不同饵料和饥饿对魁蚶幼虫生长和存活的影响

在水温23.2-24.0℃,盐度29.5-30.0条件下,研究了5种单胞藻饵料和饥饿对魁蚶浮游幼虫生长与存活的影响.投喂不同饵料试验中,球等鞭金藻与4种单胞藻混合投喂试验组幼虫的特定生长率、眼点幼虫比例和壳长均显著高于单一投喂试验组,其中球等鞭金藻与小球藻混合投喂的效果最好;投喂单一饵料试验中,球等鞭金藻组幼虫的生长、眼点幼虫比例与存活率显著高于其它试验组.在饥饿试验中,不同饥饿天数条件下幼虫的存活率差异不显著;生长方面,饥饿1-2d较短时间与一直投喂对照组的幼虫相比较,特定生长率、眼点幼虫比例、壳长的差异不显著,但随着饥饿时间延长,幼虫的生长变慢且眼点幼虫比例下降,一直饥饿情况下幼虫的生长基本停滞.研究结果可以为魁蚶人工苗种繁育技术的改进提供参考依据.     

合浦珠母贝幼虫变态中的形态、器官变化及运动与摄食观察

为揭示合浦珠母贝幼虫至稚贝生长发育过程中其外部形态变化及内部器官改变的内在规律, 掌握其形态和器官与运动和摄食行为之间的关联。在光学显微镜下对整个幼虫生长发育及变态过程中的外部形态、内部器官特征进行了系列观察和性状测量; 利用非线性回归参数拟合, 描述各形态性状生长特点及不同属性之间的联系; 观察不同发育阶段其运动与摄食过程。结果显示, 幼虫在正常生长过程中, 其壳长生长方式为加速正增长、壳高为减速正增长、绞合线长为加速负增长, 壳高相对于壳长的生长为快速生长、绞合线长相对于壳长为慢速生长。幼虫生长至壳长为(209.26±9.22) μm时, 内部器官发生改变, 面盘开始逐渐退化从而发育成鳃, 斧足逐渐形成; 壳长生长至(234.30±14.00) μm时, 次生壳开始长出, 外部形态逐渐向稚贝转变。稚贝阶段, 其鳃丝长、鳃丝间距和鳃丝数量相对于壳长的生长均表现为慢速生长。幼虫在水中的运动和摄食过程主要依靠面盘外周纤毛的摆动来完成, 俯视观幼虫绕不规则圆沿顺时针方向运动, 垂直观幼虫螺旋上升或下降。稚贝阶段, 依靠斧足的往复伸缩来完成爬行, 依靠鳃的过滤完成摄食。在幼虫变态过程中, 面盘退化至鳃具备滤食功能期间, 变态幼虫运动功能降低, 摄食能力丧失, 依靠自身能量储备来完成生长和器官发育, 这一过程是苗种培育中的重要关键点。     

冬季饥饿再投喂对菲律宾蛤仔生长、存活和生化组成的影响

2007年12月—2008年4月,在冬季低温（水温3.0 ℃～4.2 ℃、盐度25～27、pH 7.90～8.16）条件下,采用饥饿时间不等、恢复投喂时间相同的方式,研究了饥饿再投喂对不同规格菲律宾蛤仔生长、存活及体组分的影响.结果表明：在冬季低温条件下,各试验组菲律宾蛤仔生长性状的差异不明显;其对饥饿的耐受能力随着蛤仔规格的增大而升高;存活率随着饥饿时间的延长而降低,但整个试验过程中未出现不可逆点.从较大规格菲律宾蛤仔（壳长7 mm）的体组分上看：菲律宾蛤仔水分、脂肪含量随着饥饿时间的延长而下降;蛋白质含量在饥饿前期随着脂肪的消耗而上升,后期因脂肪的过度消耗开始被利用而下降;灰分含量在整个试验过程中的变化不显著.     

不同饵料对魁蚶稚贝生长和存活的影响

在温度23.5～24.0 ℃和盐度29.5～30.0条件下,研究了球等鞭金藻、小球藻、牟氏角毛藻和新月菱形藻4种单细胞藻类单独及组合投喂24 d后对魁蚶稚贝生长与存活的影响.结果表明: 不同饵料投喂条件下,稚贝存活率均在95%以上,不同处理组间差异不显著.单一饵料投喂组中,球等鞭金藻组的稚贝生长最快,小球藻组的稚贝生长最慢.组合投喂组中,球等鞭金藻与其他3种单胞藻混合(1∶1)投喂组稚贝壳长及特定生长率均优于其他组,其中与小球藻混合投喂的效果最好,稚贝壳长和壳高的特定生长率分别为5.6%·d^-1和6.4 %·d^-1.研究结果可为魁蚶人工苗种培育技术的优化提供参考依据.
     

褶纹冠蚌钩介幼虫非寄生变态发育观察及早期稚蚌的生长

为揭示褶纹冠蚌钩介幼虫变态发育特征及过程,采用体外培养方法实现了褶纹冠蚌钩介幼虫的非寄生变态发育。运用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对变态发育过程中幼虫外部形态、内部器官发育进行了系列观察,对非寄生变态发育的稚蚌后期生长发育进行跟踪研究,并分析了底泥和光照两种环境因子对稚蚌存活及生长的影响。结果显示:在整个培养过程中,钩介幼虫的外部形态及大小未出现显著性变化,而斧足、鳃丝、外套膜及内脏团等组织器官逐步形成;在培养第3天,幼虫可见斧足雏形,鳃丝、外套膜纤毛尚未发现;在培养第6天,斧足成形,可见斧足侧沟,外套膜纤毛稀疏,鳃丝出现;培养第9天,斧足纤毛、外套膜纤毛增多,鳃丝密集。稚蚌投喂30d后,鳃丝基本成形。养殖试验结果表明:底泥对稚蚌存活和生长具有显著影响（P < 0.01）,而光照无显著性影响（P>0.05）。该结果为蚌科钩介幼虫变态发育生物学研究积累了基础资料,也通过对稚蚌生长的评估证实了体外培养是蚌类人工繁育及保护的有效技术途径。     

日本沼虾继饥饿后补偿生长研究

在25.0±1℃条件下,对日本沼虾Macrobrachium nipponense (湿重, 0.52～0.64 g )进行了不同时间的饥饿处理后再供食的恢复生长实验.对照组C连续饱食投喂18 d;处理组S2、S4和S8分别饥饿2、4和8 d后再饱食投喂16、14和10 d.结果 饥饿结束时各处理组的湿重均显著低于对照组;实验结束时S2、S4组与对照组间的湿重差异不显著,而S8组的湿重仍显著低于对照组;恢复生长时各处理组的湿重摄食率、食物转化率和生长率开始显著高于对照组,但随着恢复时间延长又逐步达到对照组水平.随着饥饿时间延长,日本沼虾标准代谢率降低.在恢复投喂后又逐步回升到对照组水平.实验结果表明,日本沼虾继饥饿后再恢复喂食出现完全或部分补偿生长效应不仅是由于增加食欲,提高了摄食水平,同时也改善了食物转化率.因此,补偿生长是这两种生理因素共同作用的结果.     

扁玉螺早期发育的实验观察

在实验室条件下人工孵化扁玉螺(Neverita didyma)的卵块,观察了其胚胎发育和幼虫发育过程.扁玉螺的早期发育属间接发生型,其胚胎发育包括卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚、膜内担轮幼虫、膜内面盘幼虫;幼虫发育包括面盘幼虫、后期面盘幼虫和匍匐幼虫;匍匐幼虫经变态后发育为稚螺.在水温25～26℃条件下,受精卵发育至膜内面盘幼虫约需38h,5～6d后面盘幼虫冲破卵膜而孵化.扁玉螺面盘幼虫的显著特点是具有1对眼点和1对平衡囊,面盘呈双叶状;后期面盘幼虫的面盘为4叶,呈蝴蝶状,足发达,幼虫既能浮游,又能爬行.后期面盘幼虫进一步生长发育,逐渐转入匍匐生活.     

哲罗鱼稚鱼最佳投喂策略

为探讨哲罗鱼稚鱼的最佳投喂策略,设置了饥饿再投喂试验、饥饿再投喂恢复试验以及日投喂频率试验.结果表明: 饥饿再投喂试验中,各饥饿组未表现出补偿生长现象.但在饥饿再投喂恢复试验中,各饥饿组表现出不同程度的补偿生长,其中S_1/2组(饥饿1/2 d投喂1/2 d)体质量的增加量与对照组接近,表现出完全补偿生长.表明在哲罗鱼早期稚鱼阶段(体质量0～2 g,水温9～15.3 ℃),S_1/2是可以考虑使用的投喂方法.日投喂频率试验中,T₃组(日投喂3次)体长、体质量的增加量以及特定生长率均最高,饵料转化率也相对较高.表明在哲罗鱼后期稚鱼阶段(体质量2～21 g,水温8.8～15.5 ℃),以日投喂3次为宜.     

盐度对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫和稚贝生长与存活的影响

2000年4月和2001年4月在浙江省玉环县抛西水产育苗场研究了海水盐度对墨西哥湾扇贝浮游幼虫和稚贝生长和存活的影响。结果表明：浮游幼虫的适宜盐度为16．54—36．58,最适生长盐度为23．38—30．02;稚贝的适宜盐度为23．38—42．70,最适生长盐度为23．38—36．58。     

温度和盐度对青蛤孵化及幼虫、稚贝存活与生长变态的影响

在9个温度梯度(10-34℃)和10个盐度梯度(盐度3‰-50‰)条件下,研究了温度和盐度对青蛤孵化及幼 虫、稚贝生存与生长变态的影响。结果表明,青蛤孵化和浮游幼虫生长的适温范围为24-32℃,最适温度均为26- 30℃,稚贝生长的适温范围为22-32℃,最适温度为24-30℃。在最适温度下,D形幼虫变态率达80．7％-88．2％, 浮游幼虫和稚贝的存活率分别为86．2％-88．7％和81．5％-84．0％;孵化及浮游幼虫的生长适宜盐度为15‰- 30‰,稚贝为10‰-35‰,最适盐度均为20‰-25‰。在最适盐度下,D形幼虫的成活率、变态率、生长速度皆最高, 分别达到86．9％、77．5％和9．38×11．0μm/d,匍匐幼虫经14-14．5d发育至双管期稚贝,至双管期稚贝的成活率 82．5％-85．0％,日平均生长达13．1μm以上。与大多数滩涂贝类一样,青蛤属于广温广盐性贝类,且稚贝对低盐的 适应能力强于对高盐的适应能力。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Synthesis,spectroscopic, and antibacterial activity of tetraazamacrocyclic complexes of trivalent chromium,manganese, and iron

A new series of macrocyclic complexes of type [M(TML)X]X₂, where M = Cr(III), Mn(III), or Fe(III), TML is tetradentate macrocyclic ligand, and X = Cl^?, NO₃^?, CH₃COO^? for Cr(III), Fe(III) and X = CH₃COO^? for Mn (III), has been synthesized by condensation of benzil and succinyldihydrazide in the presence of metal salt. The complexes have been so formulated due to the 1:2 electrolytic nature of these complexes as shown by conductivity measurements. The complexes have been characterized with the help of various physicochemical techniques such as elemental analysis, molar conductance, electronic and infrared spectral studies, and magnetic susceptibility. On the basis of these studies, a five-coordinate distorted square pyramidal geometry, in which two nitrogens and two carbonyl oxygen atoms are suitably placed for coordination toward the metal ion, has been proposed for all the complexes. The complexes have been tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity. Some of the complexes show remarkable antibacterial activities against some selected bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations shown by these complexes have been compared with those shown by some standard antibiotics such as linezolid and cefaclor.     

Cultural, Biochemical, and Immunological Properties of Mima, Herellea, and Flavobacterium Species

From study of cultural and biochemical characteristics of 40 strains of Herellea, Mima, or Flavobacterium species, a proposed schema for identification was developed. The reactions observed by agglutination, gel diffusion, and immunofluorescence suggest antigenic heterogeneity of this group of organisms.