抗反馈抑制的天冬氨酸激酶基因在钝齿棒杆菌中的表达

将来自钝齿棒杆菌（Corynebacterium crenatum）CD945具有AEC抗性的天冬氨酸激酶(AKfbr)基因克隆到穿梭载体pJC1上,构建重组质粒pLY153。用电击法将质粒pLY153转化到野生型菌株C. crenatum AS1.542及其突变株C. crenatum CD945中。携带AKfbr基因的C. crenatum AS1.542菌株能抗浓度皆为12mg/mL的AEC和苏氨酸。AKfbr基因在C. crenatum CD945中得到表达,天冬氨酸激酶活性提高4倍。摇瓶发酵实验结果表明,重组菌在对数前期和中期生长正常,不受抑制;与对照菌相比,赖氨酸终产量提高22％,赖氨酸生产率提高23％。     

点状产气单胞菌脯氨酰内肽酶基因的克隆与表达

用活性筛选法从产气单胞菌点状亚种ST7833 (Aeromonas puctata subsp.puctata ST7833)的基因组中克隆了脯氨酰内肽酶 (Prolyl Endopeptidase,简称apPEP)的基因,测定了含有PEP基因的33kb DNA片段的序列,第202092bp编码了690个氨基酸组成的脯氨酰内肽酶,经检索是一种新的PEP基因。并构建了一株组成性高效表达PEP的基因工程菌BL21/pGEMPEP。BL21/pGEMPEP在 YH培养基中apPEP的表达量占菌体总蛋白的30%左右,活力是野生菌的112倍,表达产物主要为可溶性的胞内蛋白,约5%分泌到胞外。非还原SDSPAGE显示为单体,分子量为76kD,与基因序列预测的分子量一致。试管培养后纯化得到了纯度大于90%的重组脯氨酰内肽酶,比活力为67U/mg。     

卡瑞苯西思伯克霍尔德氏菌卤乙酸脱卤酶的分离纯化及性质

从云南西北部土样中分离到一株卡瑞苯西思伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia caribensis),它在氯乙酸培养基中能产生较高活性的卤乙酸脱卤酶。经硫酸铵盐析、DEAE SephadexA50柱层析、羟基磷灰石柱层析、Sephadex G200 凝胶过滤后,获得电泳纯酶。用SDSPAGE测定酶分子量为46kD。水解氯乙酸的Km值为3.7×10-3mol/L。酶反应的最适温度为40℃,最适pH值为9.5。金属离子及CN-、EDTA对该酶有不同程度的影响,Hg2+和CN-则对该酶有强烈的抑制作用。     

香港养殖海鲷弧菌致病菌药物敏感性及耐药质粒研究

从发病海鲷(Sparus sarba)中共分离到51株弧菌(\%Vibrio)\%,经API20E细菌快速鉴定系统及Alsina和Blanch关键生理生化特性分析鉴定为7个种,它们分别是：溶藻胶弧菌(\%V.alginolyticus)(24株),创伤弧菌(V.vulnificus)(12株)和副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)(7株),火神弧菌(V.logei)(4株),远洋弧菌Ⅱ菌(V.pelagius Ⅱ)(2株),河弧菌(V.fluvialis)(1株)和地中海弧菌(V.mediterranei)(1株)\%。其中3种优势菌溶藻胶弧菌创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌证实对海鲷有致病性。另外采用平板稀释法检测了51株菌对16种抗菌素的敏感性。发现所有菌株对ceftriaxone,链霉素,萘啶酮酸和利福霉素敏感,几乎所有菌株对ceftazidime, netilimicin,氯霉素和sulfamethoxazole敏感.大部分菌株对氨苄青霉素 (60.8%),cefuroxime(667%),丁胺卡那霉素(55%),卡那霉素(588%)和三甲氧苄氨嘧啶(765%)等具有较强的耐药性。通过对菌株中所含有的耐药质粒进行分析,发现15株菌株含有1～4个质粒,分子量范围为9～123kb之间,对12株既含有较大分子量质粒又具有耐药性的菌株进行了质粒转化试验,结果其中9株菌的质粒具有转化能力,转化率为１０－１１～１０－９,表明所分离的菌株的抗药性是由于细菌染色体相关突变造成的。     

枯草芽孢杆菌中性内切β-甘露聚糖酶的纯化及性质

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)BM9602产生的中性内切β甘露聚糖酶(endoβ1,4Dmannan mannanohydrolase,EC,3.2.1.78)经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE纤维素(DE22)离子交换柱层析,得到电泳纯的样品,提纯了455倍,收率为59%。用SDSPAGE测得该酶的分子量为35kD。用PAGEIEF测得其等电点pI为45。酶反应的最适pH为5.8,最适温度为50℃。该酶在pH60～80,50℃以下稳定。金属离子Hg2+和Ag+对酶活性强烈抑制。酶对槐豆胶、羟丙基瓜胶、田菁胶和魔芋粉的Km值分别为38、149、113和24mg/mL,Vmax值分别为245、865、384和198μmol.min-1mg-1。酶水解甘露聚糖为甘露寡糖(不含单糖)。     

嗜热毛壳菌内切β-葡聚糖酶的分离纯化及特性

探讨了液体发酵嗜热毛壳菌(Chaetomium thermophile)产生的内切β葡聚糖酶的分离纯化及特性。粗酶液经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE\|Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子层析、Pheny1\|Sepharose疏水层析、Sephacry1 S\|100分子筛层析等步骤便可获得凝胶电泳均一的内切β\|葡聚糖酶。经125%SDS\|PAGE和凝胶过滤层析法分别测得所分离纯化酶蛋白的分子量约为67.8kD和69.8kD。该酶反应的最适温度和pH分别为60℃和40～45在pH50条件下,该酶在60℃下稳定;70℃保温1h后,仍保留30%的活性;在80℃的半衰期为25min。金属离子对内切β\|葡聚糖酶的活性影响较大,其中Na+对酶有激活作用;Fe2+、Ag+、Cu2+、Ba2+、Zn2+等对酶有抑制作用。该酶对结晶纤维素没有水解能力。     

转座子Tn5096对刺孢吸水链霉菌北京变种RF220转座的诱变

用大肠杆菌/链霉菌穿梭质粒pCZA168(bla,tsr,Tn5096,ColEI rep,Strep repts)多次转化农抗120产生菌刺孢吸水链霉菌北京变种(S.Streptomyces hygrospinocus var. beijingensis)RF220的原生质体,均未得到转化子。来自吸水链霉菌应城变种(S.Streptomyces hygroscopicus var.)10-22突变株的链霉菌质粒pIJ702(tsr mel+)可以转化RF220,但转化频率只有数十个转化子/μgDNA。用来自RF220本身的pIJ702对消除pIJ702后的RF220的原生质体进行了再转化,转化率没有明显的提高。用氨苄青霉素和甘氨酸协同处理RF220的菌丝体,并经-70℃冷冻原生质体再转化,得到了4个pCZA168的转化子。质粒提取、酶切、抗性测定表明：4个转化子中pCZA168中大肠杆菌DNA部分均被切除,成为大小约50～60kb的小质粒,命名为pWZH102(tsr,Tn5096,strep repts)。用pWZH102上的转座子Tn5096对RF220进行转座实验,在168个转座个体中,有2株可能为抗生素生物合成阻断变株,另有产生抗生素水平各异的变株,说明Tn5096的转座可以引起表型的不同变化。     

高效产氢细菌新种——Ethanologenbacterium sp. X-1的分离鉴定及其产氢效能

为获得高效产氢发酵细菌,采用改进的厌氧Hungate培养技术,从生物制氢反应器CSTR中分离一株产氢细菌X1。对该株细菌进行了形态学特征、生理生化指标、16S rDNA和16S23S rDNA 间隔区序列分析等研究。结果表明与最相近的种属Clostridium cellulosi和Acetanaerobacterium elongatum等的16S rRNA基因序列同源性为94％以下。16S23S rRNA 间隔区基因序列比对分析显示保守区域仅为tRNAAla和tRNAIle序列,其它可变部位没有同源性区域,鉴定为新属Ethanologenbacterium sp.。该株细菌为专性厌氧杆菌,代谢特征为乙醇发酵,葡萄糖发酵产物主要为乙醇、乙酸、H2和CO2。在pH4.0和36℃条件下最大产氢速率是28.3mmol H2/(g dry cell·h)。经鉴定和产氢效能分析表明该菌株是一新属的高效产氢细菌。     

两株产生免疫抑制剂的小双孢菌分离株的鉴定

从江苏无锡土壤中分离到两株玫瑰小双孢菌SIPI226和SIPI207,经形态、化学分析、Ribotyping及16S rRNA分析,两菌株细胞壁含meso\|DAP、磷酸类脂PIV、无枝菌酸,醌为MK9(H0,H2,H4),G+C mol%分别为683和694。经初步鉴定为玫瑰小双孢菌的两个新亚种：玫瑰小双孢菌无锡亚种(Microbispora rosea subsp. wuxiensis)和玫瑰小双孢菌鼋头渚亚种(Microbispora rosea subsp. yuantouzhuensis)。菌株SIPI226和SIPI207分别为玫瑰小双孢菌无锡亚种和玫瑰小双孢菌鼋头渚亚种的典型菌株。     

丝状真菌表达分泌系统中受体菌的构建

黑曲霉糖化酶高产菌株T21经紫外诱变后, 通过酪蛋白平板和蛋白酶活性测定筛选出胞外酸性蛋白酶活力仅为原株076%的菌株A.nigerT21-201,其生长特性和产糖化酶活力与原株基本一致。利用原生质体PEG法将含有报告基因vhb的表达分泌质粒Pgt10-vhb通过与选择标记质粒的共转化导入此蛋白酶部分缺陷株及其原株T21,检测在蛋白酶缺陷株Aspergillus niger T21-201 和原株T21中VHb的分泌表达,结果表明在A.nigerT21-201中VHb表达水平显著高于原株,但Northern blot却显示在两菌株中^vnb基因的转录水平近似,由此证明酸性蛋白酶缺陷对保护外源蛋白产生了显著效果。      

Glucose uptake in Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and the solvent-hyperproducing mutant BA101.

Glucose uptake and accumulation by Clostridium beijerinckii BA101, a butanol hyperproducing mutant, were examined during various stages of growth. Glucose uptake in C. beijerinckii BA101 was repressed 20% by 2-deoxyglucose and 25% by mannose, while glucose uptake in C. beijerinckii 8052 was repressed 52 and 28% by these sugars, respectively. We confirmed the presence of a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) associated with cell extracts of C. beijerinckii BA101 by glucose phosphorylation by PEP. The PTS activity associated with C. beijerinckii BA101 was 50% of that observed for C. beijerinckii 8052. C. beijerinckii BA101 also demonstrated lower PTS activity for fructose and glucitol. Glucose phosphorylation by cell extracts derived from both C. beijerinckii BA101 and 8052 was also dependent on the presence of ATP, a finding consistent with the presence of glucokinase activity in C. beijerinckii extracts. ATP-dependent glucose phosphorylation was predominant during the solventogenic stage, when PEP-dependent glucose phosphorylation was dramatically repressed. A nearly twofold-greater ATP-dependent phosphorylation rate was observed for solventogenic stage C. beijerinckii BA101 than for solventogenic stage C. beijerinckii 8052. These results suggest that C. beijerinckii BA101 is defective in PTS activity and that C. beijerinckii BA101 compensates for this defect with enhanced glucokinase activity, resulting in an ability to transport and utilize glucose during the solventogenic stage.     

Glucose Uptake in Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and the Solvent-Hyperproducing Mutant BA101

Glucose uptake and accumulation by Clostridium beijerinckii BA101, a butanol hyperproducing mutant, were examined during various stages of growth. Glucose uptake in C. beijerinckii BA101 was repressed 20% by 2-deoxyglucose and 25% by mannose, while glucose uptake in C. beijerinckii 8052 was repressed 52 and 28% by these sugars, respectively. We confirmed the presence of a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) associated with cell extracts of C. beijerinckii BA101 by glucose phosphorylation by PEP. The PTS activity associated with C. beijerinckii BA101 was 50% of that observed for C. beijerinckii 8052. C. beijerinckii BA101 also demonstrated lower PTS activity for fructose and glucitol. Glucose phosphorylation by cell extracts derived from both C. beijerinckii BA101 and 8052 was also dependent on the presence of ATP, a finding consistent with the presence of glucokinase activity in C. beijerinckii extracts. ATP-dependent glucose phosphorylation was predominant during the solventogenic stage, when PEP-dependent glucose phosphorylation was dramatically repressed. A nearly twofold-greater ATP-dependent phosphorylation rate was observed for solventogenic stage C. beijerinckii BA101 than for solventogenic stage C. beijerinckii 8052. These results suggest that C. beijerinckii BA101 is defective in PTS activity and that C. beijerinckii BA101 compensates for this defect with enhanced glucokinase activity, resulting in an ability to transport and utilize glucose during the solventogenic stage.     

Mutational Analysis of the Role of HPr in Listeria monocytogenes

The regulatory role of HPr, a protein of the phosphotransferase system (PTS), was investigated in Listeria monocytogenes. By constructing mutations in the conserved histidine 15 and serine 46 residues of HPr, we were able to examine how HPr regulates PTS activity. The results indicated that histidine 15 was phosphorylated in a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent manner and was essential for PTS activity. Serine 46 was phosphorylated in an ATP-dependent manner by a membrane-associated kinase. ATP-dependent phosphorylation of serine 46 was significantly enhanced in the presence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate and resulted in a reduction of PTS activity. The presence of a charge at position 15 did not inhibit ATP-dependent phosphorylation of serine 46, a finding unique to gram-positive PEP-dependent PTSs studied to this point. Finally, HPr phosphorylated at serine 46 does not appear to possess self-phosphatase activity, suggesting a specific phosphatase protein may be essential for the recycling of HPr to its active form.     

Mutational analysis of the role of HPr in Listeria monocytogenes

The regulatory role of HPr, a protein of the phosphotransferase system (PTS), was investigated in Listeria monocytogenes. By constructing mutations in the conserved histidine 15 and serine 46 residues of HPr, we were able to examine how HPr regulates PTS activity. The results indicated that histidine 15 was phosphorylated in a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent manner and was essential for PTS activity. Serine 46 was phosphorylated in an ATP-dependent manner by a membrane-associated kinase. ATP-dependent phosphorylation of serine 46 was significantly enhanced in the presence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate and resulted in a reduction of PTS activity. The presence of a charge at position 15 did not inhibit ATP-dependent phosphorylation of serine 46, a finding unique to gram-positive PEP-dependent PTSs studied to this point. Finally, HPr phosphorylated at serine 46 does not appear to possess self-phosphatase activity, suggesting a specific phosphatase protein may be essential for the recycling of HPr to its active form.     

Energetics of glucose uptake in a Salmonella typhimurium mutant containing uncoupled enzyme IIGlc

Uncoupled enzyme II^Glc of the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): glucose phosphotransferase system (PTS) in Salmonella typhimurium is able to catalyze glucose transport in the absence of PEP-dependent phosphorylation. We have studied the energetics of glucose uptake catalyzed by this uncoupled enzyme II^Glc. The molar growth yields on glucose of two strains cultured anaerobically in glucose-limited chemostat-and batch cultures were compared. Strain PP 799 transported and phosphorylated glucose via an intact PTS, while strain PP 952 took up glucose exclusively via uncoupled enzyme II^Glc, followed by ATP-dependent phosphorylation by glucokinase. Thus the strains were isogenic except for the mode of uptake and phosphorylation of the growth substrate. PP 799 and PP 952 exhibited similar Y _Glc values. Assuming equal Y _ATP values for both strains this result indicated that there were no energetic demands for glucose uptake via uncoupled enzyme II^Glc.Abbreviations PTS phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system - HPr histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein - GalP galactose permease     

ATP-dependent fructose uptake system in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Deinococcus radiodurans</Emphasis>

The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent group translocation system (PTS) requires the presence of both membrane-bound and cytoplasmic components to phosphorylate and translocate sugar. Deinococcus radiodurans has a functional fruA gene coding for the membrane-bound components of the fructose-specific PTS. However, fruB gene coding for the fructose-specific cytosolic components of PTS is a pseudogene. Yet, this bacterium metabolized fructose readily. In vitro studies showed that both cell membranes and cytoplasmic fractions of the cells were needed for fructose phosphorylation. Further studies showed that fructose phosphorylation required ATP, not PEP, as the phosphate donor. Unlike most PEP-dependent PTS systems, fructose phosphorylation is sensitive to sodium fluoride, a kinase inhibitor. Fructose phosphorylation was also inhibited in the presence of antiserum against a kinase phosphorylation site. Rhodobacter capsulatus has a functional fruA–fruB system. Complementation assays by reconstituting the membrane fraction of D. radiodurans to the cytoplasmic fraction of R. capsulatus resulted in a PEP-dependent fructose phosphorylation, whereas mixing the membranes of R. capsulatus and the deinococcal cytosol in vitro resulted in an ATP-dependent fructose phosphorylation.     

Protein kinase-dependent HPr/CcpA interaction links glycolytic activity to carbon catabolite repression in Gram-positive bacteria

CcpA, the repressor/activator mediating carbon catabolite repression and glucose activation in many Gram-positive bacteria, has been purified from Bacillus megaterium after fusing it to a His tag. CcpA-his immobilized on a Ni-NTA resin specifically interacted with HPr phosphorylated at seryl residue 46. HPr, a phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate: glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS), can be phosphorylated at two different sites: (i) at His-15 in a PEP-dependent reaction catalysed by enzyme I of the PTS; and (ii) at Ser-46 in an ATP-dependent reaction catalysed by a metabolite-activated protein kinase. Neither unphosphorylated HPr nor HPr phosphorylated at His-15 nor the doubly phosphorylated HPr bound to CcpA. The interaction with seryl-phosphorylated HPr required the presence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. These findings suggest that carbon catabolite repression in Gram-positive bacteria is a protein kinase-triggered mechanism. Glycolytic intermediates, stimulating the corresponding protein kinase and the P-ser-HPr/CcpA complex formation, provide a link between glycolytic activity and carbon catabolite repression. The sensitivity of this complex formation to phosphorylation of HPr at His-15 also suggests a link between carbon catabolite repression and PTS transport activity.     

Alternative pathways of glucose transport in Prevotella bryantii B(1)4(1)

Prevotella bryantii B(1)4 grew faster on glucose than mannose (0.70 versus 0.45 h(-1)), but these sugars were used simultaneously rather than diauxically. 2-deoxy-glucose (2DG) decreased the growth rate of cells that were provided with either glucose or mannose, but 2DG did not completely prevent growth. Cells grown on glucose or mannose transported both (14)C-glucose and (14)C-mannose, but cells grown on glucose had over three-fold higher rates of (14)C-glucose transport than cells grown on mannose. The (14)C-mannose transport rates of glucose- and mannose-grown cells were similar. Woolf-Augustinsson-Hofstee plots were not linear, and it appeared that the glucose/mannose/2DG carrier acted as a facilitated diffusion system at high substrate concentrations. When cultures were grown on nitrogen-deficient (excess sugar) medium, isolates had three-fold lower (14)C-glucose transport, but the (14)C-mannose transport did not change significantly. (14)C-glucose and (14)C-mannose transport rates could be inhibited by 2DG and either mannose or glucose, respectively. The (14)C-glucose transport of mannose-grown cells was inhibited more strongly by mannose and 2DG than those grown on glucose. Cells grown on glucose or mannose had similar ATP-dependent glucokinase activity, and 2DG was a competitive inhibitor (K(i)=0.75 mM). Thin layer chromatography indicated that cell extracts also had ATP-dependent mannose phosphorylation, but only a small amount of phosphorylated 2DG was detected. Glucose, mannose or 2DG were not phosphorylated in the presence of PEP. Based on these results, it appeared that P. bryantii B(1)4 had: (1) two mechanisms of glucose transport, a constitutive glucose/mannose/2DG carrier and an alternative glucose carrier that was regulated by glucose availability, (2) an ATP-dependent glucokinase that was competitively inhibited by 2DG but was unable to phosphorylate 2DG at a rapid rate, and (3) virtually no PEP-dependent glucose, mannose or 2DG phosphorylation activities.     

The role of phosphorylation of HPr,a phosphocarrier protein of the phosphotransferase system,in the regulation of carbon metabolism in gram-positive bacteria

HPr of the Gram-positive bacterial phosphotransferase system (PTS) can be phosphorylated by an ATP-dependent protein kinase on a serine residue or by PEP-dependent Enzyme I on a histidyl residue. Both phosphorylation events appear to influence the metabolism of non-PTS carbon sources. Catabolite repression of the gluconate (gnt) operon of B. subtilis appears to be regulated by the former phosphorylation event, while glycerol kinase appears to be regulated by the latter phosphorylation reaction. The extent of our understanding of these processes will be described. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.