白细胞介素－2分子α螺旋B中的活性相关区域

根据人白细胞介素－２（ＩＬ－２）ａ螺旋Ｂ中氨基酸残基的空间分布选择性地突变了一些氨基酸残基,结果发现．５７Ｇｌｎ→Ｇｌｎ,６２Ｇｌｎ→Ｌｅｕ,６２Ｇｌｎ→Ａｒｇ和６５Ｐｒｏ→Ａｒｇ这些替换均使ＩＬ－２活性显著降低或丧失,而６３Ｌｅｕ→Ｓｅｒ或６４Ｌｙｓ→Ａｌａ对ＩＬ－２活性影响不大。从受体竞争抑制结合实验结果可知,上述不表现活性的突变体也同时丧失了与高亲和力受体的结合能力,这说明α螺旋Ｂ中这些位点对ＩＬ－２与受体结合有贡献,事实上,那些直接与受体β、γ亚基结合的残基所在螺旋为Ａ、Ｄ螺旋而非α螺旋Ｂ,由此我们认为α螺旋Ｂ虽不直接参与与受体β、γ亚基结合,但它在空间结构上对ＩＬ－２与受体β、γ亚基的结合产生了有利的影响,而５７Ｇｌｎ、６２Ｇｌｎ、６５Ｐｒｏ等残基则在此过程中发挥重要作用。     

谷氨酰胺对大鼠海马脑片谷氨酸递质释放的影响

在以前的工作中我们观察到 ,饲料中补充谷氨酰胺 (Ｇｌｎ)可使大鼠脑组织中Ｇｌｎ和谷氨酸 (Ｇｌｕ)含量升高 ,并引起一系列代谢和功能的改变。当脑组织处于丰富的Ｇｌｎ环境中时 ,Ｇｌｕ等兴奋性氨基酸的释放是否会受到影响呢 ?由于条件所限 ,在整体无法观察这一过程 ,但离体脑片为我们提供了一个较为理想的研究方法。本实验通过对离体海马脑片进行孵育 ,观察Ｇｌｎ对Ｇｌｕ递质释放的影响 ,从而进一步探讨Ｇｌｎ的中枢作用机制。1　材料与方法(1)人工脑脊液 (ＡＣＳＦ)的配制　所用标准ＡＣＳＦ的配方为 (ｍｍｏｌ/Ｌ) :ＮａＣｌ 12 4,Ｋ…     

凝乳酶β-转角突变体的构建、表达和性质分析

为了阐明牛凝乳酶的第二个发夹结构中的Ⅵ型β转角的功能,利用基因突变技术,将该转角的氨基酸残基（Ｌｅｕ２０Ｇｌｙ２１Ｔｈｅ２２Ｐｒｏ２３Ｐｒｏ２４Ｇｌｎ２５）改为（Ｌｅｕ２０ＧｌｙＧｌｙＧｌｎ２５）、（Ｌｅｕ２０ＳｅｒＧｌｙＧｌｎ２５）或（Ｌｅｕ２０ＧｌｙＳｅｒＧｌｎ２５）,得到３个突变牛凝乳酶原表达质粒ｐＭＣＧＧ,ｐＭＣＳＧ和ｐＭＣＧＳ。除ｐＭＣＧＳ不能在大肠杆菌中表达外,ｐＭＣＧＧ和ｐＭＣＳＧ均能以包含体的形式进行表达,且表达水平与野生型相当。像野生型凝乳酶原一样,ｐＭＣＧＧ和ｐＭＣＳＧ的表达产物经过变性复性,均能自活化为假凝乳酶,而且复性后的酶原突变体在ＤＥＡＥＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＣＬ６Ｂ上的柱行为与野生型相类似,但突变体假凝乳酶的凝乳及水解酪蛋白活性均明显低于野生型。说明突变对酶原的折叠影响较小,但对酶的催化效率影响较大。     

光质对水稻幼苗蛋白质、氨基酸含量的影响

蓝光对水稻幼苗可溶性蛋白积累的促进效应,在幼苗生长的初期比较明显;第５天,幼苗的可溶性蛋白质、蛋白氮、非蛋白氮以及Ａｓｐ、Ａｓｎ、Ｇｌｕ、Ｇｌｎ等游离氨基酸含量都远远高于白光或红光的处理。随着苗龄的增加,蓝光的促进作用减弱,到第１７天,各项指标都低于白光处理的幼苗。红光处理的幼苗可溶性蛋白始终低于白光或蓝光的处理,其Ａｓｎ、Ｇｌｎ两种酰胺含量在第１０天以后明显高于同期的白光或蓝光的处理。     

天花粉蛋白T18肽片段的溶液构象及T14、TDK和T18肽构象比较

用１ＨＮＭＲ法测定Ｔ１８肽在ＤＭＳＯ（ＭＳ１８）和５０％六氟异丙醇（ＦＰ１８）中的溶液构象．ＭＳ１８含有Ｉｌｅ３～Ｇｌｎ７和Ａｌａ１２～Ｇｌｎ１６两段β－折叠链;而ＦＰ１８则转变为α－螺旋结构。综合分析Ｔ１４,Ｔ１８和ＴＤＫ三个模型肽的结构性质和稳定性,比较肽链序列和溶剂作用,提出肽链局部优势结构的概念,并据此讨论天花粉蛋白小结构域折叠起始过程．     

真核微生物的类金属硫蛋白

本文为真核微生物ＭＴ４５篇文献综述,在酵母菌和真菌中,细胞对重金属毒害的抗性或者以结合金属离子的蛋白质─-ＭＴ形式调控,或者通过合金属离子的整合肽（γ－Ｇｌｎ－Ｃｙｓ）ｕＧｌｙ类型调控。本综述包括酵母菌ＭＴ序列、金属结合特性;ＭＴｓ及ＰＣｓ结构和功能,以及ＭＴ基因、基因放大、基因调控;最后,我们叙述了酵母菌ＭＴ在制药、金属回收和ＭＴ启动子在生物工程中的应用。     

AVP4—8的鼠脑结合位点有别于VP受体

ＡＶＰ４┐８的鼠脑结合位点有别于ＶＰ受体阎庆武杜雨苍＊（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所，上海２０００３１）加压素（ＶＰ）是一种下丘脑垂体后叶激素。它由９个氨基酸残基组成并且种属差异很小。大多数哺乳类ＶＰ的组成都是Ｃｙｓ１－Ｔｙｒ２－Ｐｈｅ３－Ｇｌｎ４－...     

α－苦瓜子蛋白晶体结构中的次级相互作用的研究──Ⅰ结构中氢键相互作用的分析

α－苦瓜子蛋白是一种单链核糖体失活蛋白,具有Ｎ－糖苷酶活性,２．０Ａ分辨率的三维结构已经测定。α－苦瓜子蛋白中总共有３５３个氢键,其中主链原子间氢键１６５个,主链原子与侧链原子间氢键５４个,侧链原子间氢键２１个,蛋白分子中原子与溶水剂的氢键１１３个,主链Ｃ＝Ｏ,主链ＮＨ及侧链分子结构中有９５％的残基能生成氢键,Ａｓｐ．Ｇｌｕ、Ａｓｎ、Ｇｌｎ具有较强的生成多个氢键的能力,并对１３个没有任何氢键的残基作了分析。Ａｎ、Ｌｅｕ、Ｉｌｅ、ＧｌＵ、Ｇｌｎ在α螺旋中出现税率较大,Ｖａｌ、Ｌｅｕ、Ｔｙｒ、Ｉｌｅ、Ｔｈｒ在β结构中占了一半以上,Ａｒｇ容易形成远程的氢键,而Ｓｅｒ、Ｔｈｒ则容易形成近程氢键。某些氢键,特别是保守残基间的氢键,对形成蛋白分子局部特征构象和活性部位的特征构象有影响,α－苦瓜子蛋白的特定折叠方式对其与溶剂水分子成氢键有影响。     

白细胞介素—2分子α螺旋B中的活性相关区域

根据人白细胞介素－２（ＩＬ－２）α螺旋Ｂ中氨基酸残基的空间分布选择性地突变了一些氨基酸残基,结果发现：５７Ｇｌｎ→Ｇｌｕ,６２Ｇｌｕ→Ｌｅｕ,６２Ｇｌｕ→Ａｒｇ和６５Ｐｒｏ→Ａｒｇ这些替换均使ＩＬ－２活性显著降低或丧失,而６３Ｌｅｕ→Ｓｅｒ或６４Ｌｙｓ→Ａｌａ对ＩＬ－２活性影响不大。从受体竞争抑制结合实验结果可知,上述不表现活性的突变体也同时丧夫了与高亲和力受体的结合能力,这说明α螺旋Ｂ中这些位点     

α－苦瓜子蛋白晶体结构中的次级相互作用的研究──Ⅰ结构中氢键相互作用的分析

α－苦瓜子蛋白是一种单链核糖体失活蛋白,具有Ｎ－糖苷酶活性,２．０Ａ分辨率的三维结构已经测定。α－苦瓜子蛋白中总共有３５３个氢键,其中主链原子间氢键１６５个,主链原子与侧链原子间氢键５４个,侧链原子间氢键２１个,蛋白分子中原子与溶水剂的氢键１１３个,主链Ｃ＝Ｏ,主链ＮＨ及侧链分子结构中有９５％的残基能生成氢键,Ａｓｐ．Ｇｌｕ、Ａｓｎ、Ｇｌｎ具有较强的生成多个氢键的能力,并对１３个没有任何氢键的残基作了分析。Ａｎ、Ｌｅｕ、Ｉｌｅ、ＧｌＵ、Ｇｌｎ在α螺旋中出现税率较大,Ｖａｌ、Ｌｅｕ、Ｔｙｒ、Ｉｌｅ、Ｔｈｒ在β结构中占了一半以上,Ａｒｇ容易形成远程的氢键,而Ｓｅｒ、Ｔｈｒ则容易形成近程氢键。某些氢键,特别是保守残基间的氢键,对形成蛋白分子局部特征构象和活性部位的特征构象有影响,α－苦瓜子蛋白的特定折叠方式对其与溶剂水分子成氢键有影响。     

Glutamine and the immune system

Summary Glutamine is utilised at a high rate by cells of the immune system in culture and is required to support optimal lymphocyte proliferation and production of cytokines by lymphocytes and macrophages. Macrophage-mediated phagocytosis is influenced by glutamine availability. Hydrolysable glutamine dipeptides can substitute for glutamine to support in vitro lymphocyte and macrophage functions. In man plasma and skeletal muscle glutamine levels are lowered by sepsis, injury, burns, surgery and endurance exercise and in the overtrained athlete. The lowered plasma glutamine concentrations are most likely the result of demand for glutaminne (by the liver, kidney, gut and immune system) exceeding the supply (from the diet and from muscle). It has been suggested that the lowered plasma glutamine concentration contributes, at least in part, to the immunosuppression which accompanies such situations. Animal studies have shown that inclusion of glutamine in the diet increases survival to a bacterial challenge. Glutamine or its precursors has been provided, usually by the parenteral route, to patients following surgery, radiation treatment or bone marrow transplantation or suffering from injury. In most cases the intention was not to stimulate the immune system but rather to maintain nitrogen balance, muscle mass and/or gut integrity. Nevertheless, the maintenance of plasma glutamine concentrations in such a group of patients very much at risk of immunosuppression has the added benefit of maintaining immune function. Indeed, the provision of glutamine to patients following bone marrow transplantation resulted in a lower level of infection and a shorter stay in hospital than for patients receiving glutamine-free parenteral nutrition.     

Route of administration (enteral or parenteral) affects the contribution of L-glutamine to de novo L-arginine synthesis in mice: a stable-isotope study

A pathway from enteral L-glutamine as substrate for L-arginine synthesis is suggested by previous studies. L-Glutamine and L-glutamine dipeptides exhibit numerous beneficial effects in experimental and clinical studies. In trauma patients, enteral L-glutamine supply increased plasma L-arginine. The present study was designed to quantify the contribution of L-glutamine to the de novo L-citrulline and L-arginine synthesis in mice when L-glutamine is administered in a high dose of labeled L-glutamine or L-alanyl-L-glutamine by the enteral or parenteral route. For this purpose, male Swiss mice (n = 43) underwent a laparotomy, and catheters were inserted for sampling and infusion. A primed, constant, and continuous infusion of L-alanyl-L-[2-(15)N]glutamine (dipeptide groups) or L-[2-(15)N]glutamine (free L-glutamine groups), simultaneously with L-[ureido-(13)C,(2)H(2)]citrulline and L-[guanidino-(15)N(2),(2)H(2)]arginine, was given (steady-state model). Mice received the L-glutamine tracers intravenously (jugular vein) or enterally (duodenum). Enrichments of metabolites were measured by LC-MS. Arterial L-glutamine concentrations were the highest in the intravenous dipeptide group. L-Glutamine was converted to L-citrulline and L-arginine when L-[2-(15)N]glutamine and L-alanyl-L-[2-(15)N]glutamine were given by enteral or parenteral route. The contribution of L-glutamine to the de novo synthesis of L-citrulline and L-arginine was higher in the enteral groups when compared with the intravenous groups (P < 0.005). Therefore, the route of administration (enteral or parenteral) affects the contribution of L-glutamine, provided as free molecule or dipeptide, to the de novo synthesis of L-arginine in mice.     

Glutamine-stimulated amino acid and peptide incorporation in Bacteroides melaninogenicus.

The uptake of a number of amino acids and dipeptides by cells and spheroplasts of Bacteroides melaninogenicus was stimulated by the presence of glutamine; 50 mM glutamine induced maximum uptake of glycine or alanine, and glutamine stimulated the uptake of glycine over a wide concentration range (0.17 to 170 mM). Glutamine stimulated the uptake of the dipeptides glycylleucine and glycylproline at significantly faster rates compared with glycine and leucine. The amino acids whose uptake was stimulated by glutamine were incorporated into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material, and the inclusion of chloramphenicol or puromycin did not affect this incorporation. The uptake of glutamine by cells was concentration dependent. In contrast, in the absence of chloramphenicol 79% of the glutamine taken up by cells supplied with a high external concentration (4.4 mM) was trichloroacetic acid soluble. Glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate were identified in the intracellular pool of glutamine-incubated spheroplasts. The amino acids and peptides were incorporated into cell envelope material, and a portion (30 to 50%) of the incorporated amino acids could be removed by trypsinization or treatment with papain. The effect of glutamine was depressed by inhibitors of energy metabolism, suggesting that glutamine-stimulated incorporation is an energy-mediated effect.     

Influence of two glutamine-containing dipeptides on growth of mammalian cells

Summary The instability of the amino acid glutamine prompted us to investigate substitute compounds appropriate for culture conditions. The effect of two glutamine-containing dipeptides, alanylglutamine (Ala-Gln) and glycylglutamine (Gly-Gln), on the growth behavior of a hematopoietic cell line in culture (K562) was investigated. Growth rates and [³H]thymidine incorporation rates of cells cultivated in sterile-filtrated media, containing glutamine (Gln) or Ala-Gln or Gly-Gln, were not statistically different. Although heat-sterilization of media containing Gln caused approximately 95% decomposition of the Gln, both dipeptides remained unaltered. Consequently, cell growth was drastically decreased when autoclaved free Gln-containing media were used, but growth was unaffected in the presence of autoclaved dipeptides. Both Ala-Gln and Gly-Gln have an advantage over free Gln as growth factors for cell culture due to the stability of the dipeptides during both autoclaving and storage; the biological activity, however, is comparable.     

A Tracer Bolus Method for Investigating Glutamine Kinetics in Humans

Glutamine transport between tissues is important for the outcome of critically ill patients. Investigation of glutamine kinetics is, therefore, necessary to understand glutamine metabolism in these patients in order to improve future intervention studies. Endogenous glutamine production can be measured by continuous infusion of a glutamine tracer, which necessitates a minimum measurement time period. In order to reduce this problem, we used and validated a tracer bolus injection method. Furthermore, this method was used to measure the glutamine production in healthy volunteers in the post-absorptive state, with extra alanine and with glutamine supplementation and parenteral nutrition. Healthy volunteers received a bolus injection of [1-¹³C] glutamine, and blood was collected from the radial artery to measure tracer enrichment over 90 minutes. Endogenous rate of appearance (endoR_a) of glutamine was calculated from the enrichment decay curve and corrected for the extra glutamine supplementation. The glutamine endoR_a of healthy volunteers was 6.1±0.9 µmol/kg/min in the post-absorptive state, 6.9±1.0 µmol/kg/min with extra alanyl-glutamine (p = 0.29 versus control), 6.1±0.4 µmol/kg/min with extra alanine only (p = 0.32 versus control), and 7.5±0.9 µmol/kg/min with extra alanyl-glutamine and parenteral nutrition (p = 0.049 versus control). In conclusion, a tracer bolus injection method to measure glutamine endoR_a showed good reproducibility and small variation at baseline as well as during parenteral nutrition. Additionally, we showed that parenteral nutrition including alanyl-glutamine increased glutamine endoR_a in healthy volunteers, which was not attributable to the alanine part of the dipeptide.     

Adaptation of mammalian cells to non-ammoniagenic media

Although glutamine is used as a major substrate for the growth of mammalian cells in culture, it suffers from some disadvantages. Glutamine is deaminated through storage or by cellular metabolism, leading to the formation of ammonia which can result in growth inhibition. Non-ammoniagenic alternatives to glutamine have been investigated in an attempt to develop strategies for obtaining improved cell yields for ammonia sensitive cell lines.Glutamate is a suitable substitute for glutamine in some culture systems. A period of adaptation to glutamate is required during which the activity of glutamine synthetase and the rate of transport of glutamate both increase. The cell yield increases when the ammonia accumulation is decreased following culture supplementation with glutamate rather than glutamine. However some cell lines fail to adapt to growth in glutamate and this may be due to a low efficiency transport system.The glutamine-based dipeptides, ala-gln and gly-gln can substitute for glutamine in cultures of antibody-secreting hybridomas. The accumulation of ammonia in these cultures is less and cell yields in dipeptide-based media may be improved compared to glutamine-based controls. In murine hybridomas, a higher concentration of gly-gln is required to obtain comparable cell growth to ala-gln or gln-based cultures. This is attributed to a requirement for dipeptide hydrolysis catalyzed by an enzyme with higher affinity for ala-gln than gly-gln.     

Glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition regulates the activity and expression of intestinal glutaminase

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition on the activity, expression and distribution of glutaminase mRNA within the small intestine of rats. Central venous lines were inserted into 30 male Wistar rats before they were fed for 6 days with either: (a) conventional parenteral nutrition, (b) 2.5% glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition, or (c) rat food ad libitum. Jejunal glutaminase activity per milligram of dry matter was greatest in the animals fed rat food (0.94+/-0.29), intermediate in the glutamine supplemented rats (0.69+/-0.19) and least in the rats nourished with conventional parenteral nutrition (0.55+/-0.24) (P<0.05). The data for glutaminase expression exhibited a similar trend (P<0.05). In situ hybridisation analysis confirmed that glutaminase is expressed in the mucosa along the whole length of the small intestine. It was concluded that provision of glutamine alters the activity and expression of glutaminase in intestinal enterocytes. The results suggest that glutamine increases glutaminase activity by promoting the accumulation of intestinal glutaminase mRNA.     

Muscle glutamine depletion in the intensive care unit

Glutamine is primarily synthesized in skeletal muscle and enables transfer of nitrogen to splanchnic tissues, kidneys and immune system. Discrepancy between increasing rates of glutamine utilization at whole body level and relative impairment of de novo synthesis in skeletal muscle leads to systemic glutamine deficiency and characterizes critical illness. Glutamine depletion at whole body level may contribute to gut, liver and immune system disfunctions, whereas its intramuscular deficiency may directly contribute to lean body mass loss. Severe intramuscular glutamine depletion also develops because of outward transport system upregulation, which is not counteracted by increased de novo synthesis. The negative impact of systemic glutamine depletion on critically ill patients is suggested both by the association between a lower plasma glutamine concentration and poor outcome and by a clear clinical benefit after glutamine supplementation. Enteral glutamine administration preferentially increases glutamine disposal in splanchnic tissues, whereas parenteral supplementation provides glutamine to the whole organism. Nonetheless, systemic administration was ineffective in preventing muscle depletion, due to a relative inability of skeletal muscle to seize glutamine from the bloodstream. Intramuscular glutamine depletion could be potentially counteracted by promoting de novo glutamine synthesis with pharmacological or nutritional interventions.     

添加丙氨酰谷氨酰胺的胃肠外营养对存在营养风险的胃癌根治术患者免 疫功能、营养状态及术后恢复的临床意义*

目的:本研究旨在探讨NRS评分大于5分的胃癌根治术患者围手术期应用丙氨酰谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gln)强化的肠外营养对免疫功能、营养状况及术后恢复情况的临价值。方法:NRS-2002评分大于5分的胃癌患者60例,随机分为两组,每组30例。术前开始给予肠外营养支持,5日后手术,手术方式为根治性胃切除,包括远端胃大部切除术和全胃切除术。术后继续给予常规肠外营养。只有实验组给予谷氨酰胺双肽每日20克。于入院时和手术后第6日测量CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8、IgG、IgA、IgM淋巴细胞计数等免疫指标,血清总蛋白、白蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、总胆红素、血肌酐等肝肾功能指标,观察手术恢复过程及术后并发症发生情况。结果:采用谷氨酰胺强化的试验组CD4、CD8等免疫指标恢复情况显著优于对照组。二者一过性肝功能损伤发生率无明显差异。但试验组白蛋白较对照组恢复迅速。试验组术后肠蠕动恢复较对照组快,术后腹泻发生率较低。两组在术后抗生素应用时间、术后感染等发病率方面未显示统计学差异。结论:对存在营养风险的胃癌患者进行围手术期静脉营养支持时添加谷氨酰胺制剂可明显改善患者的免疫状况,促进术后恢复减少手术并发症。     

The role of glutamine in the immune system and in intestinal function in catabolic states

Summary Glutamine is designated a non-essential amino acid: however, evidence is accumulating that glutamine becomes essential when catabolic conditions prevail.It has been established that glutamine is an important fuel for lymphocytes and macrophages, even when resting. Plasma and muscle glutamine concentrations are decreased after trauma such as burns, major surgery, and in sepsis. The effectiveness of the immune system is decreased after trauma: this may be due, in part, to the decrease in plasma glutamine concentrations.Most studies on sepsis in humans have shown plasma glutamine concentrations to bedecreased: this may be due to an increased rate of utilization of glutamine by lymphocytes and macrophages during proliferation or phagocytosis. In contrast, several studies on rats showincreased plasma glutamine levels in sepsis. A species difference in the way in which glutamine is metabolised could be the main reason for the conflicting results. Other contributory factors could be diurnal variation and timing of sample collection.A substantial amount of dietary glutamine is taken up by intestinal cells. When the supply of glutamine via the diet is decreased, glutamine is taken up from the circulation by the intestine. In total parenteral nutrition (TPN) sepsis can sometimes occur because the gut is rested, leading to villous atrophy and increased gut mucosal barrier permeability. There is now a move towards the use of enteral nutrition in preference to TPN. Provision of exogenous glutamine has had beneficial effects in humans and animals, particularly in improving intestinal function. The safety and efficacy of glutamine administration to humans is discussed in detail.