窝雏数处理对两种雀形目幼鸟生长的影响

基于 1 997～ 1 999年野外实验 ,对高寒草甸小云雀和黄嘴朱顶雀两种雀形目鸟的窝雏数进行增减处理。结果表明 ,对照组的幼鸟生长率和离巢体重都大于增加组 ,说明窝雏数增加后 ,幼鸟质量下降。随着窝雏数增加 ,这两种幼鸟生长率显著下降 (小云雀 :r =-0 965 ,P =0 0 3 5 <0 0 5 ;朱顶雀 :r =-0 82 8,P =0 0 2 2 <0 0 5 )。窝雏数改变对小云雀幼鸟出飞重影响不显著 (r =-0 41 8,P =0 5 2 8>0 0 5 ) ,而对黄嘴朱顶雀有显著的影响 (r=-0 90 1 ,P =0 0 1 4<0 0 5 )。     

两种雀形目鸟类的窝雏数处理实验:检验Lack假说

于1997—1999年在位于青海省北部的中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站进行。选择地面筑巢的小云雀(Alauda gulgula)和灌丛筑巢的黄嘴朱顶雀(Acanthis flavirostris)为代表进行窝雏数处理实验。根据Lack假说的预报检验(1)常见窝卵数是否是最大生产力窝卵数;(2)窝雏数处理对雏鸟质量和亲鸟投入是否产生影响;(3)两种鸟的响应方式是否相同。其结果如下：①小云雀和黄嘴朱顶雀的常见窝卵数分别是3和5枚。年间变化不明显,用幼鸟出飞率作为生产力,两种鸟的扩增窝幼鸟出飞率下降,常见窝卵数(分布频率最高)等同于最大生产力窝卵数;②小云雀的幼鸟的生长参数不随窝雏数的改变而变化．而黄嘴朱顶雀有明显变化．说明窝雏数处理对后者幼鸟质量有明显影响。③用递食率作为亲鸟投资指标,小云雀亲鸟的递食率随窝雏数的增加而增加,但雏期不变;而黄嘴朱顶雀递食率不变,但雏期延长。④扩增窝雏数后,两种亲鸟表现出不同的响应方式,小云雀表现为提高单位时间递食次数,而黄嘴朱顶雀延长育幼时间。这两种方式不是通过影响雏鸟质量就是通过影响亲鸟存活率来降低子代和亲代的适合度。结果支持了自然选择将窝卵数调节到亲鸟能喂活最大数量子代的限度。即常见窝卵数就是最大生产力窝卵数的Lack假说。     

厦门鸡屿岛白鹭几种繁殖活动的观察

于 2 0 0 1年 3～ 7月采用颜色标记法 ,记录厦门白鹭保护区内鸡屿岛白鹭 (Egrettagarzetta)卵产出和孵出的顺序和时间 ,并称重卵和雏鸟。有 91 4 %的窝卵数为 4～ 5枚 ,产卵期 7 0± 1 9d ,出壳期 4 2± 1 4d ;卵孵化时间与产卵顺序显著负相关 ;不同产出顺序卵重无差异 ;不同孵出顺序雏鸟早期 (≤ 5d)发育无差异 ,之后差异显著 ,第 4出壳的雏鸟发育水平和成活率较低 ,而第 5出壳的雏鸟最低 ;亲鸟在产卵期的孵化是非连续的 ,而产卵结束后相对连续。如此 ,可以调节孵化时间 ,进而调控异步孵化的程度 ,使雏鸟在生长阶段形成适当的等级差别 ,以获得最大的繁殖收益。     

吉林白城地区草原栗斑腹(巫鸟)窝卵数、营巢成功率和繁殖成功率的研究

对分布于吉林白城地区草原生境中栗斑腹巫鸟的窝卵数、营巢成功率和繁殖成功率的初步研究结果表明 ,繁殖期栗斑腹巫鸟种群的平均窝卵数为 5 .0 9± 0 .5 8枚 /巢 ;窝卵数与产卵期、出巢数与产卵期、窝卵数与卵大小之间呈负相关 ,产卵期与孵化率之间存在极显著的负相关关系 ,巢外径与窝卵数之间存在显著的正相关关系 ,巢的其余指标均与窝卵数呈正相关 ;平均孵化期为 12± 0 .4 9d ,孵化率为 36 .3% ,繁殖成功率为 11.11% ;7日龄以上的雏鸟群体大小为 2 .5 6± 1.5 3只 ,栗斑腹巫鸟的雏鸟存活率为 2 7.6 9% .     

广西防城发现黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群

20 0 2年 3～ 8月 ,在广西防城万鹤山首次发现国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群 ,约 4巢 ,8只成鸟 1 4只雏鸟。黄嘴白鹭于该年 3月底 4月初迁来筑巢繁殖。巢材多为常绿、落叶阔叶树枯枝和松枝。窝卵数 4枚 ,卵为淡蓝青色。雌雄鸟轮流交替孵卵 ,孵化期 2 4 5 0± 1 5 0 ( 2 3～ 2 6)d ,孵化率1 0 0 %。育雏期 41± 2 ( 3 9～ 43 )d ,窝雏数 3 5 0± 0 2 9( 3～ 4)只 ,雏鸟成活率 87 5 0 %。食性主要为鱼( 77 84% )、虾 ( 1 6 76% )和青蛙 ( 5 40 % )。     

台湾中部暗绿绣眼鸟的繁殖生物学

本研究将暗绿绣眼鸟 (Zosteropsjaponicasimplex)捕捉、套彩色环后释放 ,分别于 1999年和 2 0 0 1年 3～ 8月追踪监测 7对和 13对暗绿绣眼鸟的繁殖行为。总结此二年对 2 0对暗绿绣眼鸟的监测 ,其繁殖期始于 3月中旬 ,终止于 8月下旬。 1对最多可年产 5窝 ,但以 3～ 4窝为常见。初次筑巢所需时间平均为 10 4d ,筑第 2、3巢的时间依次减少 ;窝与窝之间的繁殖间隔视情况而定 ,如孵化或喂养失败 ,通常都在 1～ 2d内再筑巢 ,如繁殖育雏成功 ,平均相隔 7d再筑巢。 2年 6 3窝的窝卵数平均为 2 6 8± 0 71(n =6 3)枚 ;孵化期平均为 11±0 6 4 (n =4 7)d ;6 3窝孵化成功 4 7窝 ,孵化成功率为 74 6 % ;雏鸟离巢日龄平均为 10 5± 0 88(n =35 )d ;4 7窝雏鸟喂养成功 35窝 ,育雏成功率为 74 5 % ;6 3窝繁殖成功 35窝 ,繁殖成功率为 5 5 5 %。失败因素包括气候、动物掠食、人为破坏和其它不明原因     

新疆木垒波斑鸨的繁殖成功率

作者于 1998～ 2 0 0 0年 4～ 7月 ,采用野外直接观察、栖息地植被样方调查和无线电跟踪等方法对分布于新疆木垒的波斑鸨 (Chlamydotiundulatamacqueenii)种群的繁殖生态进行了初步观察与研究。考察中共发现45个巢、 84窝幼雏。研究结果表明 ,木垒波斑鸨有两个产卵高峰期 ,表明雌鸟第一次繁殖失败后可能再次产卵。雌鸟营巢成功率平均为 0 5 0 5。波斑鸨的窝卵数在 2～ 6枚之间 ,出现 4枚卵的频率最高。第一产卵期内的平均窝卵数 ( 4 0± 0 8枚 /窝 )大于第二产卵期内的平均窝卵数 ( 3 3± 0 8枚 /窝 )。木垒波斑鸨种群三年间卵孵化率分别为 0 84、 0 80和 1,繁殖成功率为 0 45 6。种群在繁殖期几乎不受人类活动干扰 ,巢卵及幼雏损失主要来自天敌捕食 ,如沙狐、大和棕尾等.     

人工巢箱中大山雀和褐头山雀的繁殖比较

2009年3-7月,在北京小龙门森林公园悬挂人工巢箱,对大山雀(Parus major)和褐头山雀(P.montanus;)的繁殖进行比较研究.野外共悬挂100个巢箱,其中19巢(19.0%)被大山雀、11巢(11.0%)被褐头山雀进驻,总利用率为30.0%.同域繁殖的大山雀和褐头山雀在窝卵数、孵化期上有极显著差异(P＜0.01),其中大山雀的窝卵数(8.21枚±0.25枚,n=19)极显著大于褐头山雀(6.18枚±0.23枚,n=11),而褐头山雀的孵化期(14.22d±0.44d,n=10)极显著长于大山雀(13.17 d±O.83 d,n=12).两者在卵重、卵大小、出雏数、雏鸟出飞数上无显著差异(P＞0.05).大山雀的繁殖成功率(27.0%)和营巢成效(63.2%)均显著低于褐头山雀(54.5%和100%)(P＜0.01).表明大山雀可能采取高产卵数、低存活率的繁殖对策,而褐头山雀的繁殖策略则可能为低产卵数、高存活率.     

朱鹮的营巢、产卵、孵化和育雏

系统地总结了 1981～ 2 0 0 0年朱筑巢、产卵、孵化和育雏的情况 ,对朱的繁殖情况进行了全面的评价。在此期间 ,朱野生群体共计营巢 12 3窝 ,产卵 3 63枚 ,出壳 2 76只 ,离巢出飞幼鸟 2 16只。朱的平均窝卵数为 3 0 4枚 ,窝卵数在年际间无显著差异 ,孵化期为 2 8天 ,育雏期为 4 0～ 4 5天。在孵化过程中朱的每日晾卵次数和时间逐渐增加 ,在育幼过程中亲鸟的喂食量在育雏中期最多 ,雌雄亲鸟对后代的贡献没有显著差异。近年来朱营巢地的海拔高度逐渐降低。     

灰椋鸟的繁殖生态

1994年 3月至 7月在吉林省左家自然保护区对灰椋鸟的繁殖生态研究发现 ,在 1 2 2hm2 的面积内共有 36个灰椋鸟巢 ,繁殖密度为 0 32 1巢 hm2 。繁殖期由 4月 2 4日持续到 7月 1 1日共 79d。平均窝卵数为 5 89(SD =1 1 7,n =36 ) ,窝卵数同繁殖季节呈显著负相关 (r=-0 75 72 ,P <0 0 1 )。平均孵化期为1 3 6d ,平均育雏期 2 1 6d。平均每巢出飞 5 1只幼鸟。幼体 (卵、雏鸟 )死亡的最主要原因是人为干扰。     

Adaptive parental feeding as a factor influencing the reproductive rate in the grey starling

1. Adaptive parental feeding of chicks is one of the factors influencing the reproductive rate of a local population.
2. The food resources in the rural and urban colonies in Tokyo were entirely different as proved by collar experiments of the chicks.
3. In the rural habitat the mole-cricket of fair size (1 g) and of a high nutritive value was the ‘key food' to all broods and only a few other items were added for larger broods.
4. In the urban habitat the food consisted of both animal and plant (fruits) items of various kinds, but the animal matter was mostly small and of poor nutritive value, and fruits are much less nutritive than animal matters as experimentally proved with captive chicks by using cherries which are the most abundant and favoured fruit.
5. Thus the food preference and the feeding ability of parents had more important effect upon growth rate and flying success of chicks in the urban colony than in the rural, especially in larger broods.
6. In the rural colony, the adaptive reaction of parents to a large brood size (experimentally increased) was evident in a pair which adequately switched the normal food, the secretive mole-cricket, to an easily obtainable kind, the small white pupae and caterpillars.
7. Such focussed or concentrated foraging was also shown to some other food items to be found in clustered condition and selection for large size was also suggested, since such large foods as the gecko or lizard were brought though they were disgorged by chicks in some cases.
8. Subject to various factors, there is the maximum possible feeding frequency for the parents and therefore, however hard the parents might work, there were limits of brood size they could successfully raise.
9. Such limits were 6 chicks for some parents or 7 for others, and a single parent could raise not more than 3 chicks.
10. Thus in the grey starling the broods of 5–6 chicks are of the most efficient size in reproductive rate and are most common, though are subject to difference of local food situation.

     

Comparative analysis of breeding rates of rural and urban grey starling colonies in Tokyo area: The second report (Part 2)

1. The rates of clutch size, brood size and brood-size fledged recorded during the period 1956≈63 (2 years interrupted) in the rural and the urban colony of the grey starling were analysed comparatively.
2. The clutch size was significantly larger in the urban than in the rural one and the brood size was also larger significantly in the urban population. But, the difference in brood-size fledged was insignificant.
3. This reflected that the hatching rate was similar in both colonies (the rates in total differed but possible unusual rate was included in the clutch size of 5 eggs) and this may be determined physiologically but not depending upon food supply since smaller clutches showed higher hatching rate.
4. However, the fledging rate was higher in the rural and lower and more variable in the urban colony. This is apparently due to food which was nutritive animal food in the rural but largely mixed with fruits in the urban.
5. The fledging rate was rather irregularly variable with brood size suggesting that this is dependent upon parents' adaptability in feeding. However, the rate of 100% fledging becomes higher from brood sizes of 6 and less chicks.
6. Thus, in general larger clutch and brood sizes produced larger absolute numbers of chicks and chicks fledged respectively. But, 5 was the most frequent size in the clutch and brood sizes and 4 in the brood-size fledged.
7. From the above, the ecological evolution of urban population was discussed.

     

Life history characteristics of tule perch (Hysterocarpus traski) populations in contrasting environments

Synopsis The life history characteristics of tule perch were compared within and among populations in three drainages with substantially different environmental conditions. Within populations there were, in general, substantial increases in brood size, size of young, brood weight, and gonadal-somatic index (GSI) with age and with size of female. In at least one population there was a trade-off between the number and size of young produced. However, in a lake where individual growth was very slow, brood weight, GSI, and other life history characters showed decreasing trends with age. Among populations in isolated drainages, female length at first reproduction and longevity varied directly and mean brood size varied inversely with environmental predictability. Morphological and geological evidence and some comparative litter characteristics suggest that life history differences among populations in isolated drainages are in part genetic.     

Reproductive ecology of three ocypodid crabs II. Incubation sites and egg mortality

Mortality of eggs during incubation was estimated for three ocypodid crabs,Scopimera globosa, Ilyoplax pusillus andMacrophthalmus japonicus, and the influence of incubation sites was discussed. These crabs all lived in isolated burrows and fed on sediments during day time low tide.S. globosa andI. pusillus inhabited the upper intertidal sandflats, whereasM. japonicus inhabited the lower intertidal mudflats. Females of bothS. globosa andI. pusillus remained in their plugged burrows without feeding throughout incubation and the mortality of eggs was low despite large broods relative to body size. On the other hand, females ofM. japonicus fed actively on surface mud during incubation and the mortality of eggs was high despiite small broods relative to body size. InS. globosa andI. pusillus, the ovaries of ovigerous females were small until egg-hatching, whereas inM. japonicus, the ovaries grew rapidly during incubation and females were able to produce consecutive broods. I conclude that incubation of eggs in burrows may be advantageous in species which inhabit the upper interidal sandflats, even though the crabs cannot forage during incubation, since otherwise their eggs would be exposed to strong heat stress and desication during the summer. Furthermore, such species may produce few large broods because of less frequent interruption of feeding than that associated with production of many small broods.     

Reproductive ecology of three ocypodid crabs I. The influence of activity differences on reproductive traits

Reproductive traits of three ocypodid crabs,Scopimera globosa, Ilyoplax pusillus andMacrophthalmus japonicus, were compared.S. globosa andI. pusillus, inhabiting the upper-middle intertidal zone, produced 1–2 large broods per year, whereasM. japonicus, inhabiting the lower intertidal zone, produced 4–5 small broods per year. InS. globosa andI. pusillus, ovigerous females remained in their plugged burrows without feeding until their eggs hatched. On the other hand, femaleM. japonicus fed actively on surface mud while incubating. We concluded that few large broods may be advantageous in crab species that incubate in burrows, whereas continuous small broods may be advantageous in species that feed actively while incubating.     

Differential hygienic behavior of Apis cerana F. and Apis mellifera L. to Sacbrood virus infection

Beekeeping with Apis cerana of Korean apiculture is facing with serious colony collapse caused by invasive Sacbrood virus (SBV) disease. This fatal brood disease was the main reason of more than 90% colony lost in Korea leading almost the extinct crisis. Sacbrood virus can infect either larvae or adult honeybees, with a higher sensibility of larvae to the infection. Since SBV has spread to all over the country, efforts have been made to treat and prevent this devastating disease although no effective results have so far been obtained. Several studies have demonstrated that Apis mellifera bee colonies that express an efficient hygienic behavior exhibit a higher resistance to the brood disease. In this study we demonstrated that the differences of hygienic behavior between A. cerana and A. mellifera. A. cerana more efficiently removed the pin-killed brood than A. mellifera. On the other hand, A. mellifera more efficiently removed SBV-infected larvae and SBV-dead brood than A. cerana. However, it remains unclear whether the advantage of hygienic bee could have efficacy against Sacbrood disease on A. cerana colonies.     

白冠长尾雉育雏期的栖息地选择

20 0 1年 4～ 8月 ,在河南省董寨国家级自然保护区对白冠长尾雉 (Syrmaticusreevesii)育雏期的栖息地进行了调查。野外共遇见 2 4个不同的家族群 ,平均大小为 (2 96± 0 35 )只。白冠长尾雉的家族群主要在针阔混交林中活动 ,这些地方的坡向以东南方向居多、坡度较缓而坡位靠下 ,与林缘的距离大于 6 0m而与水源的距离通常小于 30m。逐步判别分析的结果表明 ,与林缘的距离、乔木胸径、灌木盖度、草本植物的种类和高度等是影响白冠长尾雉家族群栖息地选择的关键因子 ;植被结构 ,尤其是草本植物的特征 ,是影响家族群栖息地选择的主要方面。建议在对白冠长尾雉采取保护措施时 ,从提供丰富的食物资源和良好的隐蔽条件入手。注意保护现存栖息地 ,在育雏期保护好草本植物。     

Comparison of the activity and productivity of Carniolan (Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann) and Yemeni (Apis mellifera jemenitica Ruttner) subspecies under environmental conditions of the Al-Ahsa oasis of eastern Saudi Arabia

This study was conducted at the apiary of the Agricultural and Veterinary Training and Research Station of King Faisal University in the Al-Ahsa oasis of eastern Saudi Arabia. We performed a comparison between Carniolan (Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann) and Yemeni (Apis mellifera jemenitica Ruttner) honeybee races to determine the monthly fluctuations in foraging activity, pollen collection, colony growth and honey yield production under the environmental conditions of the Al-Ahsa oasis of eastern Saudi Arabia. We found three peaks in the flight activity of the two races, and the largest peaks occurred during September and October. Compared to Carniolan bee colonies, the performance of Yemeni bee colonies was superior in terms of stored pollen, worker and drone brood rearing, and the adult population size. The Carniolan bee colonies produced 27.77% and 27.50% more honey than the Yemeni bee colonies during the flow seasons of alfalfa and sidir, respectively, with an average increase of 27.64%. It could be concluded that the race of bees is an important factor affecting the activity and productivity of honeybee colonies. The Yemeni bee race produced more pollen, a larger brood and more bees, which exhibited a longer survival. The imported Carniolan bees can be reared in eastern Saudi Arabia, but the Yemeni bee race is still better.