响应面法优化褐腐真菌竹生薄孔菌产纤维素酶的液体培养基

竹生薄孔菌是一种褐腐真菌,可产生具有重要应用价值的纤维素酶。以纤维素酶为响应值,通过响应面PlackettBurman设计、最陡爬坡设计、Box-Behnken设计建立数学模型,获得竹生薄孔菌产纤维素酶的最适液体培养基为:葡萄糖7.44 g/L、蛋白胨5.0 g/L、麸皮35.31 g/L、Tween 80 9.57 m L/L、KH_2PO_4 1.0 g/L、Mg SO_4·7H_2O 0.5 g/L、Co Cl_2·6H_2O 0.06 g/L、Fe SO_4·7H_2O 0.03g/L、Ca Cl_2 0.5 g/L、Zn SO_4·7H_2O 0.05 g/L、维生素B1 0.01 g/L。在此优化培养基条件下得到的纤维素酶活性为53.17 U/m L,与理论值52.65 U/m L相近,且比优化前提高了2.84倍,说明响应面设计对于优化液体培养基以提高纤维素酶活性切实可行。     

地衣芽孢杆菌ws-6产纤维素酶条件优化

目的：通过优化该菌产酶条件,以期在饲料中的进一步应用建立基础。方法：纤维素酶活性用还原糖法测定,产酶条件采用单因素筛选与正交优化方法相结合。结果：培养基初始pH6.5、培养温度37℃、接种量2%2、50 mL三角瓶装液量30 mL、葡萄糖1.5%、羧甲基纤维素钠0.5%、酵母膏1.5%、KH2PO40.05%、NaCl 0.5%,培养48h后酶活性达到最高3.45U/mL;金属离子K＋、Mn2＋、Mg2＋、Zn2＋、Co2＋、Na＋对产酶有激活作用,Cu2＋则抑制酶活性。结论：酶活性比出发菌提高约1.4倍,对饲料制作中提高纤维降解具有一定的实用价值。     

以四甲基氢氧化铵为溶剂的磁性纤维素微球制备、表征及应用

以微晶纤维素和磁性Fe_3O_4纳米粒子为原料,四甲基氢氧化铵溶液为溶剂,通过乳化法制备了磁性纤维素微球。利用扫描电微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X线衍射仪、振动样品磁强度计、比表面和孔径分析仪对磁性纤维素微球进行分析表征,结果表明磁性纤维素微球确为纤维素包裹Fe_3O_4纳米粒子形成,且表面粗糙,粒径约200 nm,比表面积13.6 m~2/g,表面微孔体积为0.5 cm~3/g,磁强度为2.0×10~(-3) T/g。磁性纤维素微球染料吸附试验表明,在pH 4～8时其对亚甲基蓝的去除率最大,达到70%以上。     

高效低成本纤维素酶诱导物的制备、筛选及应用

本研究利用玉米芯、甘蔗渣、脱木素木糖渣及粗纤维诱导里氏木霉产纤维素酶,对4种材料进行成份测定,然后以逐步添加的方式与微晶纤维素混合诱导里氏木霉产纤维素酶,和使用微晶纤维素诱导产酶对比,玉米芯含有的纤维素代替总纤维素的50%时,酶活力降低2个单位,蛋白减少0.8 g左右,其酶水解能力降低0.4%,对其产纤维素酶的水解能力没产生不利影响。甘蔗渣纤维素替代量可以达到30%,酶活力有1个单位的降低,蛋白分泌降低0.5 g左右,酶的水解能力提高7%左右。脱木素木糖渣纤维素替代量也可达到50%,酶活力和蛋白降低分别达到0.5个单位和0.2 g左右,酶水解能力降低了4.45%。粗纤维的利用可以达到100%替代,对里氏木霉产酶的酶活力影响有0.3个单位之差,水解能力降低1.625%。这说明这几种物质可以部分替代或者完全替代微晶纤维素,诱导里氏木霉发酵产纤维素酶,特别是由玉米芯和甘蔗渣制备的脱木素木糖渣和粗纤维有着较高的应用前景。该研究对降低纤维素酶的生产成本及其工业化应用具有重要意义。     

甘蔗成熟期叶鞘纤维素酶活性对自然脱落的影响

采用脱叶性不同的4个甘蔗品种为材料,研究了在成熟期叶鞘纤维素酶活性对蔗叶脱落的影响。结果表明,纤维素酶活性影响甘蔗叶片脱落,在收获期叶鞘纤维素酶活性与植株脱落率均达到最高。不同叶位中,＋10叶位纤维素酶活性最高。相关性分析表明,4个甘蔗品种的＋10叶位叶鞘纤维素酶活性与脱落率呈正相关。     

木质纤维素水解液副产物对东方伊萨酵母乙醇发酵的影响

为了客观评判耐高温东方伊萨酵母HN-1利用木质纤维素水解液生产燃料乙醇的潜力,本文采用单因素试验和响应面中心组合试验研究了木质纤维素水解液有毒副产物甲酸钠(1.0-5.0 g/L)、乙酸钠(2.5-8.0 g/L)、糠醛(0.2-2.0 g/L)、5-羟甲基糠醛(0.1-1.0 g/L)和香草醛(0.5-2.0 g/L)对其乙醇发酵的影响。结果表明,木质纤维素水解液有毒副产物对东方伊萨酵母HN-1乙醇发酵的影响较小,除添加2 g/L香草醛或添加1 g/L 5-羟甲基糠醛可使乙醇产量分别降低20.38%和11.2%外,其他抑制物的添加对乙醇的生成未有显著影响。但是,当副产物浓度较高时,可以显著抑制菌体生长,添加1-5 g/L甲酸钠、2.5-8.0 g/L乙酸钠、0.4-2 g/L糠醛或0.5-2 g/L香草醛,发酵36 h时菌体细胞干重分别较对照下降了25.04%-37.02%、28.83%-43.82%、20.06%-37.60%和26.39%-52.64%。中心组合试验结果表明各抑制物交互作用对乙醇的生成影响不显著。该研究表明木质纤维素水解液副产物对东方伊萨酵母HN-1乙醇发酵的影响较小,适合用于纤维乙醇发酵。     

一组纤维素分解菌复合系NSC-7的酶活表达特性

为了揭示一组具有降解纤维素和林丹双重功能的细菌复合系NSC-7的降解活性, 本文对该菌系的分解能力、纤维素酶活性和半纤维素酶活性进行测定.结果表明,NSC-7在14d内,可降解稻秆干重的73.6%,其中降解纤维素82.1%,半纤维素58.2%,木质素5.4%.用广泛采用的酶活测定方法测定了4种纤维素酶和半纤维素酶活性,在培养的第8天,内切酶、总纤维素酶、外切酶和B.糖苷酶活性都达到最大值,分别为4.48U/mL、7.51U/mL、15.83U/mL和25.78U/mL.在培养的第5天,半纤维素酶活性达到最高值为280.9U/mL,其平均值比纤维素酶活性高43.71倍.     

海洋来源链霉菌MY0504产纤溶酶的发酵条件优化

【目的】以发酵液纤溶酶活力为指标,优化海洋来源的链霉菌菌株MY0504的发酵条件。【方法】在菌株生长曲线及单因素试验基础上,采用Plackett-Burman设计筛选影响纤溶酶活性的主要因素,进一步用最陡爬坡试验及Box-Behnken中心组合设计法优化发酵条件。【结果】纤溶酶活性最高的发酵条件为:葡萄糖21.68 g/L,酵母粉25.31 g/L,NaCl5.0 g/L,K_2HPO_4·3H_2O3.0 g/L,MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.5 g/L,FeSO_4·7H_2O 0.02 g/L,装液量50 mL(250 mL摇瓶),接种量10%(体积比),初始pH 7.5,温度24°C,转速200 r/min,培养时间4.5 d。发酵液纤溶酶活性可达2 190.6 U/mL。【结论】确定了MY0504菌株产纤溶酶的最优发酵条件,为该酶的进一步分离纯化及性质研究奠定基础。     

中温（37℃）纤维素分解菌的筛选及混合培养研究

目的:筛选纤维素分解菌,构建复合微生物菌系进行混合培养,获得降解纤维素能力强的复合菌系.方法:从高温阶段堆肥样品、腐熟肥料、牛粪和土壤中筛选出能较好降解纤维素的菌株,进行单独与混合发酵培养,测其酶活.结果:获得降解纤维素能力较强的细菌3株、霉菌4株、放线菌2株.按不同的接种比例构建了4组复合微生物菌系,4个组合的滤纸失重率分别达到41.52%、44.94%、41.82%、37.11%,液体发酵的平均CMC酶活分别为624U/g、988U/g、769U/g、1041U/g,固体发酵的平均CMC酶活分别为4240U/g、5289U/g、4807U/g、5344U/g.结论:综合分析复合菌系滤纸条降解能力、CMC酶活、FAP酶活表明,组合二分解纤维素能力明显强于其他几个组合.     

BA-25菌株碱性纤维素酶产酶条件优化研究

试验研究了分离自烟草调制过程中的产芽孢细菌Bacillussp.BA-25菌株碱性纤维素酶产生的优化条件.结果表明:麸皮是最佳碳源,豆饼粉是最佳的氮源,且当碳氮比为2∶1时产酶活性最高;NaCl和KH2PO4对纤维素酶的合成具有重要作用,其适宜用量分别为0.5%～1.0%和0.1%;培养液的初始pH会极大地影响产酶活性,其最适pH为10.最优化的发酵工艺参数为:种子菌龄为24h,在300mL摇瓶中,装入30mL培养基培养温度为37℃,摇床转速为160r/min,在发酵24h后补充1%的葡萄糖,培养48h,该菌产碱性纤维素酶活力可以达到68.4U/mL.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV