无锡太湖地区夜鹭及白鹭繁殖生物学研究

1999年 4～ 6月对分布在无锡地区的夜鹭 (Nycticoraxnycticorax)和白鹭 (Egrettagarzetta)的繁殖生物学进行了调查研究 ,调查地面积约 2 72 37 5m2 ,植被以马尾松 (Pinusmassoniana)和香樟树 (Cinnamomumhupehanum)为主。研究结果表明 :栖息地共有鹭巢近万个 ,平均密度为 0 36个 /m2 ,每棵树上平均巢数为1 0 6个 ,最多达 2 5个 /棵树 ;平均窝卵数夜鹭为 3 5 5枚 ,白鹭为 4 89枚 ;平均窝雏数夜鹭为 2 6 8只 ,白鹭为3 96只 ;孵化期白鹭为 1 9～ 2 1天 ,夜鹭为 2 2～ 2 3天 ;孵化成功率白鹭为 84 2 5 % ,夜鹭为 75 46 % ;白鹭雏鸟主要以小型鱼类和虾类为食 ,夜鹭雏鸟主要以鱼类和两栖类为食。     

三种鹭异步孵化与雏鸟生长的比较研究

根据1996～1999年的野外工作和实验饲养,研究了池鹭、白鹭、夜鹭3种鹭的繁殖、雏鸟生长和异步孵化对雏鸟生长的影响.3种鹭于4月上、中旬迁到常山、余杭鹭保护区,9月下旬陆续迁离.孵卵期池鹭为23.0 d(n=26),白鹭23.9 d(n=32),夜鹭25.3 d(n=34);孵化率池鹭为76.32%,自鹭86.96%,夜鹭95.45%,池鹭繁殖力为3.21只,白鹭3.38只,夜鹭3.50只.雏鸟体重增长与成体体形大小呈负相关.幼雏体重增长与孵化顺序相关.在生长早期(≤8 d)全部雏鸟正常发育,之后差异显著.第1和第2孵化雏鸟生长曲线相似,但明显高于第4雏鸟,表明较早孵化者获得食物能力较强,而迟孵出雏鸟有食物不足现象.该3种鹭孵育幼雏能力的最适度估计为3只左右.     

艾比湖大白鹭的繁殖及雏鸟生长发育模式

2009年3—10月对新疆艾比湖大白鹭(Egretta alba alba)的巢、卵及雏鸟的生长发育模式进行了研究。结果表明,大白鹭的巢基厚度大于巢深(t=6.06,P0.01),巢外径远大于巢内径(t=21.53,P0.01),其目的是增加巢的稳定性和减少幼鸟跌出巢外的概率;窝卵数3～5枚(3.86±0.69),卵重44.00～60.00g(53.94±3.96),卵体积47.18～62.00cm3(55.19±4.09);双亲孵卵(26～28d),共同育雏(55～60d)。测量了4巢13雏26日龄以内的生长发育数据,并利用Gompertz方程对雏鸟的主要生长指标进行拟合,拟合结果将雏鸟生长发育划分为3个阶段:1)器官形成,生长速度准备加快的时期;2)物质积累,生长速度加快并逐渐过渡到中速时期;3)由物质积累逐渐过渡到物质消耗大于积累,生长速度较慢,雏鸟准备出飞。     

黄嘴白鹭的繁殖生物学

The Chinese egret is a globally endangered species. This paper describes the breeding behavior of the Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes) on Xingrentuo Islet, Changhai County, Liaoning Province between April and August 2001. 150 breeding pairs were found at this site, and 60 more pairs were found on nearby Yuanbaotuo Islet, the largest breeding colony in China. Chinese egret arrived at the islet from mid April and departed from late August. Their nests were built in the branches of low trees and fleabanes. 2～6 light greenish blue eggs were layed in each clutch. 40 eggs averaged 45 56(±2 05)mm×33 57(±0 74)mm in size,and 26 46±1 88)g in weight. The hatching period was 21～23 days.     

松鸦的繁殖生态

在安徽合肥紫蓬山区,对松鸦的繁殖生态进行了观察,并研究了雏鸟的生长发育特征。结果表明,松鸦4月初开始营巢,巢筑在阔叶树或针叶树主干顶端枝杈处,巢呈碗状,由细树枝、须根、苔藓和草编织而成。4月中下旬开始产卵,平均每窝产5枚卵,孵化期16－17d,育雏期19d。体重、嘴峰、翅、跗跖、尾、飞羽及飞羽羽缨等形态学参数适合用Logistic曲线方程拟合,对应的拟合方程分别为：W＝120／[1 e^-0.329(t-8.1)]、L=23/[1 e^-0.2011(t-4.5)]、L=107/[1 e^-0.334(t-9.1)]、L=40/[1 e^-0.293(t-4.5)]、L=49/[1 e^-0.377(t-13.7)]、L=76/[1 e^-0.462(t-12.4)]、L=49/[1 e^-0.544(t-17.8)]。曲线的增长率和拐点的参数分析表明,与飞行密切相关的器官在雏鸟发育的后期仍有较大程度的增长,而与取食相关的器官在雏鸟早期就有较大程度的发育。     

长山列岛发现黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群

:1 999年 6～ 8月 ,在辽宁省长海县石城乡形人岛 (N30°31′,E1 2 3°0 2′)发现了目前已知国内最大的黄嘴白鹭繁殖种群 ,约 4 0 0余只。黄嘴白鹭于 4月份迁至该岛繁殖 ,巢材由蒿子杆构成 ,每窝产 4～ 6枚卵 ,卵为淡青色。 1 4枚卵平均大小为 4 8 5( 46 0～ 50 5)mm× 34 0 ( 31 0～ 36 5)mm ,平均重量为 2 8 3( 2 7 5～ 2 9 0 ) g。孵化期 2 1～ 2 3天     

广西防城发现黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群

20 0 2年 3～ 8月 ,在广西防城万鹤山首次发现国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群 ,约 4巢 ,8只成鸟 1 4只雏鸟。黄嘴白鹭于该年 3月底 4月初迁来筑巢繁殖。巢材多为常绿、落叶阔叶树枯枝和松枝。窝卵数 4枚 ,卵为淡蓝青色。雌雄鸟轮流交替孵卵 ,孵化期 2 4 5 0± 1 5 0 ( 2 3～ 2 6)d ,孵化率1 0 0 %。育雏期 41± 2 ( 3 9～ 43 )d ,窝雏数 3 5 0± 0 2 9( 3～ 4)只 ,雏鸟成活率 87 5 0 %。食性主要为鱼( 77 84% )、虾 ( 1 6 76% )和青蛙 ( 5 40 % )。     

长耳鸮的繁殖习性

长耳鸮(Asio otus)是重要的森林益鸟,是鼠类的天敌。1988年和1989年两年间在吉林省左家自然保护区的山地阔叶林中对其繁殖习性作了研究,简报如下。 一、数量变化及活动规律 长耳鸮为留鸟。我们在 30公顷和 10公顷的样地中,采用 50×50米的方格法(Holmes and Sturges,1975;Holmes et al.,1979a)对数量的年度变化作了调查。繁殖季节(3—7月),1988年为1.5只/公顷,1989年为2.0只/公顷;非繁殖季节(8—2月)由于样地内繁殖的长耳鸮雏鸟出飞,井活动分散而范围较广,因此数量较低,1988年为0.5只/公顷,1989年为0.75只/公     

白琵鹭繁殖及雏鸟发育的观察

白琵鹭的繁殖习性,雏鸟生长等生态特征的变化。结果表明平均窝卵数３８±１２枚,平均卵重８５５±９３ｇ;雏鸟生长模型为Ｗｔ＝２０３１５／１＋ｅ２７８－０１９ｔ。     

Low breeding success of the little egret (Egretta garzetta) near residential areas and in colonies exposed to gales: a comparison of colony in Sichuan,Southwest China,with literature

The breeding biology of the little egret (Egretta garzetta) was studied in 20 nests within the mixed-species breeding colonies at Nanchong, Sichuan, Southwest China, in 2006. By measuring a set of physical characteristics of vegetation at the nests and at a set of 20 randomly chosen sites we showed that birds preferentially used taller trees in areas with fewer shrubs of higher species diversity. Nests at lower locations in trees had marginally lower hatching success due to their destruction by humans; this destruction contributed marginally significantly to lowering of the total nesting success in all studied nests. Although gale winds also had a negative effect on breeding success, the anthropogenic influences were a greater factor in reproductive failure. We found similar effects in our review of literature on breeding success of the little egret from various geographical areas. Our results may be of use by conservation organizations in their actions to protect colonies of the little egret.     

Body condition of Little Egret Egretta garzetta nestlings in relation to hatching order in a southern Tunisian breeding colony

The effect of asynchronous hatching on nestling health and condition in ardeids is still in need of empirical evidence from populations living in different environmental conditions. Using morphometric and hematologic data from Little Egret Egretta garzetta nestlings in a Tunisian breeding colony, we assessed the relationship between hatching order and nestling condition, while accounting for the effects of brood size, age and hatching date. Our results showed that the youngest nestlings had lower values of hematocrit and body condition index but higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry compared with their older siblings. These trends seem to stem from increased nutritional stress experienced by younger nestlings who would have received less food from their parents than their siblings due to their less competitive nature. Additional constraints during the rearing period, such as possible injuries resulting from conflicts with siblings and the energy cost of thermoregulation, may also have contributed to the deterioration of the condition of last nestlings. Overall, our findings provide empirical evidence of the short-term repercussions of asynchronous hatching in a North African population of Little Egrets. They also highlight the great complexity of mechanisms by which asynchronous hatching may affect body condition and health of bird nestlings.     

白鹭作为无锡太湖地区环境污染指示生物的研究

2000年4—6月对分布在无锡太湖地区的4种要鸟中的白鹭(Egretta garzetta)行为生态学及其生境污染状况进行了调查研究．调查地白鹭主要栖息树种包括马尾松(Pnus masson±ana)、香樟树(C±nnamomum hupehanum)、麻砾树(Quercus acut±ssema)、榆树(Ulmus prm±la)和杨梅树（Myr±ca rubra)．栖息地总面积为7hm^2,白鹭总巢数为4200个,每棵树平均0．38个．白鹭的孵化期为19—21d,卵重23．9±4．0g(n=41),平均卵大小(44．5±4．1)mm×(32．6±4．9)mm(n＝41),平均窝卵数5．02(2—8)枚,平均窝雏数3．86(2—7)只,孵化成功率为84．25％．对白鹭雏鸟左右跗Zhe的测量分析表明不对称性不显著(P>0．05)．白鹭雏鸟食物较小,繁殖期间主要以小型鱼类和虾类为食．污染物分析结果表明,白鹭卵中除例外,六氯苯、六六六、环二烯类、DDTs、DDE、PCBs、Cr、Hg和Pb均检测到．食物链(底泥-食物-白鹭雏鸟)中,有机杀虫剂和重金属都逐级富集．通过与相对无污染的鄱阳湖地区比较,太湖地区和鄱阳湖地区卵样品中的DDs(包括DDT、DDE和DDD)浓度最高(超过2μg·g^1),其它污染物浓度均较小．太湖地区白鹭卵中的DDTs、Cd和Cr浓度低于鄱阳湖地区,其它污染物浓度鄱阳湖地区均低于太湖地区．经比较分析,两地样品中有机氯杀虫剂、PCBs和各种重金属浓度都未达到影响白鹭繁殖成功率的阈值．     

云南大理古城3种繁殖鹭类的巢空间隔离

集群繁殖的鹭类通过时间或空间上的筑巢活动隔离来减少物种间的竞争压力.2012年2—5月对云南大理古城市区同质林内的3种鹭巢进行了直接计数和空间定位,研究了混群鹭巢的空间隔离分化.结果表明:大理古城的繁殖鹭类有夜鹭Nycticorax nycticorax、牛背鹭Bubulcus ibis和白鹭Egretta garzetta 3种,巢数分别为195个、132个和112个.与自然繁殖地中的鹭巢水平分化不同,3种鹭类的巢在东西和南北水平方向上均没有显著分化;在垂直方向和巢距主干距离上的分化差异均有统计学意义(P <0.01).夜鹭巢的分布最为集中,表现为夜鹭在东西水平方向、垂直方向和巢距主干距离上均为生态位宽度值最小的物种.因为较大的体型和较早的迁入日期,夜鹭集中占据了高位和主干上的有利巢位.通过物种间生态位宽度重叠值的比较,发现没有任何2种鹭类的巢在所研究的4个空间方向上发生明显重叠,说明3个物种间巢位的空间分化较为精细.     

鄱阳湖北段白鹭和苍鹭重金属富集特征比较

水鸟对重金属的富集水平及特征是了解湿地生态系统健康状况、水鸟生境安全的重要渠道。2016年通过非损伤取样方式采集了鄱阳湖北段白鹭Egretta garzetta和苍鹭Ardea cinerea各20个卵壳样品,并收集了2种鹭鸟觅食地的土壤样品9份,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对卵壳和土样中铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)8种重金属的残留量进行了测量,分析了重金属在2种鹭鸟卵壳中的残留量,在此基础上分析了该区域2种鹭鸟对土壤重金属富集特征。研究结果表明,8种重金属中,白鹭和苍鹭卵壳重金属残留量均以Zn最高、Cd最低。苍鹭的Pb残留量极显著高于白鹭(P<0.01)。白鹭和苍鹭卵壳对Hg的生物富集系数最高,As的最低,而苍鹭对Pb的生物富集系数极显著高于白鹭(P<0.01)。     

西藏昌都发现白鹭

<正>2013年9月至2014年6月,笔者在西藏昌都市八宿县、贡觉县、芒康县和昌都县先后观察并拍摄到白鹭(Egretta garzetta),为西藏首次发现。2013年9月29日,在八宿县然乌镇政府后方的湖边(29°30′17.28″N,96°45′25.44″E,海拔3 934 m),观察到2只白鹭成鸟,其体形纤瘦,全身羽毛白色,头部无羽冠,肩、背和前胸的蓑状羽也消失,呈冬羽特征;虹膜为黄色;眼先黄绿;嘴黑色,但嘴裂处及下嘴基部显淡黄色;胫与跗跖部黑色,趾黄绿色。2014年5月至6月,     

四种鹭类繁殖生态生物学研究

本文对夜鹭,白鹭,黄鹭白鹭,池鹭混群在同一巢区的繁殖,种间协高及雏鸟生长进行进行了观察研究,其中黄嘴白路豫南大别山类新纪录,在此繁殖亦为首次发现。几种路在巢位,食性,取食活动和习性方面都表现出其混居同一巢地繁殖的种间协调性,符合高期假说。比较４种鹭鸟雏鸟生长过程中各生长参数。其中池鹭虽个体最小,但体重和各部位生长却对较快。     

Yolk testosterone and estradiol variation relative to clutch size, laying order and hatching asynchrony in Common Grackles

Maternal effects are typically thought to enhance rather than reduce offspring performance, but asynchronous hatching (ASH) in birds typically produces a size hierarchy within a clutch that frequently reduces the growth and survival of nestlings from eggs that hatch later. Given that yolk steroids can significantly affect offspring phenotype and that in many species the levels of yolk steroids have been found to increase with laying order, the maternal transfer of steroids to egg yolk has been proposed as a mechanism for females to offset the deleterious effects of ASH. To test this hypothesis, we determined whether yolk steroids varied with laying order or clutch size in Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula). Because ASH varies with clutch size (hatching span averages 48 h in five-egg clutches, 24 h in four-egg clutches) and regularly results in the starvation of later hatched nestlings, we predicted: (1) testosterone and 17?-estradiol levels should increase with laying order in both clutch sizes to mitigate the negative effects of ASH on last-hatched nestlings, and (2) the increase should be greater in five-egg clutches due to more pronounced hatching asynchrony. Using a competitive-binding steroid radioimmunoassay, we found no systematic variation in either testosterone or estradiol levels relative to laying order or clutch size. In the absence of evidence that yolk steroids interact adaptively with ASH, research must look elsewhere for potential benefits that might compensate for the costs these steroids impose on nestlings.