钝齿棒杆菌天冬氨酸激酶基因的克隆和序列分析

运用PCR方法,从野生型钝齿棒杆菌株(Corynebacterium crenatum)AS1542及具有AEC抗性的突变株CD945染色体上分别扩增出天冬氨酸激酶(AK)基因(ask),构建了重组质粒。核苷酸序列分析表明,C.crenatum AS1542AK基因与C.crenatum CD945相比,第1199位的碱基由T变为C,引起酶蛋白β亚基第80位氨基酸从亮氨酸变成脯氨酸。该氨基酸的突变在蛋白结构上位于ACT结构域内,该区受赖氨酸调控。C.crenatum AS1542的AK基因的编码区核苷酸序列与C.glutamicum\,C.flavum及B.lactofermentum相比,同源性分别为97.23%、97.55%和97.62%,酶蛋白氨基酸序列的同源性分别为99.76%、99.52%和99.76%。但在AK基因的启动子上游序列部分与其它棒杆菌相比有较大差异。     

钝齿棒杆菌CD945丙酮酸羧化酶基因的克隆、序列分析及表达

以钝齿棒杆菌（Corynebacterium crenatum）突变株CD945的基因组为模板,运用PCR方法,扩增出丙酮酸羧化酶的基因片段。核苷酸序列分析结果表明,该片段全长3657bp,以GTG为起始密码子,编码一个ORF。该ORF的核酸序列与Corynebacterium glutamicum,Mycobacterium smegmatis以及Saccharomyces cerevisiae的丙酮酸羧化酶结构基因相比,相似性分别为98.22%、62.41%和49.61%。由ORF推导出的氨基酸序列与上述属种的丙酮酸羧化酶相比,同源性分别是99.30%、64.65%和44.04%。经证实对于酶的催化活性至关重要的一些保守区域,如ATP和生物素的结合位点等,在该氨基酸序列中都存在。将该基因片段转化钝齿棒杆菌（C. crenatum） CD945,利用CTAB处理细胞和苹果酸脱氢酶偶联测定相结合的方法,进行酶活力的分析,结果表明,重组子与供体菌相比,丙酮酸羧化酶的活力提高5倍。     

多功能降解菌Pseudomonas putida KT2440-DOP的构建与降解特性研究

三唑磷水解酶基因为研究发现的一个新的广谱有机磷水解酶基因,通过PCR从有机磷降解菌株Ochrobactrum sp. Mp4总DNA扩增了tpd,将tpd定向克隆到pBBRMCS5载体上,构建重组质粒pTPD,在辅助质粒pRK2013 的帮助下,通过三亲接合将pTPD转移到模式菌株Pseudomonas putida KT2440中,获得的工程菌Pseudomonas putida KT2440DOP可以降解多种有机磷农药及芳香烃化合物;KT2440DOP的有机磷水解酶活较出发菌株MP4提高了一倍左右,且遗传性状稳定。     

两株产生免疫抑制剂的小双孢菌分离株的鉴定

从江苏无锡土壤中分离到两株玫瑰小双孢菌SIPI226和SIPI207,经形态、化学分析、Ribotyping及16S rRNA分析,两菌株细胞壁含meso\|DAP、磷酸类脂PIV、无枝菌酸,醌为MK9(H0,H2,H4),G+C mol%分别为683和694。经初步鉴定为玫瑰小双孢菌的两个新亚种：玫瑰小双孢菌无锡亚种(Microbispora rosea subsp. wuxiensis)和玫瑰小双孢菌鼋头渚亚种(Microbispora rosea subsp. yuantouzhuensis)。菌株SIPI226和SIPI207分别为玫瑰小双孢菌无锡亚种和玫瑰小双孢菌鼋头渚亚种的典型菌株。     

鞘氨醇单胞菌PY3菲降解基因的克隆及序列分析

将菲降解菌鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomanas sp.)PY3的DNA片段与pUC119质粒连接后,转化大肠杆菌JM109,经筛选得到两个质粒,分别命名为pUp1(带有23kb外源DNA片段)和pUp2(带有39kb外源DNA片段)。pUp 1的DNA含有2个ORF。ORF 1由275个氨基酸组成,与恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)F1的甲苯水解酶及菌株Pseudomonas CF600的甲苯水解酶在氨基酸水平上有47%的同源性。ORF 2由327个氨基酸组成,与嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌(Bacillus stearothermophilus)的邻苯二酚双加氧酶(phe B)及紫红红球菌(Rhodococcus rhodochrous)CTM的邻苯二酚双加氧酶(C23O)在氨基酸水平上分别有57%和44%的同源性。     

香港养殖海鲷弧菌致病菌药物敏感性及耐药质粒研究

从发病海鲷(Sparus sarba)中共分离到51株弧菌(\%Vibrio)\%,经API20E细菌快速鉴定系统及Alsina和Blanch关键生理生化特性分析鉴定为7个种,它们分别是：溶藻胶弧菌(\%V.alginolyticus)(24株),创伤弧菌(V.vulnificus)(12株)和副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)(7株),火神弧菌(V.logei)(4株),远洋弧菌Ⅱ菌(V.pelagius Ⅱ)(2株),河弧菌(V.fluvialis)(1株)和地中海弧菌(V.mediterranei)(1株)\%。其中3种优势菌溶藻胶弧菌创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌证实对海鲷有致病性。另外采用平板稀释法检测了51株菌对16种抗菌素的敏感性。发现所有菌株对ceftriaxone,链霉素,萘啶酮酸和利福霉素敏感,几乎所有菌株对ceftazidime, netilimicin,氯霉素和sulfamethoxazole敏感.大部分菌株对氨苄青霉素 (60.8%),cefuroxime(667%),丁胺卡那霉素(55%),卡那霉素(588%)和三甲氧苄氨嘧啶(765%)等具有较强的耐药性。通过对菌株中所含有的耐药质粒进行分析,发现15株菌株含有1～4个质粒,分子量范围为9～123kb之间,对12株既含有较大分子量质粒又具有耐药性的菌株进行了质粒转化试验,结果其中9株菌的质粒具有转化能力,转化率为１０－１１～１０－９,表明所分离的菌株的抗药性是由于细菌染色体相关突变造成的。     

一种短杆状耐辐射菌的分离与鉴定

从北京地区公园湖岸土壤中分离到一株橙红色杆状耐辐射菌,细胞壁革兰氏染色为阴性,电镜显示菌体大小为06μm～16μm,略大于日本学者报道的Deinobacter grandis菌,过氧化氢酶的含量和分子量不同于D.radiodurans R1菌,分离菌的(G+C)mol%含量为707%, 16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离到的杆状耐辐射菌(RR5332)16S rRNA基因序列与Deinobacter grandis菌高度同源,提示RR5332归于Deinobacter菌属,并可能是该菌属中的一个新种。     

阿维链霉菌bkdAB的基因中断对阿维菌素合成的影响

以阿维菌B组分菌株Streptomyces avermitilis Bjbm0006为出发菌株,用PCR的方法构建bkdAB基因簇(Ｂranched_chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase gene AB) 的基因置换质粒pHJ5821 (pHZ1358∷bkdAB&erm),并对其进行基因中断,得到重组菌株Bjbm5821。Bjbm5821的发酵产物经HPLC检测发现,除了产生B1a和B2a外,还产生一种原菌株没有的新组分,3个组分的总含量只有出发菌株Bjbm0006的25%。结果表明bkdAB的中断不仅部分阻断了阿维菌素的合成,还阻断了阿维菌素b组分的合成,可以推测bkdAB的产物在阿维菌素合成途径中主要承担了α-酮基异戊酸脱氢酶 (α-ketoisovaleric acid dehydrogenase) 角色。     

扣囊复膜孢酵母β-葡萄糖苷酶基因在毕赤酵母中的克隆与表达

利用PCR技术,从扣囊复膜孢酵母的总DNA中扩增得到β-葡萄糖苷酶（β-Glucosidase）基因 (BGL1),长度为2596 bp,连接到pGEMT载体上,用限制性内切酶切下目的基因,插入到巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K中,使之位于α-因子信号肽下游,且与之同框, 构建成重组质粒pSHL9K。 通过电转化将重组质粒pSHL9K插入到Pichia pastoris GS115菌株染色体中,获得高效表达BGL1基因的毕赤酵母重组工程菌株。重组酶的最适温度为50℃,最适pH为5.4。培养基中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性最高可达47U/mL。     

产生抗肿瘤抗生素Sandramycin的南极放线菌C3905

从南极乔治王岛土壤分离到一株诺卡氏菌形放线菌C3905菌株。其气生菌丝白色,基内菌丝无色至乳脂或浅粉;菌丝直径0.5～0.8μm,断裂为杆状和球状体,表面光滑。胞壁化学I型;无枝菌酸;磷酸类酯PI型;优势甲基萘酯为MK9(H4)。DNA中G+C含量为68.3～68.9mol%。兼性嗜冷,生长适温为15℃～20℃。产生抗肿瘤抗生素sandramycin。基于以上特征及分子遗传分类的研究结果,我们建议C3905菌株作为白色类诺卡氏菌的一个变种,命名为白色类诺卡氏菌南极变种,Nocardioides albus var.antarcticus。     

钝齿棒杆菌N-乙酰谷氨酸激酶基因的克隆、序列分析及表达

以钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebacterium crenatum)野生株AS 1.542及产精氨酸突变株971.1的基因组为模板,用PCR方法扩增出N-乙酰谷氨酸激酶基因(argB)片段。核酸序列分析结果表明,该片段全长1505bp,包含一个ORF,推测此ORF区编码一条317个氨基酸的多肽,分子量为33.6kDa。C.crenatum野生株AS 1.542与突变株971.1的argB基因序列比较,发现只在结构区有一个核苷酸的差别但没有引起氨基酸变化。野生株AS 1.542argB基因的编码区核苷酸序列与C.glutamicumATCC 13032、Corynebacterium efficiensYS-314和Escherichia colik12的同源性分别是99.89%、76.62%和37.94%,而氨基酸同源性分别是100%、78.55%和25.25%。在C.crenatum argB基因上游存在启动子区域。经IPTG诱导该基因在棒杆菌中得到有效表达,野生株AS 1.542为宿主的重组子酶活明显提高。突变株971.1为宿主的重组菌酶活提高一倍,精氨酸积累提高约25%。     

钝齿棒杆菌argR基因克隆、表达及其重组菌发酵产精氨酸研究

钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebacterium crenatum)AS.M7是筛选获得的一株高产精氨酸生产菌株。ArgR是精氨酸合成过程中的一种调控蛋白。为进一步验证其在钝齿棒杆菌中对精氨酸合成量的影响,利用特异性引物,分别扩增标准菌C. creantum AS 1.542和诱变菌C. creantum AS.M7的argR全长基因,测序后比较二者的差异;结果表明标准菌argR基因ORF全长516 bp,编码一个含172个氨基酸残基的蛋白;而诱变菌argR基因的109位碱基由C替换为T,导致ArgR蛋白在钝齿诱变菌中表达被提前终止。同时,将来源于标准菌的argR基因连接到穿梭表达载体pXMJ19中,电击转化至诱变菌C. crenatum AS.M7 得到重组菌株,用摇瓶发酵的方法观测重组菌产精氨酸量的变化。SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析证明标准菌的argR基因在诱变菌中得到了表达。对重组诱变菌产精氨酸量进行了测定,结果显示:产精氨酸能力由原来7.8 mg/ml下降至2.5 mg/ml,下降了约67.9%。     

Characterization of the L-lysine biosynthetic pathway in the obligate methylotroph Methylophilus methylotrophus

The L-lysine biosynthetic pathway of the gram-negative obligate methylotroph Methylophilus methylotrophus AS1 was examined through characterization of the enzymes aspartokinase (AK), aspartsemialdehyde dehydrogenase, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DDPS), dihydrodipicolinate reductase, and diaminopimelate decarboxylase. The AK was inhibited by L-threonine and by a combination of L-threonine and L-lysine, but not by L-lysine alone, and the activity of DDPS was moderately reduced by L-lysine. In an L-lysine producing mutant (G49), isolated as an S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine (lysine analog) resistant strain, both AK and DDPS were partially resistant to feedback inhibition. The ask and dapA genes encoding AK and DDPS respectively were isolated from the parental strain, AS1, and its G49 derivative. Comparison of the sequences revealed a point mutation in each of these genes in G49. The mutation in the ask gene altered aspartic acid in a key region involved in the allosteric regulation common to AKs, while a novel mutation in the dapA gene altered tyrosine-106, which was assumed to be involved in the binding of L-lysine to DDPS.     

Identification of a monofunctional aspartate kinase gene of Arabidopsis thaliana with spatially and temporally regulated expression

We screened a gene trap library of Arabidopsis thaliana and isolated a line in which a gene encoding a homologue of monofunctional aspartate kinase was trapped by the reporter gene. Aspartate kinase (AK) is a key enzyme in the biosynthsis of aspartate family amino acids such as lysine, threonine, isoleucine, and methionine. In plants, two types of AK are known: one is AK which is sensitive to feedback inhibition by threonine and carries both AK and homoserine dehydrogenase (HSD) activities. The other one is monofunctional, sensitive to lysine and synergistically S-adenosylmethionine, and has only AK activity. We concluded that the trapped gene encoded a monofunctional aspartate kinase and designated as AK-lys3, because it lacked the HSD domain and had an amino acid sequence highly similar to those of the monofunctional aspartate kinases ofA. thaliana. AK-lys3 was highly expressed in xylem of leaves and hypocotyls and stele of roots. Significant expression of this gene was also observed in trichomes after bolting. Slight expression of AK-lys3 was detected in vascular bundles and mesophyll cells of cauline leaves, inflorescence stems, sepals, petals, and stigmas. These results indicated that this aspartate kinase gene was not expressed uniformly but in a spatially specific manner.     

钝齿棒杆菌精氨酸琥珀酸酶编码基因argH的克隆表达及其重组菌发酵产精氨酸研究

钝齿棒杆菌（Corynebacterium crenatum）SYPA是本实验室筛选获得的一株高产精氨酸生产菌株。精氨酸琥珀酸酶（AL）是精氨酸合成过程中的最后一个酶,催化底物精氨酸琥珀酸生成产物精氨酸。为进一步提高精氨酸产量,本文以钝齿棒杆菌基因组为模板,扩增得到其编码基因argH,全长为1434 bp,编码476个氨基酸,理论蛋白分子量大小为50.8 kDa,其与C. glutamicum ATCC 13032比对其同源性为99.4%,相差10 bp,3个氨基酸。将其在E.coli BL21(DE3)及C. crenatum SYPA中成功表达。利用载体pET-28a上的6×His?Tag选用Ni柱亲和层析纯化AL,纯化后获得的重组蛋白的比酶活达156.9mU/mg蛋白,总回收率为72.3%,对该酶的部分酶学性质进行了初步研究,并发现产物精氨酸对其具有反馈抑制作用。成功构建钝齿棒杆菌重组穿梭表达质粒pJC1-tac-argH并将其通过电击转化法转入C.crenatum SYPA中,加强其代谢途径中AL蛋白表达量,并对其发酵产精氨酸做了初步分析。结果表明与出发菌株相比,转化子在精氨酸琥珀酸酶酶活增强了66.8%的基础上精氨酸产量达40.9 g/L,比出发菌株产量的35.8 g/L提高了约14.2%。     

钝齿棒杆菌N-乙酰鸟氨酸转氨酶的克隆表达分析及其重组菌的精氨酸发酵

N-乙酰鸟氨酸转氨酶 (EC 2.6.1.11,ACOAT) 是钝齿棒杆菌Corynebacterium crenatum精氨酸合成途径中的第4个酶,催化底物N-乙酰谷氨酸半醛生成产物N-乙酰鸟氨酸。为研究N-乙酰鸟氨酸转氨酶在钝齿棒杆菌中精氨酸合成中的作用,考察其酶学性质,对培养基成分和发酵过程工艺条件的优化提高精氨酸产量提供依据。从精氨酸高产菌株钝齿棒杆菌SYPA 5-5染色体扩增获得ACOAT编码基因argD,全长1 176 bp,编码390个氨基酸,在Escherichia coli BL21(D     

Effect of the growth rate on the enzymatic activities of L-lysine-producing cells of Corynebacterium glutamicum

The activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, aspartate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase has been studied at different dilution rates in aerobic continuous culture of Corynebacterium glutamicum. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and aspartate kinase reached their maximum values at the lower dilution rates (0.02–0.06 h^–1), when L-lysine was produced. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity seemed to be independent of metabolite synthesis. The production of L-lysine was also studied in non-growing cells in batch cultures. In these conditions, statistical analysis revealed significant differences in L-lysine titres when glucose or gluconic acid were used as carbon sources. Higher L-lysine concentration obtained with gluconic acid was found to be associated with a high 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity.     

Kinetic studies of lysine-sensitive aspartate kinase purified from maize suspension cultures

Steady state substrate kinetics and feedback regulation properties were determined for lysine-sensitive aspartate kinase (AK) purified from Black Mexican Sweet maize (Zea mays L.) cell suspension cultures. Two AK isoforms (AK Early and AK Late) were separated by two passages through an anion exchange column as the final steps in a procedure giving 1200-fold purification. Kinetic properties were determined for the major AK Late eluting isoform. Assays were conducted at the pH activity maximum (8.0) and with excess Mg²⁺ to favor a two-substrate reaction involving aspartate and complexed MgATP. AK catalyzed a sequential reaction in which MgATP and aspartate both bind to the enzyme complex before the ADP and aspartyl-phosphate products are released. The K_m value calculated for MgATP was 0.43 millimolar and for aspartate was 1.04 millimolar. Cooperativity in substrate binding was not observed and was not induced by lysine. The lysine concentration required for 50% inhibition of AK activity was 7 micromolar. An apparent Hill coefficient of 1.4 indicated a minimum of two lysine-binding sites on the active AK complex. At nonsaturating substrate concentrations, lysine inhibition was characteristic of an S-parabolic, I-parabolic noncompetitive allosteric inhibitor. The parabolic inhibitor replot, Hill coefficients > 1, and the lack of substrate cooperativity were consistent with a model for multiple lysine-binding sites per active AK subunit. Similar kinetic properties were observed for the AK Early isoform.     

Aspartate Kinase from Some Higher Plants and Algae

Regulation of aspartate kinase activity was examined in some higher plant seedlings (Helianthus annuus, Raphanus sativus, Cucutnis sativus, Sinapis alba), a green (Chlorellapyrenoidosa), and a blue-green alga (Anacystis nidulans). In Cucumis sativus a concerted feedback regulation by L-lysine and L-threonine was indicated. In all the other species examined, aspartate kinase was inhibited by both L-lysine and L-threonine and it depended upon the species which of them was the strongest inhibitor. Only slight effects of L-leucine, L-isoIeucine and L-valine were observed, except in the Sinapis alba enzyme.