微生物法生产L-丝氨酸代谢工程研究进展

L-丝氨酸是生物体内一种重要的中间代谢产物,为甘氨酸等多种氨基酸、核苷酸、胆碱、磷脂的合成前体,现已广泛应用于医药、食品、化妆品等领域。L-丝氨酸的生产方法有蛋白质水解提取法、化学合成法、转化法及微生物发酵法,其中微生物发酵法具有原料廉价、环境污染小、产物纯度高等优点。系统综述了微生物发酵法生产L-丝氨酸所涉及的代谢工程策略,包括微生物合成L-丝氨酸的各种代谢调控机制及相应采取的改造措施和效果,并探讨了L-丝氨酸育种技术未来的发展趋势。     

代谢工程发展20年

代谢工程从上世纪90年代初期发展至今已有20年历史,对微生物发酵工业的发展起到了极大的推动作用。以下回顾了代谢工程发展至今的三个重要阶段,讨论了各阶段中代谢工程在技术方面的进展及其对微生物发酵工业的促进作用。最后还讨论了代谢工程将来发展中的关键问题及解决策略。     

L-精氨酸生物合成机制及其代谢工程育种研究进展

L-精氨酸是人体半必需的氨基酸,在生命代谢过程中起着非常重要的作用,且具有广泛的应用价值及市场需求。目前,L-精氨酸主要采用微生物发酵法进行生产,为了提高L-精氨酸的产量和稳定性,最有效的方法是优化L-精氨酸生产菌株,通过代谢工程改造微生物菌株有望达到这一目的。本文分析了微生物中L-精氨酸的代谢途径和调控机制,并综述了构建高产L-精氨酸的代谢工程策略。此外,展望了菌株稳定性和底物扩展利用的未来研究方向。     

代谢工程在核黄素生产上的应用

核黄素(维生素B2)为天然水溶性的B族维生素,是维持机体代谢所必须的营养物质。目前核黄素的工业化生产主要有微生物发酵法和化学半合成法两种,其中微生物发酵法以生产工艺简单、原料廉价、环境友好以及资源可再生等优点而倍受世界核黄素生产商的青睐。代谢工程是近二十年来发展起来的新型学科,主要利用分子生物学技术对细胞进行遗传修饰,从而改进产物生成或细胞特性。为进一步提高核黄素产量,通过代谢工程手段构建出了核黄素高产菌株,其中尤以枯草芽孢杆菌最为成功。要得到较高的核黄素产率,必须保证碳架、能量等价物以及氧化还原辅(酶)因子在细胞代谢过程中处于适当的比率。以枯草芽孢杆菌进行核黄素生产为例,主要从增强碳源和能源利用效率、增强核黄素生物合成途径代谢流以及解除核黄素生物合成过程中的反馈调节方面综述了代谢工程在指导核黄素生产方面的应用,并讨论了其未来的发展方向。     

发酵法生产糖胺聚糖的研究进展

糖胺聚糖是一种具有多种生理功能的直链酸性黏多糖,广泛应用于化妆品、保健品和药品等行业。为了满足环境友好、生产安全和可持续发展的社会要求,利用微生物发酵法生产糖胺聚糖越来越受到人们的关注。本文中,笔者在总结糖胺聚糖生物合成路径的基础上,分析归纳了发酵法生产糖胺聚糖的生化工程和代谢工程策略,并展望了糖胺聚糖进一步高效生产的发展方向。     

代谢工程改造热带假丝酵母高效合成中链ω-羟基脂肪酸

[目的]ω-羟基脂肪酸(ω-hydroxyfatty acid,ω-HFAs)是一种绿色安全无毒,具有良好生物相容性的理想生物降解材料,广泛应用于化工、食品、药学等方面,微生物发酵法生产ω-羟基脂肪酸具有重要的研究意义和应用前景.[方法]为了得到高产ω-羟基脂肪酸的代谢工程菌株,通过同源重组技术,连续敲除二倍体热带假丝...     

奎尼酸生物合成的代谢工程

奎尼酸及其衍生物氢醌和苯醌等是一类重要的化工原料,可作为一些化学合成制剂和药物中间原料,且在食品和化学工业中有着广泛的应用。目前奎尼酸的制备方法有植物提取法、化学合成法、酶工程法和微生物发酵法,其中微生物发酵法是近年发展起来的一种十分经济有效的方法。在介绍奎尼酸的制备方法的基础上重点综述了应用代谢工程在生物合成奎尼酸基因工程菌的改造中的研究进展,其中涉及奎尼酸生物合成途径中相关基因及其酶的调控、中心代谢途径的改造和修饰等,并探讨了将来的发展前景。     

微生物发酵法生产S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的研究进展

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl-l-methionine, SAM)广泛存在于生物体内,主要参与生物体内的转甲基过程、转硫过程及转氨丙基过程,具有重要的生理功能,其生产备受重视。目前SAM生产的研究主要集中于微生物发酵法,该方法与化学合成法和酶催化法相比,成本较低且更容易实现工业化生产。随着需求量的迅速增加,通过菌种改良提高SAM产量备受关注。当前SAM生产菌种改良的主要策略包括常规育种和代谢工程。本文综述了提高微生物生产SAM能力的近期研究进展并探讨了SAM生产中的瓶颈问题及解决方法,以期为进一步提高SAM产量提供思路。     

代谢工程改造酿酒酵母生产L-乳酸的研究进展

L-乳酸是一种重要的有机化合物,具有广泛的应用价值。微生物发酵法生产是当前L-乳酸的主要来源,但受限于精确的发酵条件、菌体产物耐受能力低及底物要求高等因素,导致L-乳酸供给不足且价格偏高。鉴于酿酒酵母利用廉价底物生产有价值物质方面的诸多优势,并随着分子生物学技术的发展,利用代谢工程改造酿酒酵母本身固有的代谢网络,使其高产L-乳酸已成为当前研究的热点。从L-乳酸的异源生产、关键途径改造及菌体生长能力恢复三个方面归纳了关于代谢工程改造酿酒酵母生产L-乳酸的研究进展。最后,指出了酿酒酵母异源生产L-乳酸存在的不足和今后研究的方向。     

发酵液中 L-色氨酸的提取

L-色氨酸为必需氨基酸之一,在人体代谢有着重要的功用,是配制复合结晶氨基酸注射液的基本原料,其价格昂贵,国内尚供不应求。至今,除用化学合成生产色氨酸外,利用微生物发酵法生产 L-色氨酸已越来越受到人们的重视,国内外均有不少研究报告。根据中国科学院微生物研究所的研究报告,我们于1976年采用邻氨基苯甲酸为前体物发酵法,协作进行了 L-色氨酸的试制工作。当时,由于受到强烈地震的影响,试制工作未能园满结束,但在克服重重困难之后,仍然摸索了一     

微生物发酵生产丁二酸研究进展

丁二酸是微生物三羧酸循环中重要的代谢中间产物,广泛用于生物高分子、食品与医药等行业,市场潜在需求量巨大。文中从3个方面归纳了国内外生物基丁二酸研究进展：能够过量积累丁二酸的微生物的发现和筛选,产丁二酸工程菌构建中所采用的基因工程策略及代谢工程技术,丁二酸发酵过程控制与优化。最后,讨论了微生物法生产丁二酸今后的研究方向。     

L-鸟氨酸发酵菌种的代谢工程研究进展

L-鸟氨酸是一种非蛋白类氨基酸参与尿素代谢及生物多胺类的合成,其对人体具有治疗肝脏疾病、增强免疫力等作用,被广泛应用于医疗、保健、食品等领域。工业上生产鸟氨酸主要有化学法、酶法及工业发酵法。其中,发酵法因其生产成本及环境保护等方面的优势而逐渐成为研究的焦点。本文归纳了近年来采用基因工程技术选育鸟氨酸高产菌种最新研究进展,重点讨论了产鸟氨酸谷氨酸棒杆菌的代谢工程改造策略,并对未来的研究方向进行了预测。     

微生物法生产1,3-二羟基丙酮代谢工程研究进展

1,3-二羟基丙酮是一种重要的化工原料和医药中间体,广泛应用于化妆品、医药、食品等领域。以下综述了微生物法生产1,3-二羟基丙酮的代谢途径和关键酶,以及微生物法生产1,3-二羟基丙酮所涉及的代谢工程技术的研究进展。指出利用基因工程的方法对菌株进行改造,提高甘油脱氢酶催化活性,同时根据菌株的代谢特性,对发酵过程进行调控,提高1,3-二羟基丙酮的得率,是今后的研究方向。     

Biobased production of alkanes and alkenes through metabolic engineering of microorganisms

Advancement in metabolic engineering of microorganisms has enabled bio-based production of a range of chemicals, and such engineered microorganism can be used for sustainable production leading to reduced carbon dioxide emission there. One area that has attained much interest is microbial hydrocarbon biosynthesis, and in particular, alkanes and alkenes are important high-value chemicals as they can be utilized for a broad range of industrial purposes as well as ‘drop-in’ biofuels. Some microorganisms have the ability to biosynthesize alkanes and alkenes naturally, but their production level is extremely low. Therefore, there have been various attempts to recruit other microbial cell factories for production of alkanes and alkenes by applying metabolic engineering strategies. Here we review different pathways and involved enzymes for alkane and alkene production and discuss bottlenecks and possible solutions to accomplish industrial level production of these chemicals by microbial fermentation.     

Economical challenges to microbial producers of butanol: feedstock, butanol ratio and titer

Butanol is an important solvent and transport fuel additive, and can be produced by microbial fermentation. Attempts to generate a superior microbial producer of butanol have been made through different metabolic engineering strategies. However, to date, butanol bio-production is still not economically competitive compared to petrochemical-derived production because of its major drawbacks, such as, high cost of the feedstocks, low butanol concentration in the fermentation broth and the co-production of low-value by-products acetone and ethanol. Here we analyze the main bottlenecks in microbial butanol production and summarize relevant advances from recently reported studies. Further needs and directions for developing real industrially applicable strains in butanol production are also discussed.     

Current Progress on Butyric Acid Production by Fermentation

Several issues of butyric acid production with bacteria through fermentation are presented in this review. The current progress including the utilization of butyric acid, the production strains, the metabolic pathway, and regulation are presented in the paper. Process operation modes such as batch, fed-batch, and continuous fermentation are being discussed. Genetic engineering technologies for microbial strain improvement are also being discussed and fermentation systems have been recommended.     

Microbial production of riboflavin: Biotechnological advances and perspectives

Riboflavin is an essential nutrient for humans and animals, and its derivatives flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are cofactors in the cells. Therefore, riboflavin and its derivatives are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic industries. Advances in biotechnology have led to a complete shift in the commercial production of riboflavin from chemical synthesis to microbial fermentation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive review of biotechnologies that enhance riboflavin production in microorganisms, as well as representative examples. Firstly, the synthesis pathways and metabolic regulatory processes of riboflavin in microorganisms; and the current strategies and methods of metabolic engineering for riboflavin production are systematically summarized and compared. Secondly, the using of systematic metabolic engineering strategies to enhance riboflavin production is discussed, including laboratory evolution, histological analysis and high-throughput screening. Finally, the challenges for efficient microbial production of riboflavin and the strategies to overcome these challenges are prospected.     

Metabolic engineering for the utilization of carbohydrate portions of lignocellulosic biomass

The petrochemical industry has grown to meet the need for massive production of energy and commodities along with an explosive population growth; however, serious side effects such as greenhouse gas emissions and global warming have negatively impacted the environment. Lignocellulosic biomass with myriad quantities on Earth is an attractive resource for the production of carbon-neutral fuels and chemicals through environmentally friendly processes of microbial fermentation. This review discusses metabolic engineering efforts to achieve economically feasible industrial production of fuels and chemicals from microbial cell factories using the carbohydrate portion of lignocellulosic biomass as substrates. The combined knowledge of systems biology and metabolic engineering has been applied to construct robust platform microorganisms with maximum conversion of monomeric sugars, such as glucose and xylose, derived from lignocellulosic biomass. By comprehensively revisiting carbon conversion pathways, we provide a rationale for engineering strategies, as well as their features, feasibility, and recent representative studies. In addition, we briefly discuss how tools in systems biology can be applied in the field of metabolic engineering to accelerate the development of microbial cell factories that convert lignocellulosic biomass into carbon-neutral fuels and chemicals with economic feasibility.     

Factors affecting the competitiveness of bacterial fermentation

Sustainable production of chemicals and materials from renewable non-food biomass using biorefineries has become increasingly important in an effort toward the vision of ‘net zero carbon’ that has recently been pledged by countries around the world. Systems metabolic engineering has allowed the efficient development of microbial strains overproducing an increasing number of chemicals and materials, some of which have been translated to industrial-scale production. Fermentation is one of the key processes determining the overall economics of bioprocesses, but has recently been attracting less research attention. In this Review, we revisit and discuss factors affecting the competitiveness of bacterial fermentation in connection to strain development by systems metabolic engineering. Future perspectives for developing efficient fermentation processes are also discussed.     

Biotechnological production of bio-based long-chain dicarboxylic acids with oleogenious yeasts

Long-chain α,ω-dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) are versatile chemical intermediates of industrial importance used as building blocks for the production of polymers, lubricants, or adhesives. The majority of industrial long-chain DCAs is produced from petro-chemical resources. An alternative is their biotechnological production from renewable materials like plant oil fatty acids by microbial fermentation using oleogenious yeasts. Oleogenious yeasts are natural long-chain DCA producers, which have to be genetically engineered for high-yield DCA production. Although, some commercialized fermentation processes using engineered yeasts are reported, bio-based long-chain DCAs are still far from being a mass product. Further progress in bioprocess engineering and rational strain design is necessary to advance their further commercialization. The present article reviews the basic strategies, as well as novel approaches in the strain design of oleogenious yeasts, such as the combination of traditional metabolic engineering with system biology strategies for high-yield long-chain DCA production. Therefore a detailed overview of the involved metabolic processes for the biochemical long-chain DCA synthesis is given.