抗菌物质高产发酵培养基配方,并分析该菌株产生的抗真菌物质对黄曲霉的抑菌作用。通过单次单因子试验、正交试验,对S24菌株抗菌物质的发酵培养基进行了优化,利用显微镜观察,研究了S24菌株产生的抗菌物质对黄曲霉菌丝及孢子的抑制作用。获得适合S24菌株抗菌物质产生的最佳培养基配方为：淀粉10 g、葡萄糖40 g、黄豆饼粉24 g、酵母浸膏粉8 g、KH2PO4 4 g、CaCO3 0.8 g、水 1 L。优化后的发酵培养基     

苏云金杆菌WG-001工程菌发酵培养基的筛选

探讨了BtWG001工程菌以农副产品为主要碳、氮源的利用情况,为该菌株发酵培养基的筛选提供了广谱的原料资源。利用高速上升浓度加倍法进行了发酵培养基的优选,获得一个优良配方。发酵水平达到4024IU/μL,0.39%,与对照配方(2800IU/μL,0.26%)相比,分别提高44%,50%。证明该方法为一种筛选Bt发酵培养基配方的新模型。     

β-葡聚糖酶高产菌株BS9418F的选育及其发酵条件的研究

经60 Coγ射线辐照处理获得的诱变菌株芽孢杆菌BS9418F ,其产酶活力比出发菌株提高 30 %以上。该菌株以大麦粉 7%、玉米粉 3%、豆粕 3%及适量无机盐为培养基最佳配比 ,其最适培养条件为 :培养基初始 pH 7.0 ,摇瓶装量 5 0mL/ 30 0mL三角瓶 ,种龄 16～ 2 0h ,接种量 2 %～ 3% ,培养温度 36～ 37℃ ,发酵周期 40h。在优化条件下 ,摇瓶发酵产 β 葡聚糖酶活力高达 5 5 0 0u/mL以上 ,比出发菌株初始发酵水平提高了 4倍以上     

头孢菌素C产生菌的诱变育种及培养基优化

通过对顶头孢霉（Cephalosporium acremonium）FC-01进行诱变选育及特定种子培养基的优化,提高了头孢菌素C的发酵产量。分别采用紫外-氯化锂和钴-60（60Co）γ射线对FC-01进行诱变选育,筛选到高产菌株FC-1-4和FC-4-2,产量较出发菌株分别提高了26%和54.5%。运用Plackett-Burman设计方法和响应面法对种子培养基进行优化,头孢菌素C发酵效价较对照分别提高了34.7%和13.2%,优化后的种子培养基主要成分为玉米浆3.70%、葡萄糖2.62%和硫酸镁0.15%,得到的菌株及相应的种子培养条件已成功应用在160M³工业发酵罐生产中,具有重要的工业生产能力。     

糖化酶发酵工艺条件的正交试验

本文以糖化酶高产菌种ＷＭＣ—１５为供试菌株,采用正交试验的方法对糖化酶发酵培养基配方进行了系统的分析和研究。通过正交试验获得一最优摇瓶发酵培养基配方Ａ４Ｂ３Ｃ４Ｄ２,并建立了多因素的线回归方程,为糖化酶发酵。艺条件的研究提供了理论基础。     

长双歧杆菌发酵培养基的优化

目的对长双歧杆菌液态发酵培养基进行优化。方法以长双歧杆菌（Bifidobacteriumlongum）为发酵菌株,以MRS培养基为基础培养基,以发酵液活菌数为指标,通过单因素添加实验考察发酵培养基的碳源和氮源的种类,并验证优化后培养基的效果。结果优化后培养基的最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为酪蛋白胨、牛肉蛋白胨、水解乳蛋白,发酵液活菌数达到2．09×10^9CFU／mL,比原MRS培养基（1．22×10^9CFU／mL）提高了71．30％。结论优化后培养基优于原MRS基础培养基,可应用于长双歧杆菌的液态发酵。     

苏云金杆菌SD—5菌株发酵生理学研究及生产

通过苏云金杆菌SD－5菌株对混合氨基酸的抗性及在3吨发酵罐中发酵生理学的研究,显示SD－5菌株具有优良的发酵性能。用正交试验设计方法筛选出SD－5菌株发酵培养基配方,菌数可达110－130亿／ml,芽孢率达95％以上。     

桔青霉生产核酸酶的发酵条件研究

对通过紫外线和60Co两次育种得到的桔青霉W48高产菌株培养基的单组分和发酵条件进行了优化,最后又用正交实验对培养基的各组分的浓度进行了优化。得到了产酶量最高的培养基组分(质量分数)是:KH2PO40.05%,K2HPO40.03%,酵母膏+蛋白胨0.7%,CaCl20.02%,MgSO40.04%,ZnSO40.03%,葡萄糖5%,pH5.5。最佳发酵条件是:接种量10%,装液量50 mL,摇床转速180 r/min,温度30℃,发酵时间66 h。用最佳培养基和最佳发酵条件发酵生产核酸酶的酶活力为758.10 U/mL,原始菌种产核酸酶的酶活力为272.26 U/mL,提高了2.78倍。     

蜜蜂脂肪体的形态和功能研究进展

脂肪体是昆虫体内的一种多功能器官,近似于脊椎动物的肝脏, 分布于昆虫腹部、胸部甚至头部腔体中,以腹部脂肪体最为发达。蜜蜂脂肪体有外周脂肪体和围脏脂肪体两种类型,由营养细胞、尿酸盐细胞和绛色细胞组成。同其他昆虫中类似,脂肪体在蜜蜂的生命活动中扮演着重要的角色,其形态和功能随发育阶段、季节和劳动分工的变化而变化。脂肪体结构相对简单,但生理功能非常复杂。脂肪体最主要的功能是能量物质的储存和代谢,其不仅是蜜蜂营养物质(即脂质、碳水化合物和蛋白质)的中央储存库,而且是营养代谢的中间站,具有多种能量和物质相互转换的酶系,承担代谢水的供应并合成嘌呤和嘧啶及许多重要的蛋白质。同时,脂肪体是昆虫发育和行为调控过程中各种激素和营养信号的交换中心,脂肪体激素和营养信号参与调控蜜蜂脂肪体发育、营养物质代谢、生殖及劳动分工。脂肪体兼具能量储存和释放、生物合成和分解、营养感知调节、代谢信号整合、内分泌调节、免疫和解毒、磁场感受、提高抗寒能力、保护体腔内器官等多种功能。鉴于脂肪体的重要作用,蜜蜂脂肪体形态和功能的研究成果可以对昆虫营养信号通路的解析、蜂产品高产良种的选育和蜜蜂病害防治的研究提供参考和思路。     

Les séries silicoclastiques miocènes du Nord-Est au Sud-Ouest de la Tunisie : une mise au point

During the Miocene time, the Atlas-pelagian block, which is limited northward by the atlasic-alpin chain of North Africa-Sicily, southward by the Gafsa-Jeffara-Azizia fault and eastward by the Malta escarpment, resulted from the extension-compression regime, mainly controlled by the subduction-collision processes. This regime induced the opening of many Miocene microbasins, which have been infilled by silicoclastic materials showing lateral and vertical facies variations and several hiatus associated to tectonic and stratigraphic unconformities. Excepting the very local transgressive regimes, such as those of Langhian and Messinian periods, most of the Miocene deposits took place on internal platforms, especially at the NE part of the country. The fluviodeltaic and alluvial sediments are, in fact, lateral equivalents which infilled the valley and depression enclosed systems towards the SW. In this context (rapid facies variations in time and space, superposition of tectonic and eustatic unconformities, climatic variations, rare or absent stratigraphic markers…), some controversies remain as regards the correlation and dating of these series. This work consists of a study of the lateral and vertical facies and thickness variations, coupled to the identification of the main unconformities. It is also a study of significance of the main sedimentological mechanisms and an inventory of the different palynological and paleontological content of the sediments. The aim of this work is to propose a new vision on the Miocene deposits in Tunisia along a NE-SW axis. Then, using these data, we have correlated the different lithological formations, discuss their age and, finally, proposed paleogeographical drafts for them.     

On molecular taxonomy: what is in a name?

Gene sequences of small portions of the genome are often used for premature detailed taxonomic changes, neglecting polyphasic taxonomy, which should also consider phenotypical characteristics. Three examples are given: (i) Recently, members of the genera Eperythrozoon and Haemobartonella have been moved, correctly so, from the Rickettsiales to the Mycoplasmatales, but were assigned to the genus Mycoplasma, mostly on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Not only is the 16S rRNA sequence similarity between 'classical' Mycoplasma and these species of Eperythrozoon and Haemobartonella less than that between some other well-recognised bacterial genera, but their biological differences amply justify their classification in different genera of the Mycoplasmatales. Furthermore, the move creates considerable confusion, as it necessitates new names for some species, with more confusion likely to come when the 16S rRNA sequences of the type species of Eperythrozoon, a name which has priority over Mycoplasma, will be analysed. (ii) In the Rickettsiales, members of the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Cowdria, Neorickettsia and Wolhbachia are so closely related phylogenetically on the basis of 16S rRNA sequences, and for some also of groESL operon sequences, that they have recently been fused, correctly so, into one family, the Anaplasmataceae, while the tribes Ehrlichieae and Wolbachieae have been abolished. Sequence diversity within the 'classical' genus Ehrlichia has led to classifying E. phagocytophila (including E. equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), E. platys and E. bovis in the genus Anaplasma, while others have been retained in Ehrlichia, which also includes Cowdria ruminantium. E. sennetsu and E. risticii have been transferred to the genus Neorickettsia. 16S rRNA and GroEL sequences of 'classical' Anaplasma and some members of 'classical' Ehrlichia do show a close relationship, but differences in citrate synthase gene sequences, the GC content of this gene, and sequences of the gene encoding the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase, not to speak of the phenotypical differences, do not justify the fusion into one genus. Because of the phylogenetical diversity in Ehrlichia it is recommended that a new genus name be created for the E. phagocytophila genogroup (and E. platys and E. bovis). (iii) One of the conclusions of studies on the phylogeny of ticks of the subfamilies Rhipicephalinae and Hyalomminae, based on nucleotide sequences from 12S rRNA, cytochrome c oxidase I, the internal transcribed spacer 2, 18S rRNA, as well as morphological characters, is that Boophilus should be considered as a subgenus of Rhipicephalus. While Boophilus and Rhipicephalus are undoubtedly close, the obviously important morphological and biological differences between the genera Rhipicephalus and Boophilus are thus overruled by similarities in the sequences of a number of genes and this leads to considerable confusion. Polyphasic taxonomy amply justifies maintaining Boophilus as a separate genus, phylogenetically near to Rhipicephalus. This note is a plea for a cautious and balanced approach to taxonomy, taking into account molecular genotypical information, as far as is possible from different genes, as well as phenotypical characteristics.     

Permian terebratulids of Eurasia: Morphology,systematics, and phylogeny

The Permian terebratulids of Eurasia are revised. The taxonomic composition of the Permian terebratulids of the Russian Platform, Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia, northern and southeastern Pamirs, and northern China (Inner Mongolia) is elucidated. Fifty-one species (13 described here as new), 21 genera (3 described here as new), 7 families, and 6 superfamilies are described. During the progress of the study, the author (Smirnova, 2004a, 2004b, 2006a, 2006b) and Smirnova and Grunt (2002, 2003a, 2003b) described for the first time 19 species, nine genera, two families, and one superfamily. Morphofunctional analysis reveals a great diversity of internal structures, of the time of their appearance in the ontogeny, and of their taxonomic significance. Ontogenetic study reveals phylogenetic relationships between the Permian and Meso-Cenozoic terebratulids, the presence of the superfamilies Terebratuloidea and Loboidothyroidea in the Permian, and a new type of brachidium ontogeny characterizing the superfamily Compositelasmatoidea. This book is intended for paleontologists and biologists interested in problems of taxonomy and phylogeny, and includes 5 plates, 80 figures, and 75 bibliographic references.     

基于DPSEEA模型构建生物安全评价体系：以深圳市为例

由于生物安全内涵外延和基本要素的模糊性、评价指标及评价方法的多元性等因素的限制, 我国至今尚未形成全面有效的生物安全评价指标体系。为构建生物安全评价体系, 研判生物安全现状, 本文首先运用规范分析法剖析《生物安全法》中有关“生物安全”定义的特点及不足, 从国家安全角度认为生物安全是指国家有效防范和应对危险生物因子及相关因素的威胁, 维护和保障自身安全与利益的能力和状态。明晰了生物安全的外延, 即只有对国家安全利益、民众健康、生态环境保护产生威胁的生物风险, 才是生物安全所规制的对象。其次, 生物安全基本要素包括自然生物安全和社会经济生物安全。自然生物安全主要指民众健康和生态环境保护方面, 包括生物个体安全和生物多样性安全。社会经济生物安全的关注点在国家安全利益, 即社会稳定和国家经济利益, 包括生物技术安全、生物实验室安全。第三, 以生物安全基本要素为管理对象的尺度, 将国家安全利益、民众健康和生态环境保护作为评价主体, 以生物法治为理念, 运用模型构建法, 将定性指标和定量指标相结合, 基于驱动力‒压力‒状态‒接触‒影响‒行动模型(driving force-pressure-state-exposure-effect-action, DPSEEA)构建了一套具有生物法治特色的生物安全评价指标体系, 包括生物安全法律法规体系健全水平、生物安全所涉违法犯罪行为的打击力度、生物安全各部门机构协调机制的建立和完善程度、符合规定标准的生物实验室数量和百分比、生物安全人才数量及密度、对生物产业和基本卫生部门的官方援助及其他途径投资总额、疫苗覆盖的目标人群比例、生物安全的宣传教育普及率8项评价指标在内共32项生物安全评价指标。最后, 基于实地调研及数据统计分析, 以2019年和2020年深圳生物安全工作为例对评价体系进行验证。结果显示, 深圳生物安全工作在农业生物安全、动植物防疫、防范外来物种入侵方面成果显著; 但仍在法律法规体系、生物安全人才培养和资金投入、生物安全普及率方面存在不足。针对上述问题提出完善生物安全法律法规体系并注重法律协调衔接、“一个健康”实现多元协同生物治理、加强人才培养和资金投入、加强生物安全宣传教育等建议。     

藜科植物的起源、分化和地理分布

全球藜科植物共约130属1500余种,广泛分布于欧亚大陆、南北美洲、非洲和大洋洲的半干旱及盐碱地区。它基本上是一个温带科,对亚热带和寒温带也有一定的适应性。本文分析了该科包含的1l族的系统位置和分布式样,以及各个属的分布区,提出中亚区是现存藜科植物的分布中心,原始的藜科植物在古地中海的东岸即华夏陆台(或中国的西南部)发生,然后向干旱的古地中海沿岸迁移、分化,产生了环胚亚科主要族的原始类群;起源的时间可能在白垩纪初,冈瓦纳古陆和劳亚古陆进一步解体的时期。文章对其迁移途径及现代分布式样形成的原因进行了讨论。     

生态系统性状对宏生态研究的启示与挑战

功能性状在器官-物种-种群-群落-生态系统水平都具有其特定的适应或功能优化的意义,但目前对功能性状的测定和研究大都局限于器官或物种水平。然而,当前高速发展的宏生态新研究技术和方法(如遥感观测、通量观测、模型模拟)的研究对象都是在生态系统或区域尺度上,如何将传统功能性状与其相连结并服务于生态环境问题和全球变化问题是科学界的一大难题。为了解决传统性状与宏生态研究"尺度不统一"和"量纲不统一"的难题,研究人员最新发展了"生态系统性状(Ecosystem traits, ESTs)"概念体系,并从"理念-数据源-推导方法-应用"等多角度为后续研究提供了可借鉴案例。生态系统性状将传统性状研究从器官水平拓展到了群落和生态系统水平,以单位土地面积为基础构建了传统性状与宏生态研究(或地学研究)的桥梁,开启了性状研究从"器官到群落"、从"经典理论验证到宏观应用"的美好愿景,为多学科交叉提供了新思路。然而,它在方法学和数据源等方面还存在诸多问题与挑战;在此,我们呼吁相关专家从研究方法、概念体系和应用实践上赋予"生态系统性状"更强大的生命力,尤其从动物群落性状和微生物群落性状等角度。本文在深入解读先前生态性状概念体系、理论意义和潜在挑战的基础上,结合最新进展进行了补充,希望通过广泛讨论,完善生态系统性状概念体系,逐步形成"以性状为基础的生态系统生态学"新研究框架,切实推动宏生态研究和区域生态环境问题的解决。     

Mechanisms of ectodermal organogenesis

All ectodermal organs, e.g. hair, teeth, and many exocrine glands, originate from two adjacent tissue layers: the epithelium and the mesenchyme. Similar sequential and reciprocal interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme regulate the early steps of development in all ectodermal organs. Generally, the mesenchyme provides the first instructive signal, which is followed by the formation of the epithelial placode, an early signaling center. The placode buds into or out of the mesenchyme, and subsequent proliferation, cell movements, and differentiation of the epithelium and mesenchyme contribute to morphogenesis. The molecular signals regulating organogenesis, such as molecules in the FGF, TGFbeta, Wnt, and hedgehog families, regulate the development of all ectodermal appendages repeatedly during advancing morphogenesis and differentiation. In addition, signaling by ectodysplasin, a recently identified member of the TNF family, and its receptor Edar is required for ectodermal organ development across vertebrate species. Here the current knowledge on the molecular regulation of the initiation, placode formation, and morphogenesis of ectodermal organs is discussed with emphasis on feathers, hair, and teeth.     

Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae

Phylogenetic relationships in the Gentianales with focus on Loganiaceae sensu lato are evaluated using parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence data from the plastid genes rbcL and ndhF. Inter- and intrafamilial relationships in the Gentianales, which consist of the families Apocynaceae (including Asclepiadaceae), Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae, are studied and receive increased support from the combination of rbcL and ndhF data, which indicate that the family Rubiaceae forms the sister group to the successively nested Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, and Loganiaceae, all of which are well supported. The family Gelsemiaceae forms a distinct, supported group sister to Apocynaceae. The Loganiaceae sensu stricto form a strongly supported group consisting of 13 genera: Antonia, Bonyunia, Gardneria, Geniostoma, Labordia, Logania, Mitrasacme, Mitreola, Neuburgia, Norrisia, Spigelia, Strychnos, and Usteria. These genera form two well-supported lineages. Several members of Loganiaceae sensu Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts, i.e., Androya, Peltanthera, Plocosperma, Polypremum, and Sanango are clearly not members of the Gentianales. The earlier exclusion of Buddlejaceae (including Buddleja, Emorya, Gomphostigma, and Nicodemia) as well as the reclassification of the genera Nuxia and Retzia to Stilbaceae of the Lamiales are all well supported.