达斡尔族青少年体型的Heath—Carter人体测量法研究

运用Heath-Carter人体测量法对1759例（男872,女887）6－19岁达斡尔族青少年体型进行了研究。结果表明：（1）男生6－8岁各组为均衡的中胚层体型,9－12岁各组为三胚层中间型体型,13－17岁各组为中胚层－外胚怪均衡型体型。女生7－12岁各组为三胚层中间型体型,13－14岁各组为均衡的内胚层体型,15－19岁各组为偏中胚层的内胚层体型。（2）男女生6－9岁中胚层体型比例最高,10－12岁外胚层体型比例最高。男生13－16岁仍为外胚层体型比较最高。女生13－15岁、16－19岁均为内胚层体型比例最高。（3）达斡尔族男女生体型与蒙古族体型接近。     

山东省潍坊地区汉族青少年Heath-Carter法体型研究

应用HeathCarter人体测量法对山东省潍坊地区2511名（男1253名、女1258名）7—19岁的汉族学生进行了体型评定。结果是：城市汉族男生平均体型7—15岁为三胚层中间型,16—18岁为内胚层-中胚层均衡型;乡村男生平均体型7—10岁为中胚层-外胚层均衡型,11—14为偏中胚层的外胚层体型,15—17岁为三胚层中间型,18—19岁为内胚层-中胚层均衡型。城市女生平均体型7—9岁为三胚层中间型,10岁为均衡的内胚层体型,11—12岁为外胚层-中胚层均衡型,13—18岁为均衡的内胚层体型;乡村女生7—12岁为均衡的外胚层体型,13—14岁为内胚层-外胚层均衡型,15—18岁为均衡的内胚层体型。     

习舞青少年的体型初探

本文动用Ｈｅａｔｈ－Ｃａｒｔｅｒ体型法,探讨了呼和浩特市３１１例６－２０岁经过舞蹈专业训练的青少年体型特点,结果显示,习舞青少年具有以外胚层因了占优势的各类体型,男性以偏中胚层型和外胚层型体型为主,女性则以偏内胚层型的外胚层型体型居多。同龄男女型间差异显著。同性别中相邻年龄组间体型无显著性差异。与其它群体相比,习舞青少年内胚层值较低,外胚层值明显高于普通同龄人。青春期阶段是形成这种体型特征的重要时     

西藏藏族青少年体型

为了探讨藏族青少年体型发育特征及其规律, 本文应用Heath-Carter体型法对2530名藏族青少年体型进行评价。结果发现, 藏族青少年的平均体型男性为偏中胚层的外胚层型(2.40—3.29—3.72),女性为中间型(3.65—2.87—3.32); 男性的体型以外胚层系体型为主(58.52%), 女性体型以内胚层系(32.62%)和外胚层系为主(35.40%); 随着年龄的增长, 藏族青少年的体型发展有一定的规律, 男性由中胚层-外胚层均衡型经偏中胚层的外胚层型又发展回中胚层-外胚层均衡型, 女性由中胚层-外胚层均衡型经历均衡的外胚层型发展为均衡的内胚层型。因此, 本文认为,藏族男性青少年身体的线性程度高、外形上比较瘦削、肌肉较发达; 藏族女性青少年较男性身体的脂肪含量多、线性程度相对较高。     

蒙古族青少年体型的研究——运用Heath—Carter体型法

运用Ｈｅａｔｈ－Ｃａｒｔｅｒ体型法对１５６４名（男７２３,女８４１）７－１９岁蒙古族青少年体型进行了研究。结果表明蒙古族青少年体型随年龄增长而变化。男性平均体型变化较小。女性较大。男性以中胚层体型和偏中胚层体型的外胚层体型为主;女性随年龄增长逐渐从中间体型向偏中胚层体型的内胚层体型过渡。经检验从１１岁以后男女性的平均体型具有显著性差异。通过与其他群体青少年平均体型的比较,表明在不同民族,种族间的体     

山东汉族成人的Heath-Carter法体型研究

应用HeathCarter人体测量法对1001名（男502名,女499名）年龄在20—88岁间的山东省青州和临朐两县市的城乡汉族（以下简称山东汉族）进行了体型评定。结果是：（1）山东汉族男性的平均体型值为44—48—17（城4.6—4.7—1.5,乡4.2—4.8—1.8）,属内胚层-中胚层均衡型体型;各年龄组中以内胚层-中胚层均衡体型、偏内胚层的中胚层体型及偏中胚层的内胚层体型为主。女性的平均体型值为5.7—4.2—1.4（城5.8—4.2—1.3,乡5.6—4.2—1.4）,属偏中胚层的内胚层体型;各年龄组中以偏中胚层的内胚层体型及内胚层-中胚层均衡体型为主。（2）随着年龄的增长,男（20—44岁）女（20—54岁）性内、中因子值上升,外因子值下降。城乡男女以30岁为体型分界点,表现为30岁前后的体型差异。（3）汉族成年人体型存在显著性性别差异,但无城乡差异。（4）山东汉族男性与蒙古族及加拿大样本人群的平均体型相类似;女性平均体型介于鄂温克族、鄂伦春族、达斡尔族和蒙古族样本人群的平均体型之间。     

达斡尔族成人体型研究

本文运用Ｈｅａｔｈ－Ｃａｒｔｅｒ人体测量体型法,研究了内蒙古莫力达瓦旗４５６例达斡尔族成人体型。研究结果表明：（１）达斡尔族平均体型男怀为偏内胚层体型的中胚层体型,女性为中胚层休蝗内胚层型;（２）随年龄增长,达斡尔族男女体均呈内因子值增大,中因子值增大,外因子值减小的变化,男性３０岁以后,女性３５岁以后体型变化较大;（３）男女间体型存在极显著性差异,女性中因子值、外因子值低于男性值,而内因子高于男     

鄂温克族成人的Heath-Carter法体型研究

用Ｈｅａｔｈ－Ｃａｒｔｅｒ人体测量法对３５７名（男１６２,女１９５）２０～６０岁的鄂温克族进行了体型平定。鄂温克族男女的平均体型值为３．５～５．０－、．６和５．２、４．４－１．５,分别属内胚层的中胚层体型和偏中胚层的内胚层体型。２０～４４岁期间,随着年龄的增长,鄂温克族男女存在着内、中因子值上升和外因子值理降的趋势,男女性的体型有显著性差异。将鄂温左族的体型值与国国内外资料进行了比较。     

乌孜别克族成人的体型特点

目的：了解乌孜别克族成人的体型特点。方法：运用HeathCarter体型法对201名（男110,女91）乌孜别克族成人体型进行分析。结果：乌孜别克族男性为偏内胚层的中胚层型体型（3.7—5.1—2.0）,女性为偏中胚层的内胚层型体型（5.9—4.9—1.4）。60岁之前随年龄增长,男女性均呈内、中因子值上升而外因子值下降的趋势,二者体型的性别差异极显著。与其他群体相比,乌孜别克族女性的中因子成分明显占优,男性平均体型则与加拿大人最相似。结论：乌孜别克族成年男女的体格都比较健壮。     

仡佬族成人体型的Heath-Carter人体测量法研究

为探讨我国仡佬族成人体型特点与规律 ,本文应用Heath Carter人体测量法 ,对贵州道真县凇江乡4 0 9例 (男 2 0 4 ,女 2 0 5 ) 2 0— 6 0岁土著仡佬族成人体型进行了研究。结果表明 :(1)仡佬族平均体型男性为偏外胚层体型的中胚层体型 (1 .7— 4. 8— 2. 5 ) ,女性为偏内胚层体型的中胚层体型 (2 .8— 4. 4— 1. 8) ;(2 )随着年龄的增长 ,仡佬族男女体型呈内胚型值增大 ,外胚型值减小的变化。女性 35岁以后体型变化显著。 (3)男女间体型除 2 0～组差异有显著性外 ,其余各年龄组差异有高度显著性 ;(4)仡佬族与其他群体体型比较 ,仡佬族体脂较少 ,骨骼肌肉不太发达 ,身体线性度较高。     

Sex, age and caste differences in somatotypes of Rajput and scheduled caste adolescents from the Sirmour District of Himachal Pradesh, India

Somatotypes of a cross-sectional sample of 544 rural adolescents ranging in age from 11 to 17 years are described. The sample included 269 Rajput (141 girls and 128 boys) and 275 Scheduled Caste (135 girls and 140 boys) subjects. Each subject was somatotyped using the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype protocol (Carter & Heath 1990). In all, ten anthropometric measurements namely height, weight, bicondylar diameters of humerus and femur, flexed mid-upper-arm and calf circumferences, and triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and calf skinfolds were taken. The mean somatotypes of the Rajput boys and girls were 1.62- 3.30-3.85 (mesomorphic-ectomorph) and 2.42-2.90-3.99 (balanced ectomorph), respectively. The mean somatotypes of the Scheduled Caste subjects were 1.51-3.02-3.74 (mesomorphic-ectomorph) for boys and 2.38-2.64-3.70 (balanced ectomorph) for girls. A one-way ANOVA revealed that females of both the caste groups were significantly (p < or = 0.05) more endomorphic than the males. The sex differences in other two components were not significant (p +/- 0.05). Caste differences, as revealed by a one-way ANOVA analysis, were not significant (p +/- 0.05) in both sexes. With the exception of the Rajput girls, the differences in whole somatotypes between those in an early phase of adolescence and those in an advanced phase of adolescence were not significant (p = 0.05). The results indicate that populations exposed to same environmental situations for a long period of time tend to show similarity in physique. A one-way MANOVA analysis, which used Wilk's Lambda as test statistics, revealed that from 11-17 years there was no significant change (p < or = 0.05) in component dominance of mean somatotypes in the boys and girls of the present sample. Among males of a majority of the Indian populations, ectomorphy dominates over endomorphy and mesomorphy from 11 to 17 years.     

大连学生体质发育的研究

为了解大连地区城乡学生生长发育状况及其规律,采用人体测量学方法,调查测量了大连地区7—18岁3834（城市男630,城市女645,乡村男1285,乡村女1274）名汉族学生23项形态指标,并利用以往资料,研讨了大连学生主要形态指标的生长发育规律、生长发育趋势、性差和地区差别。结果表明：1生长发育特点：大连学生测量项目的均值随年龄的增长而增加,生长曲线呈上升趋势并且男女有交叉现象。2性差：大连学生各测量项目均有明显的性差,除女生青春期（10—12岁）外,在其他年龄组均为男生大于女生。3生长的长期变化：大连7—17岁男女学生26年来身高、体重、胸围有较大幅度的增长,其每10年平均增长值分别为2.52cm和1.92cm、4.05kg和2.39kg、1.77cm和1.38cm。4城乡差：大连男女学生身高、体重、胸围仍存在城乡差别。     

Sex- and age-related variations of the somatotype in a Chuvasha population.

The aim of this large, cross-sectional study was to describe the age- and sex-related variations of the somatotype, employing Heath and Carter's method, in a Chuvasha population residing in a rural region in central Russia. The investigated sample included 802 males aged 18-89 years (mean 46.9) and 738 females aged 18-90 years (mean 48.6). We evaluated the age and sex differences by one-way ANOVA with somatotype components as dependent variables and sex or age groups as grouping variables. Sex differences of somatotypes appear to be the strongest for endomorphy, with generally higher values in women. Endomorphy in males remained virtually unchanged after 30 years of age, but endomorphy in females kept increasing up to the 6th decade, and then subsequently decreased. Virtually no differences were noted in mesomorphy and a very small difference in ectomorphy between males and females aged 18-30 years. A reduction of sexual dimorphism in all somatotype components after age 70 was also observed. The largest difference of all somatotype components appeared between age groups 18-30 and 31-40 years. Thereafter, somatotypes remained practically unchanged. Mesomorphy continued to increase until the 5th decade in both sexes, while in females, endomorphy continuously increased until their 6th decade. In the 7th and 8th decades, a decrease in mean values was observed. Mesomorphy and ectomorphy showed opposite age-related trends. Results of our study clearly suggest that in physique investigations, the somatotypes need to be studied in each sex separately, and in studies of young people, they need also to be adjusted to age.     

Comparison of the prevalence of type A behavior in boys and girls from two contrasting socioeconomic status groups

The prevalence of Type A behavior in children from lower-class rural and upper-class urban backgrounds was compared using the Hunter-Wolf A-B Self-Rating Scale (H-W A-B). Analyses of variance were performed for two levels of socioeconomic status (SES), two levels of race (black and white), two levels of gender, and two levels of age (9-11 and 13-14). A significant difference for SES was found in the predicted direction with a greater prevalence of Type A being found among upper-urban children (p less than .001). There was also a significant effect for race (p less than .0001). Although there was a significant effect for gender with boys scoring higher (p less than .001), there was no difference between boys and girls within either SES group, and both boys and girls in the upper-urban group were more Type A than boys and girls in the lower-rural group (p less than .001). The possibility that the lack of sex differences within groups may reflect changing lifestyles for young women is discussed as a topic worthy of further epidemiological investigation.     

Individual characteristics of somatotype and skeletal muscle power in girls in the age period from 7 to 11

Sixteen girls were observed for five years during the age period from 7 to 11. The longitudinal study included the annual assessment of constitutional characteristics according to Shtefko-Ostrovskii and the calculation of endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy indices from anthropometric data according to Heath-Carter. The indices of skeletal muscle power (aerobic capacity and power; anaerobic power, and power indexa) were determined in a two-load ergometric test using Muller’s equation. The girls demonstrated a 2.5-time more stable somatotype than boys. The most pronounced changes in their constitutional characteristics were observed between the ages of 8 and 9, i.e., a year earlier than in boys. These changes occurred only within the dolichomorphic and brachymorphic groups without transitions between somatotypes. In girls of all ages, the constitutional characteristics were in good correlation with skeletal muscle power. In general, dolichomorphs were characterized by high aerobic indices: their mean aerobic capacity was as high as 83.1 kJ/kg vs. 4.1 kJ/kg in brachymorphs, who showed preferential development of anaerobic mechanisms.     

Study of somatotype in Italian children aged 6 to 10 years

The aim of the present research was to study the variations of somatotype, calculated by the Heath-Carter anthropometric technique, during growth in a sample of children (416 males and 402 females), aged 6 and 10 years, attending primary and secondary schools of L'Aquila and its province (Abruzzo, Italy). The sample was subdivided into “urban” and “non-urban” groups, on the basis of the residence of the children, to examine possible differences in growth related to the different environments. This study give an account of the somatotype components between urban and non urban childreen between the age 6 and 10 years. A tendency toward an increase of endomorphy (adipose component) with age was noticed in both sexes. In females, ectomorphy (component of physical linearity) tended to increase and mesomorphy (muscular-skeletal component) showed a slight decrease during growth, while males exhibited a discontinuous trend. The differences between urban and non-urban children were not significant, although generally higher values of endomorphy and mesomorphy were found in males and females of the urban sample. The differences between the sexes consisted of higher values of endomorphy and lower values of mesomorphy in females. Ectomorphy was similar in the two sexes.     

Growth and somatotype patterns of manus children,territory of Papua and New Guinea: Application of a modified somatotype method to the study of growth patterns

The growth and somatotype patterns of Manus children, Territory of Papua and New Guinea, reflected in anthropometric measurements and somatotype photographs, is reported for 438 children, ranging from 15 months of age to maturity. Somatotype distributions and individual somatotype photographs indicate little difference between boys and girls from age 1 to 4 years; between age 5 and 9 years boys shift toward higher second component ratings; between age 10 and 18 years boys shift toward higher second and third component ratings, while girls shift toward higher first and third component ratings. Four sample somatotype photographs are representative of the population at age 10 and 14 years, and show age and sex characters easily noted visually. Comparison of height, weight and subscapula skinfold values show that the Manus children resemble the Kaiapit and Bundi children of the New Guinea highlands populations reported by Malcolm in the form of their growth curves but not in growth rates. Manus children grow more slowly than the British, but faster than the Kaiapit and Bundi children. While low skinfold values and height/weight ratios derived from means for height and weight suggest somatotypic similarity of the Manus, Kaiapit and Bundi populations, somatotype photographs are needed for confirmation. Lacking historical information and genetic evidence, we can speculare that diet, nutrition, climate and perhaps physical activity are factors which influence the growth patterns of these populations. The protein intake derived from fish and other seafood may be an important factor in the relatively fast growth and earlier maturation of the Manus. Malcolm thinks that low protein intake plays an important role with the Kaiapit and Bundi, but does not rule out survival value of slow growth and short stature.     

Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in the residents of Cheju island, Korea

This study was performed to evaluate the epidemiological status of toxoplasmosis among the residents of Cheju island. The sera of local students from 18 high schools (boys 2110, girls 2460) and those of adults (474 admitted to Cheju Chungang General Hospital) were collected and checked for the IgG antibody titers against Toxoplasma gondii. Serum samples collected from both the students and adults showed sero-positive rate of 5.5% and 12.9%, respectively. Although the rates were not significantly different between the sexes (5.4% for the boys and 5.5% for the girls attending school), the geographical difference showed a significant difference between the urban (4.6-6.9%) and rural areas (5.6-8.8%) (p < 0.05). Based on the high positive rates, it should be necessary to control toxoplasmosis in Cheju island.