死谷芽胞杆菌B10发酵条件的研究与抗菌谱的测定

死谷芽胞杆菌B10可抑制多种食用菌病原木霉菌的生长,同时对其他多种食用菌病原真菌有拮抗作用,因此是1株很有潜力的生防菌,具有开发成生防产品的潜能。实验通过摇瓶培养,对死谷芽胞杆菌B10产生抑菌活性物质的发酵培养基和培养条件进行优化,并对其抑菌谱进行了测试。结果表明,实验产生抑菌活性物质的最佳培养基为NB液体培养基,最佳发酵条件为:菌株种龄18 h,发酵周期36 h,初始培养基pH为7.0,培养温度为30℃,摇瓶装液量为100 mL/250 mL,接种量为4%,摇床转速为170 r/min。B10发酵无菌滤液对多种食用菌病原真菌有明显抑制作用,其中对哈茨木霉T22抑制作用最强,抑菌率达90.56%。     

哈茨木霉SKD-ZX-1的鉴定、发酵及其生防效果

哈茨木霉作为一类重要的生防菌,对蔬菜病害致病菌具有拮抗作用。为确定分离的哈茨木霉SKD-ZX-1的生防效果,利用气质联用技术对菌株的发酵液进行测定和分析,利用宏基因组测序方法分析该菌株对番茄根腐烂病土壤中的细菌菌群的影响,并且采用平板对峙培养法对该菌株与链格孢菌和茄链格孢菌进行了拮抗实验。结果显示,哈茨木霉SKD-ZX-1发酵液中有邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯等抑菌成分,并且其发酵液增大了土壤中细菌菌群的种类,与对照组相比,实验组肠杆菌属提高了46%,而假单胞菌属和梭菌属降低了5.28%和36.1%。该哈茨木霉对两种病原菌的抑制率均达到100%,拮抗系数达Ⅰ级。研究表明哈茨木霉SKD-ZX-1对链格孢菌和茄链格孢菌具有显著的抑制作用,其发酵液具有一定的抑菌效果。     

抑制小麦赤霉病生防芽胞杆菌的筛选与相关研究

芽胞杆菌因其具有广谱的抑菌活性,在农业生产上常用于防控植物病害。本研究比较了五种芽胞杆菌发酵上清液对禾谷镰刀菌PH-1的抑制作用,结果发现枯草芽胞杆菌SCK6基本没有抑制效果,地衣芽胞杆菌BSK3和多粘芽胞杆菌BSK4有较弱的抑制作用,解淀粉芽胞杆菌TZ01和贝莱斯芽胞杆菌SH06抑制效果明显,其中贝莱斯芽胞杆菌SH06的抑制作用最为显著。进一步从不同培养基、培养时间及渗透剂对SH06菌株发酵条件进行了优化,结果表明在TB培养基中培养24 h并加入0. 5%TritonX-100的渗透剂时,发酵上清对禾谷镰刀菌PH-1的抑制效果最佳。本文为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌作为一种新型生防菌剂奠定了良好的应用基础,不仅丰富了生物防治菌种的菌库,也为小麦赤霉病的防治提供了一种新的选择,对未来菌种联合防治提供了新的方向。     

菌株B10对食用菌木霉病的拮抗作用及菌株鉴定

在食用菌实际生产中发现1株对栽培袋中致病菌木霉具有较强抑菌作用的菌株,命名为B10,通过菌体拮抗试验、发酵上清液拮抗试验,结果表明B10对木霉29菌体拮抗抑菌圈32.3 mm,拮抗带宽达到24.3mm。36 h发酵上清液对木霉有良好的抑制作用,最大抑菌圈25.22 mm,最大拮抗带宽16.85 mm,抑制现象明显。对B10做生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列测定,鉴定结果为死谷芽胞杆菌。本研究为今后芽胞杆菌在食用菌产业生物防治中的应用奠定了基础。     

柿叶黄酮对BSD-2菌株芽胞数量及抑菌活性的影响

研究PB液体培养基中加入不同浓度的柿叶黄酮对内生枯草芽胞杆菌生长、芽胞形成及抑菌活性的影响,利用光学显微镜观察菌体形态、稀释平板法统计芽胞数量、平板扩散法和病原菌生物测定的方法测定抑菌效果。结果表明,加入柿叶黄酮浓度为0.5%的处理对菌体生长无影响,使芽胞数量提高100倍,同时增强对灰霉、黑斑、黄萎病原菌的抑菌效果。     

鸡肠源芽胞杆菌的分离、鉴定和抗菌活性

从人工饲养的健康三黄肉鸡的盲肠和大肠中分离出10株芽胞杆菌,对其进行菌落形态观察、革兰染色、芽胞染色和生理生化特性鉴定,确定为枯草芽胞杆菌、地衣芽胞杆菌、蜡状芽胞杆菌、巨大芽胞杆菌、球形芽胞杆菌、短小芽胞杆菌、凝结芽胞杆菌。同时测定了它们对动物病原性大肠埃希菌和链球菌的抑菌活性。其中有9株芽胞杆菌对大肠埃希菌有抑制作用,8株芽胞杆菌对链球菌有抑制作用。结果表明芽胞杆菌分离株Y2、Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6、Y7、Y8具有作为益生菌开发的潜力。     

枯草芽胞杆菌FB123细菌素的理化性质及抑菌谱的研究

研究了细菌素产生菌枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)FB123 所产细菌素的理化性质及其抑菌谱.枯草芽胞杆菌FB123经过 28 ℃、32 h的发酵得到发酵上清液,用饱和度为50%的硫酸铵溶液沉淀发酵上清液中的细菌素.以革兰阴性菌大肠杆菌和革兰阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,采用牛津杯法检测细菌素抑菌活性,对细菌素粗品进行理化性质的研究.结果表明该细菌素最适作用pH为 6.0,最适作用温度 40 ℃,具有较宽的pH作用范围和较好的热稳定性.各种蛋白酶、金属离子对其活性有不同程度的影响.抑菌谱试验结果表明,该细菌素对多种革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌有明显的抑制作用,虽然对部分真菌有抑制作用,但抑制作用较弱.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌Bt0601发酵条件的优化研究

应用正交实验和单因子实验,结合杀虫毒力测定,对携带杀虫基因cry1Ac和虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素基因Hwtx-I的苏云金芽胞杆菌工程菌Bt 0601的发酵工艺条件进行研究。实验获得的苏云金芽胞杆菌Bt 0601工程菌的最佳发酵条件为:发酵初始酸碱度控制在pH 7.5、发酵温度(30±0.5)℃、转速200 r/min、通气量为30 mL/300 mL,接种量为4%,培养44 h。此外,本文还对Bt 0601菌株在30 L发酵罐中的发酵特性进行了研究,摸索了通气量对其大罐发酵的影响,确定大罐发酵的最佳通气量为1.75 L/min。     

海洋短小枯草芽胞杆菌的鉴定及抑菌活性分析

对从连云港东西连岛海泥样品中分离得到的菌株Bacillus pumilus HX2-2的分类地位、生长条件和抑菌活性进行了研究。经过形态特征、生理生化性质及16S r DNA序列分析鉴定,该菌属于短小芽胞杆菌。不同温度、盐度、pH培养条件下测定菌液吸光度OD600值,表明该菌是一株轻度嗜盐菌,最适温度、盐度、pH分别为30℃、3%、7.0~8.0。在不同病原真菌的平板抑菌活性试验中,该菌对草莓尖胞镰刀菌、马铃薯炭疽病菌和水稻立枯丝核菌表现出显著的抑菌作用。菌株B.pumilus HX2-2是一株短小芽胞杆菌,具有广谱抑菌活性,具有进一步研究的价值。     

拮抗Bacillus subtilis的筛选及发酵条件对拮抗能力的影响

筛选了3株对大肠埃希菌具有拮抗活性的枯草芽胞杆菌,并对这3个菌株的拮抗能力最强的Bf菌株的发酵条件进行了初步研究。先将不同枯草芽胞杆菌菌株与株大肠埃希菌进行拮抗试验,根据抑菌率,筛选出对大肠埃希菌拮抗效果较好的枯草芽胞杆菌Bf。然后,在不同pH值、温度以及不同的培养时间下观察记录Bf对大肠埃希菌的拮抗作用。根据实验结果分析得到:筛选到的枯草芽胞杆菌在pH值为7.0,37℃下培养40 h后抑菌效果最好。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.