基于几何形态测量学的五种稻蝗前后翅的形态变化研究

【目的】定量分析5种常见稻蝗属昆虫前后翅的形态变化规律。【方法】运用几何形态测量学方法对5种稻蝗雄性前、后翅进行量化分析,并结合主成分分析法(Principal component analysis,PCA)和薄片样条(Thin-plate spline,TPS)分析法探讨稻蝗前后翅的大小和形态变异。【结果】5种稻蝗前、后翅的大小和形态差异都比较显著,前、后翅的相似关系和5种稻蝗的系统发育关系一致。前翅差异的部位主要在缘前脉域、前缘脉域和臀脉域;后翅的差异主要在亚前缘脉域、前缘脉域及轭脉域。【结论】稻蝗前、后翅形态变化的几何形态测量学分析结果与稻蝗系统发育关系一致,可用于稻蝗属种的分类。稻蝗前、后翅发生变化的部位是其飞行时的受力部位,这些部位可以作为稻蝗物种分类特征。     

基于几何形态学的三种库蠓翅的形态变化分析

【目的】基于几何形态学方法定量分析库蠓亚属中3个近似种(刺螫库蠓Culicoides punctatus、灰黑库蠓Culicoides pulicaris和新替库蠓Culicoides newsteadi)翅的形态变化规律,以期进行准确鉴定。【方法】运用几何形态学标点(Landmark)对3种库蠓的翅进行量化分析,并结合主成分分析法(Principal component analysis,PCA)、典型变量分析法(Canonical variate analysis,CVA)、薄片样条(Thin-plate spline,TPS)及聚类分析法对3种库蠓翅进行分析比较,探讨其形态变异。【结果】3种库蠓的翅在翅型、翅脉结构上存在着显著差异,主要发生在径中横脉、径室区,以及翅基部和端部。【结论】几何形态学能够作为一种工具对蠓科昆虫进行种间关系及分类研究。     

基于几何形态学对三种实蝇翅脉形态分析(Diptere:Tephritidae:Bactrocera)

[目的]离腹寡毛实蝇属Bactrocera实蝇种类形态相似,较难区分,该属多数物种为具有重要经济意义的检疫性害虫。本研究基于几何形态学方法对我国分布的离腹寡毛实蝇属Zeugodacus亚属3种重要检疫性实蝇进行翅脉形态定量分析,探讨3种实蝇在翅脉形态上的差异变化,为实蝇的检疫鉴定提供新方法。[方法]采用地标点法对3种共180头雄性实蝇标本右翅翅脉标记19个地标点,通过计算质心值(CS)、普氏叠加(Procrustes superposition)、主成分分析(PCA)、多变量方差分析(MANOVA)及薄板样条分析(TPS)比较了3种实蝇翅的大小、讨论了翅脉形态变异的主要部位与变化趋势。[结果]翅脉质心值的单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)结果表明:3种实蝇翅形大小差异显著(F=141,df=179,P0.001),具条实蝇Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)scutellata(Hendel)的翅形相对较大,南瓜实蝇B.(Z.)tau(Walker)次之,瓜实蝇B.(Z.)cucurbitae(Coquillellett)翅形相对较小;PCA与MANOVA分析结果表明3种实蝇翅脉形状差异显著,TPS分析结果显示3种实蝇翅脉形状差异发生部位主要为翅端第5径室和翅端第2中室区域。[结论]几何形态学方法可用于实蝇种间的分类,本研究的3种实蝇翅脉形态变异主要发生在翅端第5径室和翅端第2中室区域,或可作为实蝇分类中的一个重要参考依据。     

基于几何形态学方法的秦巴山区中华蜜蜂翅形态变异研究

【目的】本研究拟揭示陕西省秦巴山区的中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana翅形态变异规律,为研究中华蜜蜂种下形态分化提供依据。【方法】基于几何形态测量学方法对陕西省秦巴山区17个样地的中华蜜蜂前翅进行量化分析,并结合主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)、典型变量分析(Canonical variate analysis,CVA)、薄板样条分析(Thin-plate spline,TPS)等方法探讨该地区中华蜜蜂形态分化规律及影响因素。【结果】不同采样地的中华蜜蜂种群在翅大小上存在显著性差异,同时翅大小与所处地理位置存在显著的相关性。前翅形态变异主成分分析结果显示来自秦岭北坡的5个种群与秦岭南坡以及巴山地区的种群在PC1方向上存在一定的分化。TPS分析结果显示北坡5个采样地种群具有较宽的翅。马氏距离和普氏距离结果均显示秦岭北坡种群与秦岭南坡种群以及巴山种群之间均存在显著性差异,且秦岭南坡种群与巴山种群之间的差异较小。普氏距离随着地理距离的增大而变大,但南北坡之间存在一定的差异。【结论】翅大小与其所处地理位置存在明显的相关性,海拔和纬度上的差异是造成翅大小变化的主要因素。处于秦岭北坡的种群与秦岭南坡以及巴山地区中华蜜蜂种群出现一定程度的翅脉形态分化。     

宽广蜡蝉属及广翅蜡蝉属前翅几何形态学分析

【目的】对目前存在争议的宽广蜡蝉属Pochazia和广翅蜡蝉属Ricania代表种的前翅形态特征进行研究,为这2个近缘属的属征厘定和种的合理归属提供更多信息。【方法】选取宽广蜡蝉属和广翅蜡蝉属共10种169头标本,每个标本前翅选取9个同源标点和前翅外轮廓(由60个半标点组成),采用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)和典型变量分析(canonical variate analysis, CVA)方法,对前翅翅脉和翅轮廓进行量化分析,探讨这2个属的翅形变化规律。【结果】在对宽广蜡蝉属和广翅蜡蝉属10个代表种的前翅分析中,前3个主成分、典型变量分别能解释翅脉和翅轮廓74.945%和88.096%的变异,明确了CuA脉分叉点是变异度较高的位点,翅外缘、翅前缘和翅后缘端半部均有较高变异度;这2个属PCA中第1主成分方向上离散度高,印证了CuA脉分叉点、翅外缘、翅前缘和翅后缘端半部形状可作为属间分类依据;种间CVA中10个代表种聚集度良好,种间离散度较高,基于马氏距离显著性分析显示差异非常显著。【结论】几何形态学分析可用于宽广蜡蝉属和广翅蜡蝉属分类,但...     

苹果蠹蛾不同虫态体征及雌雄个体的快速鉴别方法

【目的】通过对苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella (L.)不同虫态的形态特征进行识别描述和定量观测,比较分析并研究提出苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫、蛹及成虫雌雄个体的快速、准确鉴别特征与方法。【方法】利用体式显微镜拍照、测量记录苹果蠹蛾不同虫态雌雄个体间的形态特征、体征参数等。【结果】苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫雌雄个体的体征差异:雄性腹节背面有明显肾形斑,雌性无斑。蛹雌雄个体的体征差异:雄蛹腹面翅尖后有4条明显体节线,第9腹节腹面中央有一纵裂缝,裂缝两侧各有一半圆形的瘤状突起;而雌蛹翅尖后有3条明显体节线,第8腹节腹面前缘有一纵裂缝,与腹节线相连形成类似"Y"形,裂缝两侧平坦无突起。成虫雌雄个体的体征差异:雄虫前翅反面中室后缘有一黑褐色条斑,雌虫无此条斑;雄虫腹部狭长,抱器瓣常开张,呈钳状,雌虫腹部圆筒状,末端较细。【结论】研究结果揭示了苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫、蛹及成虫等不同虫态雌雄个体间的体征差异,比较研究并提出了便于快速鉴别雌雄个体的典型特征和识别方法。     

褐飞虱长翅型和短翅型雌雄成虫体内磁性物质定位和定量检测

【目的】地磁定向是昆虫远距离迁飞定向的重要机制之一。本研究以迁飞性害虫褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens长翅型和短翅型雌雄成虫为研究对象,系统开展虫体内磁性物质定量研究。【方法】本研究利用MPMS-7型超导量子磁强计检测褐飞虱长翅型和短翅型雌雄成虫体内的磁性物质,并将经普鲁士蓝染色后的虫体超薄石蜡切片于JEM-2100型透射电子显微镜下观察磁性物质的分布状况,最后利用原子发射光谱法对虫体内的磁性物质进行定量分析与比较。【结果】超导量子磁强计检测发现,仅在褐飞虱长翅型和短翅型雌雄成虫腹部的磁滞曲线有明显闭合现象,证明该部位存在磁性物质;经透射电镜观察发现,普鲁士蓝沉淀主要呈点簇状存在于虫体腹部,证明该部位存在铁磁性物质;通过等离子发射光谱检测发现,同一性别长翅型成虫体内铁离子含量显著高于短翅型成虫,且相同翅型雄成虫体内铁离子含量显著高于雌成虫。【结论】褐飞虱长翅型和短翅型雌雄成虫腹部普遍存在铁磁性物质,且不同翅型和性别间磁性物质含量差异显著。     

三种广翅蜡蝉前翅形态数值特征提取与分析

【目的】广翅蜡蝉科昆虫是果园、茶园和园艺植物上的重要害虫之一,对其种类进行自动判别是实现其种群自动监测的基础。本研究拟通过获取3种广翅蜡蝉前翅轮廓特征探讨在其种类和性别鉴定中的作用。【方法】采用图像处理与分析技术,对3种广翅蜡蝉前翅轮廓形态特征进行提取和分析,并使用SPSS v22.0对数据进行分析。【结果】同一种广翅蜡蝉左右翅在轮廓形态上无显著差异,雌雄间各参数在不同种类广翅蜡蝉中差异性不同,其中5个实际测量参数在雌雄间差异达到显著或极显著水平,只有透明广翅蜡蝉的周长不显著。除周长和雄虫圆形度外,其它各类参数在种间的差异达到显著或极显著水平。通过典型判别分析,认为所选用的3种广翅蜡蝉,通过其前翅轮廓特征可以进行种间判别,其原始判别和交叉验证判别的正确率均超过90%。【结论】通过提取前翅轮廓特征可以实现3种广翅蜡蝉种类的识别,为此类昆虫的自动鉴定和种群监测提供了重要的参考依据。     

草地贪夜蛾的准确鉴定

【目的】草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是新入侵我国的迁飞性害虫,为了筛选出有效和不易受损的形态鉴别特征。【方法】本研究运用比较形态学和外生殖器解剖技术,筛选稳定、可靠的外部形态特征,描述雌雄外生殖器特征。【结果】草地贪夜蛾的大小等21个外形特征在不同个体间存在差异,不适合用于草地贪夜蛾的准确鉴定。新筛选的翅基部黑斑等4个前翅特征,下唇须节黑色横带、前足胫节密被长鳞片、前足跗节黑色、腹部腹面黑斑、肩板颜色均一、前足基节内侧长毛6个非翅面外形特征在草地贪夜蛾个体间稳定,其中前翅中部倾斜的椭圆环形斑等4个特征、颜色均一肩板等5个特征、环形斑内部颜色特征分别存在于草地贪夜蛾雌雄蛾、雄蛾和雌蛾中。新筛选的外形特征可分别用于准确区别草地贪夜蛾与斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾。新描述了阳茎基环长大于宽等6个雄性外生殖器特征和囊导管基部明显宽于端部等4个雌性交配囊特征,其中3个雄性外生殖器特征和3个雌性交配囊特征可分别用于准确鉴定草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾雄蛾、草地贪夜蛾雌蛾和甜菜夜蛾雌蛾。【结论】本研究结果不仅为草地贪夜蛾雄蛾鉴定提供了新的前翅特征,还首次为雄蛾鉴定提供了非翅面特征和为雌蛾鉴定提供了前翅特征,也筛选了新的雄性外生殖器特征和雌性交配囊特征,对我国夜蛾科昆虫生殖器研究有一定的参考价值。     

日本黄脊蝗的一种发音器

<正> 日本黄脊蝗patanga japonica(I.Bolivar)在凉山州分布较广,主要为害甘蔗、玉米、高梁、水稻等禾本种作物,是该地区农作物的一大害虫。笔者观察到该蝗除具备飞翔中后足股节-翅脉摩擦发音器外,还具有另一种在停止状态下也能发音的发音器(后足内距-前翅翅脉摩擦发音器),现将后一种发音器介绍如下。 一、后足内距-前翅翅脉摩擦发音器的部位、构造与功能 后足内距-前翅翅脉摩擦发音器由音剉(前翅径脉中部之前的部分翅脉)和刮器(后足胫节     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.