流域人类活动净氮输入量的估算、不确定性及影响因素

人类活动使得大量的氮素进入流域生态系统,大量氮的盈余导致了一系列生态环境问题的出现。为了评估人类活动对流域生态系统的影响,Howarth等于1996年提出了人类活动净氮输入(NANI)的概念。综述了当前人类活动净氮输入的估算方法、不确定性及影响因素,并得到以下结论:导致NANI估算结果的不确定性原因主要有:内涵分歧、数据来源、尺度转换、估算方法的分歧。影响NANI的主要因素包括:各输入项、人口密度、土地利用组成;对于各输入项而言,化肥施用是最主要的氮素输入来源,占人类活动净氮输入总量的79.0%,其次为作物固氮,占17.6%,食品/饲料氮净输入量占-14.5%,大气沉降占15.7%;对于人口密度,NANI随着人口密度的增大而增大,当人口密度高于100人/km2,人口密度对NANI的影响趋于稳定,其他因素起主导作用。对于土地利用组成:NANI与森林面积比例成负相关,而与耕地面积比例成正相关。     

1990-2010年淮河流域人类活动净氮输入

1990-2010年,淮河流域粮食产量由6414× 104 t增长到10121×104 t(增幅为58％),城市化率由13％增长到35％(涨幅为22％),流域社会经济发生了显著变化.从流域整体定量评估人类活动所带来的生态环境影响将为区域生态环境管理提供科学依据.本文估算淮河流域1990-2010年人类活动净氮输入(NANI)的空间分布及变化趋势.结果表明:研究期间,淮河流域氮输入量呈现出增加趋势;1990-2001年流域内氮输入量快速增加,2001年后氮输入增加趋势减缓.1990年氮输入量为17232 kg N·km-2·a-1,2003年氮输入量最高,为28771kgN·km-2· a-1,2010年回落为26415 kg N·km-2·a-1.从氮输入的组成上来看,化肥和大气氮沉降仍然是最主要的输入来源,其次为食品/饲料和生物固氮的输入.化肥和大气沉降输入占总氮输入的比例持续增加,由1990年的64％和16％分别增长至2010年的77％和19％.单纯以增施化肥来实现粮食增产、化石燃料大量燃烧来推动经济发展的观念,应切实转变到改善农业耕种技术、实现新能源的发展轨道上来,进而推动社会经济的可持续发展.     

1990—2010年淮河流域人类活动净氮输入

1990—2010年,淮河流域粮食产量由6414×10⁴ t增长到10121×10⁴ t(增幅为58%),城市化率由13%增长到35%(涨幅为22%),流域社会经济发生了显著变化.从流域整体定量评估人类活动所带来的生态环境影响将为区域生态环境管理提供科学依据.本文估算淮河流域1990—2010年人类活动净氮输入(NANI)的空间分布及变化趋势.结果表明: 研究期间,淮河流域氮输入量呈现出增加趋势;1990—2001年流域内氮输入量快速增加,2001年后氮输入增加趋势减缓.1990年氮输入量为17232 kg N·km^-2·a^-1,2003年氮输入量最高,为28771 kg N·km^-2·a^-1,2010年回落为26415 kg N·km^-2·a^-1.从氮输入的组成上来看,化肥和大气氮沉降仍然是最主要的输入来源,其次为食品/饲料和生物固氮的输入.化肥和大气沉降输入占总氮输入的比例持续增加,由1990年的64%和16%分别增长至2010年的77%和19%.单纯以增施化肥来实现粮食增产、化石燃料大量燃烧来推动经济发展的观念,应切实转变到改善农业耕种技术、实现新能源的发展轨道上来,进而推动社会经济的可持续发展.     

海河流域水体沉积物碳、氮、磷分布与污染评价

从全流域尺度上研究海河流域水体沉积物碳、氮、磷元素含量与分布特征,对研究海河流域水环境污染现状具有重要意义.本研究采集海河流域河流与水库163个表层沉积物(0～10 cm)样品,测定沉积物有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的含量,运用有机指数与有机氮方法评价沉积物污染状况.结果表明: 海河流域沉积物TOC、TN、TP含量具有较大的空间异质性,下游平原区明显高于山区,北四河下游平原、黑龙港及运东平原含量较高,永定河山区、北三河山区、滦河流域含量相对较低,河流沉积物TOC含量显著高于水库沉积物,而TN、TP含量与水库沉积物没有显著差异.TN与TOC、TP含量呈显著正相关(r=0.704,P<0.01;r=0.250,P<0.01).全流域有机指数总体属于“较清洁”水平,北四河下游平原总体已接近有机污染水平.全流域有机氮总体处在“尚清洁”水平,北四河下游平原、黑龙港及运东平原流域存在有机氮污染.海河流域河流、水库沉积物具有相似的污染强度.沉积物C/N平均值为12.71,表明TOC多来源于藻类等浮游动植物,其次是高等植物,水库C/N值比河流高,陆源物质输入对水库沉积物TOC的贡献比对河流大.     

陆地生态系统氮沉降增加的生态效应

 人类活动在全球范围内极大地改变着氮素从大气向陆地生态系统输入的方式和速率，人为固定的氮素正在不断积累，并对生态系统的结构和功 能产生显著影响。该文从以下几个方面综述了大气氮沉降增加对陆地生态系统的影响：1)氮输入增加可能影响植物生产力和生态系统碳蓄积能 力，生态系统响应的方向和程度取决于系统的初始氮状况(氮限制或氮饱和)以及当地的植被和土壤特征；2)持续氮输入有可能改变土壤氮循环 过程，降低土壤固持氮的能力，甚至导致土壤酸化、盐基离子损耗，进而影响到土壤有机碳的分解；3)高的氮沉降速率和持续氮输入都可能加 速含氮痕量气体的释放，但其影响程度受生态系统初始状态的影响(例如磷限制和氮限制)；4)氮沉降增加会影响生态系统的物种丰富度、植物 群落结构和动态，促进森林扩张，改变菌根真菌的物种多样性；5)持续氮输入带来的植物群落结构和植物生理特征的变化可能影响昆虫取食特 性，进而通过食物链改变生态系统的营养结构；6) 氮沉降增加对生态系统的影响并不是孤立存在的，它与CO₂浓度升高和O₃浓度变化有协同作 用，但难以从其协同效应中区分出各自的影响。最后，该文总结了我国的氮沉降研究现状，并对今后的研究前景提出了展望。     

惠州地区氮流动力学分析

富营养化是重要的水体污染问题,氮素是富营养化形成的重要因素.采用物流核算的方法研究了中国惠州地区与人类活动有关的氮流在环境系统和人类生产生活系统的状况.采用非点源污染输出系数法定量研究氮流,城市生活污水中氮的排放采用人口氮素摄入 排放法来估算.对惠州地区1998年实测资料氮流过程的统计分析和动力学分析结果表明,该地区主要氮流动力学因素为河流输送、化学肥料和动物饲料输入、人类生产生活、大气氮的转化和沉降、动物排泄物降解挥发以及燃烧过程和其它散发过程中氮的损耗.当年输入本地区的氮素有40%滞留在系统中,这些氮素可能累积从而引发环境问题.河流是系统氮素输出的主要方式,约占57%.同多瑙河和长江流域的比较发现,这3个地区单位面积氮输出量相当,人均氮素贡献率接近.     

山美水库氮营养盐滞留特征及其影响因素的多时间尺度分析

水库对氮营养盐的滞留效应对水体富营养化防控有重要影响,为揭示不同时间尺度下水库氮营养盐的滞留特征及影响因素的差异,通过构建山美水库流域生态动力学模型,在统计水库氮滞留量和滞留率的基础上,从年、月、日不同时间尺度对氮营养盐的滞留效应进行分析;并通过多元线性相关分析,对入库流量、出入库流量比、水力滞留时间、流速、温度5种因素的影响进行研究.结果表明: 不同时间尺度下山美水库的氮滞留过程均呈现波动特征.在年尺度上,水库主要呈现正滞留效应,是流域重要的氮汇;在月尺度上,氮滞留呈现丰枯期变化特征,水库在源和汇的角色上发生转变;在日尺度上,枯水年氮滞留过程波动剧烈,滞留率在-300%～100%之间变化.不同时间尺度下,出入库流量比、流速因子均是影响水库氮滞留的重要因素;随着时间尺度的降低,入库流量和温度因子对氮滞留的影响程度有所增强;水力滞留时间对氮滞留的影响程度则随时间尺度变化而有正负差异.     

模拟大气氮沉降对中国森林生态系统影响的研究进展

人类活动加剧了活性氮的生产和排放,并导致氮沉降日益增加并全球化。目前,人类活动对全球氮循环的干扰已经超出了地球系统安全运行的界限。中国已成为全球氮沉降的高发区域,高氮沉降已经威胁到生态系统的健康和安全,并成为生态文明建设过程中亟待理清和解决的热点问题。对国际上和中国森林生态系统模拟氮沉降研究的概况进行了综述,并从生物学和非生物学两大过程重点阐述模拟氮沉降增加对中国主要森林生态系统影响的研究进展。中国自2000年以后才开始重视大气氮沉降产生的生态环境问题,中国科学院华南植物园在国内森林生态系统模拟氮沉降试验研究上做出了开创性的贡献。模拟氮沉降研究表明,持续高氮输入将会显著改变森林生态系统的结构和功能,并威胁生态系统的健康发展,特别是处于氮沉降热点区域的中国中南部。森林生态系统的氮沉降效应依赖于系统的氮状态、土地利用历史、气候特征、林型和林龄等。最后,对未来的研究提出了一些建议,包括加强长期跟踪研究和不同气候带站点之间的联网研究,特别是在森林生态系统对长期氮沉降响应与适应的过程机制、地下碳氮吸存潜力研究、以及与其他全球变化因子的耦合研究等方面,以期为森林生态系统的可持续发展提供理论基础和管理依据。     

流域氮的科学图谱及其主题演变

氮是限制生态系统生产力和引发富营养化等环境问题的关键因子，受到流域研究学者的广泛关注。以Web of Science核心合集为数据源，借助科学图谱方法对2000-2019年发表的科学文献进行定量分析，围绕论文数量与期刊分布、国际及机构合作、学科交叉和研究主题与演变等方面系统地回顾了流域氮领域的研究进展。论文数量与期刊分布方面，论文的年发表量呈逐年增长趋势，发文量较高的期刊包括Science of the total environment、Biogeochemistry和Journal of hydrology。国际与机构合作方面，中国和美国的发文数量最多，是国际合作的中坚力量；中国科学院和美国地质调查局发文数量最多，两者分别是近期和早期机构合作的主导力量。学科交叉方面，流域氮领域呈现多学科交叉特点，重点学科包括环境科学、水资源学和地质学。研究主题与演变方面，氮形态与转化、营养盐与富营养化以及水质与管理是流域氮领域的研究重点；人类活动与气候变化双重驱动下流域中氮的分布特征、模型与最优管理措施在流域管理中的应用是该领域未来的研究热点。未来研究需重点关注流域氮动态的驱动机制以及流域氮管理措施的优化，量化气候变化背景下径流量等水文特征以及城市化、农业发展等人类活动驱动下土地利用类型转变对流域中氮循环和氮负荷的影响，以流域"山水林田湖草生命共同体"的理论构建基于自然的管理方案，并评估管理措施对流域生态系统供给服务。     

施氮对亚热带樟树林土壤呼吸的影响

人类活动引起全球范围内大气氮沉降量的升高,增加了陆地生态系统氮输入,从而影响土壤CO2排放.为揭示生态系统氮输入升高对土壤呼吸的影响,2010年6月至2012年1月,对亚热带樟树林(Cinnamomum camphora)进行模拟氮添加试验,每月上、下旬采用红外分析法测定4种氮输入水平(CK,0 gm-2a-1;低氮LN,5gm-2a-1;中氮MN,15 g m-2 a-1;高氮HN,30gm-2a-1)下的土壤呼吸速率.结果表明:(1)樟树林土壤呼吸存在明显的季节动态,最高值出现在6月,最小值出现在1月.氮添加处理显著抑制了樟树林的土壤呼吸,LN、MN、HN处理土壤呼吸年累积量分别较对照CK下降37.66％、30.62％、38.95％,各施氮处理间无显著差异,施氮对土壤呼吸的抑制作用随时间推移而减弱;(2)氮添加不影响土壤呼吸昼夜波动特征,但显著抑制土壤呼吸速率;(3)土壤呼吸与土壤温度间存在极显著的指数关系,与土壤湿度相关性不显著,CK、LN处理Q10相近,MN处理最小:(4)氮添加处理促进了土壤中氮的淋失,且随施氮水平的升高而增大.     

Influences of climate,hydrology, and land use on input and export of nitrogen in California watersheds

Human activities have greatly increased the input of biologically available nitrogen (N) from land-based sources to aquatic ecosystems; yet few studies have examined how human actions influence N export in regions with a strong seasonality in water availability. In this study, we quantified N inputs and outputs for 23 California watersheds and examined how climate, hydrology, and land use practices influenced watershed N export. N inputs ranged from 581 to 11,234 kg N km⁻² year⁻¹ among watersheds, with 80% of total input for the region originating from agriculture (inorganic fertilizer, manure, and legumes). Of the potential N sources examined, mean annual concentrations of dissolved organic N and dissolved inorganic N in study rivers correlated most strongly with manure N input (r ² = 0.54 and 0.53, respectively). Seasonal N export varied by basin and was correlated with climate, anthropogenic N inputs, and reservoir releases. Fractional export of watershed N inputs by study rivers annually was small (median of 8%) and scaled exponentially with runoff (r = 0.66). Collectively, our results show that anthropogenic activities have altered both the magnitude and timing of watershed N export in California and suggest that targeted management in specific locations and times of the year could reduce N export to downstream systems in the region.     

基于景观格局的甘肃白龙江流域生态风险评价与管理

流域生态风险评价是流域生态保护与环境管理的重要研究内容.开展以人类活动为风险源的生态风险评价,揭示流域生态风险的空间变化规律,对于促进流域生态保护和环境管理及社会发展具有重要的指导意义.本文基于景观格局指数和生态环境脆弱度构建了流域生态风险综合指数,以甘肃白龙江流域2010年土地利用数据为基础,以ArcGIS和Fragstats软件为平台,通过空间采样和地统计空间插值得到白龙江流域生态风险的空间分布规律.结果表明：白龙江流域生态风险空间分布差异明显,总体而言,白龙江流域西北部和北部的生态风险高于流域的西部和南部山区;在白龙江流域各县区中,武都和宕昌县的生态风险较高,迭部县和文县的生态风险较低.今后应加强流域土地利用综合管理和人类活动调控,开展植被恢复和生态重建,降低不合理人为干扰的生态风险和危害,实现流域经济、社会与生态保护的“多赢”,促进区域可持续发展.     

Applications of ecological stoichiometry for sustainable acquisition of ecosystem services

Human activities have differentially altered biogeochemical cycling at local, regional and global scales. We propose that a stoichiometric approach, examining the fluxes of multiple elements and the ratio between them, may be a useful tool for better understanding human effects on ecosystem processes and services. The different scale of impacts of the elements carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and the different nature of their biogeochemical cycles, imply a large variation of their stoichiometric ratios in space and time and thus divergent impacts on biota.
In this paper, we examine the effects of anthropogenic perturbations on nutrient ratios in ecosystems in two examples and one case study. Altered stoichiometry in agricultural systems (example 1) can affect not only crop yield and quality but also the interactions between plants and their pollinators, pests and pathogens. Human activities have also altered stoichiometry in coastal ecosystems (example 2). Increased N loading has especially lead to increased N:P and reduced Si:N ratios, with detrimental effects on ecosystem services derived from coastal pelagic food webs, such as fish yield and water quality. The terrestrial–aquatic linkage in stoichiometric alterations is illustrated with a case study, the Mississippi River watershed, where anthropogenic activities have caused stoichiometric changes that have propagated through the watershed into the northern Gulf of Mexico.
Coupled with altered stoichiometric nutrient inputs are the inherent differences in variation and sensitivity of different ecosystems to anthropogenic disturbance. Furthermore, the connections among the components of a watershed may result in downstream cascades of disrupted functioning. Applying a multiple element perspective to understanding and addressing societal needs is a new direction for both ecological stoichiometry and sustainability.     

Longitudinal patterns in carbon and nitrogen fluxes and stream metabolism along an urban watershed continuum

An urban watershed continuum framework hypothesizes that there are coupled changes in (1) carbon and nitrogen cycling, (2) groundwater-surface water interactions, and (3) ecosystem metabolism along broader hydrologic flowpaths. It expands our understanding of urban streams beyond a reach scale. We evaluated this framework by analyzing longitudinal patterns in: C and N concentrations and mass balances, groundwater-surface interactions, and stream metabolism and carbon quality from headwaters to larger order streams. 52 monitoring sites were sampled seasonally and monthly along the Gwynns Falls watershed, which drains 170 km² of the Baltimore Long-Term Ecological Research site. Regarding our first hypothesis of coupled C and N cycles, there were significant inverse linear relationships between nitrate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen longitudinally (P < 0.05). Regarding our second hypothesis of coupled groundwater-surface water interactions, groundwater seepage and leaky piped infrastructure contributed significant inputs of water and N to stream reaches based on mass balance and chloride/fluoride tracer data. Regarding our third hypothesis of coupled ecosystem metabolism and carbon quality, stream metabolism increased downstream and showed potential to enhance DOC lability (e.g., ~4 times higher mean monthly primary production in urban streams than forest streams). DOC lability also increased with distance downstream and watershed urbanization based on protein and humic-like fractions, with major implications for ecosystem metabolism, biological oxygen demand, and CO₂ production and alkalinity. Overall, our results showed significant in-stream retention and release (0–100 %) of watershed C and N loads over the scale of kilometers, seldom considered when evaluating monitoring, management, and restoration effectiveness. Given dynamic transport and retention across evolving spatial scales, there is a strong need to longitudinally and synoptically expand studies of hydrologic and biogeochemical processes beyond a stream reach scale along the urban watershed continuum.     

Nitrogen budget and riverine nitrogen output in a rice paddy dominated agricultural watershed in eastern China

The nitrogen (N) budget calculation approach is a useful means of evaluating the impact of human activity on the N cycle. Field scale N budget calculations may ignore the interactions between landscapes, and regional scale calculations rely on statistical data and indirect parameters. Watershed scale budget calculations allow for a more direct quantification of N inputs and outputs. We conducted N budget calculations for a rice paddy-dominated agricultural watershed in eastern China for 2007?C2009, based on intensive monitoring of stream N dynamics, atmospheric deposition, ammonia (NH₃) volatilization and household interviews about N-related agricultural activities. The results showed that although total N input to the watershed was up to 280 kg N ha^?1 year^?1, riverine discharge was only 4.2 kg N ha^?1 year^?1, accounting for 1.5% of the total N input, and was further reduced to 2.0 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 after reservoir storage and/or denitrification removal. The low riverine N output was because of the characteristics of the rice paddy-dominated landscape, which intercepts run-off and enhances soil denitrification. The watershed actually purified the N in rainwater, as N concentrations in river discharge were much lower than those in rain water. Major N outputs included food/feed export, NH₃ volatilization from chemical fertilizer and manure, and emissions from crop residue burning. Net reactive gaseous emissions (emissions minus deposition) accounted for 5.5% of the total N input, much higher than riverine discharge. Therefore, the agricultural N cycle in such paddy-dominated watersheds impacts the environment mainly through gas exchange rather than water discharge.     

Long‐term nitrogen addition causes the evolution of less‐cooperative mutualists

Human activities have altered the global nitrogen (N) cycle, and as a result, elevated N inputs are causing profound ecological changes in diverse ecosystems. The evolutionary consequences of this global change have been largely ignored even though elevated N inputs are predicted to cause mutualism breakdown and the evolution of decreased cooperation between resource mutualists. Using a long‐term (22 years) N‐addition experiment, we find that elevated N inputs have altered the legume–rhizobium mutualism (where rhizobial bacteria trade N in exchange for photosynthates from legumes), causing the evolution of less‐mutualistic rhizobia. Plants inoculated with rhizobium strains isolated from N‐fertilized treatments produced 17–30% less biomass and had reduced chlorophyll content compared to plants inoculated with strains from unfertilized control plots. Because the legume–rhizobium mutualism is the major contributor of naturally fixed N to terrestrial ecosystems, the evolution of less‐cooperative rhizobia may have important environmental consequences.     

中国生态环境状况与生态文明建设

生态环境是人类生存和发展的主要物质来源,它承受着人类活动产生的废弃物和各种作用结果。良好的生态环境是人类发展最重要的前提,同时也是人类赖以生存、社会得以安定的基本条件。但目前全国生态环境问题日趋严峻,虽然当前环境状况在局部改善,但总体在恶化,治理速度远远赶不上破坏速度,生态环境破坏的程度在加剧,环境污染在加重,环境污染和破坏带来的危害也日趋明显,生态赤字逐渐扩大。生态文明是一种重视生态环境、重视环境保护的意识、价值观和文化,这意味着要解决当前日趋严峻的生态环境问题,进行生态文明建设是必要的。同时,我国经济的发展、科技的进步、法律法规的完善及社会环境保护意识的提高等使生态文明建设具有了可行性。因此,需要通过优化国土空间开发格局、调整能源利用结构、全面促进资源节约、加强生态文明制度建设、不断加强生态环境保护、转变经济增长方式等方面加强生态文明建设,为解决当前环境问题提供有效途径。     

大尺度区域生态环境治理及国家生态安全格局构建的技术途径和战略布局

陆地生态系统是地球生物圈系统的核心组分,是人类生活、生产及社会经济活动的场所。然而,人类文明发展和科学技术进步在不断地扩大对资源的利用规模和强度,也导致了严重威胁社会可持续发展的全球气候变化、生物多样性丧失、环境污染、资源枯竭、生态系统退化等环境问题。社会公众期望生态学研究能够为区域、大陆及全球尺度的生态系统的利用和保护、维持人类社会可持续发展提供科学理论及系统性的解决方案。本研究以服务中国生态文明建设、生态安全格局构建、区域生态环境治理,以及宏观生态系统科学发展为目标,回顾了中国的区域生态环境治理成效及经验;分析了我国生态文明建设对大尺度生态系统科学研究的科技需求与时代特征,提出了利用基于自然的宏生态系统途径的新思路提升区域生态环境治理及安全格局构建的设想。在此基础上,讨论了中国的大尺度区域安全格局构建及生态环境治理的新思路、战略布局、技术途径与科技支撑体系,为中国安全、健康和美丽的国土空间利用及生态文明建设进步提供理论参考。     

Ecosystem processes and nitrogen export in northern U.S. watersheds

There is much interest in the relationship of atmospheric nitrogen (N) inputs to ecosystem outputs as an indicator of possible "nitrogen saturation" by human activity. Longer-term, ecosystem-level mass balance studies suggest that the relationship is not clear and that other ecosystem processes may dominate variation in N outputs. We have been studying small, forested watershed ecosystems in five northern watersheds for periods up to 35 years. Here I summarize the research on ecosystem processes and the N budget. During the past 2 decades, average wet-precipitation N inputs ranged from about 0.1 to 6 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) among sites. In general, sites with the lowest N inputs had the highest output-to-input ratios. In the Alaska watersheds, streamwater N output exceeded inputs by 70 to 250%. The ratio of mean monthly headwater nitrate (NO3-) concentration to precipitation NO3- concentration declined with increased precipitation concentration. A series of ecosystem processes have been studied and related to N outputs. The most important appear to be seasonal change in hydrologic flowpath, soil freezing, seasonal forest-floor inorganic N pools resulting from over-winter mineralization beneath the snowpack, spatial variation in watershed forest-floor inorganic N pools, the degree to which snowmelt percolates soils, and gross soil N mineralization rates.