试验条件下岩原鲤幼鱼栖息地适宜性模型及最小栖息面积估算

在室内微生境模拟条件下,应用试验生态学方法,分别评估了岩原鲤幼鱼对底质、光照、水深3种生境因子的适宜性指数(HSI),建立了其栖息地适宜性模型,并初步估算了岩原鲤幼鱼的最小栖息面积.结果表明:岩原鲤幼鱼对底质、光照、水深3种生境因子的适宜栖息范围分别为砾石直径10～15 cm、光照强度0.2～1.8 lx、水深范围0～15 cm(离底距离);其适宜性指数表达式分别为SIS=1.7338e-0.997x(R2=0.89,P＜0.01,SIS为底质适宜性指数,x为砾石直径)、SIL=3.0121e-1.339x(R2=0.93,P＜0.01,SIL为光照适宜性指数,x为光强)、SIW=2.4055 e-1.245x(R2＝0.97,P＜0.01,SIW为水深适宜性指数,x为水深).算术平均法最适用于岩原鲤幼鱼的栖息地适宜性模型估计,最适模型为HSI=(SIS+SIL+SIW)/3.共发现7组岩原鲤幼鱼建立并维持着相对稳定的栖息地范围,其栖息地面积范围为628～2015 cm2,平均值为1114 cm2.     

长江口棘头梅童鱼幼鱼栖息地的初步评估

为了评估鱼类对长江口栖息地的选择偏好,选取长江口春季的优势种棘头梅童鱼幼鱼为模式物种,从19个水文、水质因子及生物因素指标中,筛选出狭额绒螯蟹丰度、盐度、底质类型和水深4个因子作为棘头梅童鱼栖息地指示因子,建立栖息地适合曲线,并计算了栖息地适宜度指数(HSI).结果表明: 长江口北支水域棘头梅童鱼幼鱼HSI普遍较高,基本在0.5以上,而南支水域普遍较低,基本上在0.2以下,表明长江口北支为棘头梅童鱼幼鱼的主要索饵场,同时发现,其幼鱼的最适生长水域为盐度大于14、底质平均粒径在29 μm以下、水深2~5 m的水域,与HSI的空间分布一致.生物因子可较好地表征棘头梅童鱼幼鱼对水文、水质等因素的响应;化学需氧量、铵氮、总磷和挥发性酚与棘头梅童鱼幼鱼丰度不具有显著相关性,亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮和总氮与其丰度具有显著正相关性,说明调查水域内水质的富营养化尚未对棘头梅童鱼栖息地造成破坏;而铜离子和镉离子浓度与其丰度具有极显著的负相关性,表明重金属污染已经对棘头梅童鱼幼鱼的生长和分布造成了一定的危害,推测重金属污染对长江口水域的鱼类栖息地分布具有限制性影响.     

长江下游狼山沙和新开沙中华绒螯蟹幼蟹栖息地评估

为探究中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹栖息地适宜度状况,于2016年6月至2017年5月在长江下游狼山沙和新开沙放置定制网具,获取中华绒螯蟹幼蟹丰度分布特征及6个水环境因子,通过单因素方差分析、相关性分析和典范对应分析筛选出水深、透明度和无齿螳臂相手蟹(Chiromantes dehaani)丰度3个指示因子,建立栖息地适宜度曲线,计算栖息地适宜度指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)。结果表明:有水生植物站点的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹丰度较高;不同站点浊度、透明度和水深存在显著差异;中华绒螯蟹幼蟹丰度与无齿螳臂相手蟹丰度、水深极显著相关,与透明度显著相关;两沙洲有水生植物站点HSI值较高,均高于0.5,而其他站点普遍低于0.4,同时发现,中华绒螯蟹幼蟹偏好水深较浅、透明度10~20 cm、有水生植物覆盖的水域。研究表明,两沙洲适宜中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长发育,应加大保护力度。     

枸杞岛岩礁生境主要鱼类的食物组成及食物竞争

基于2009年3月-2010年2月枸杞岛沿岸岩礁生境渔业资源调查数据,对岩礁生境中的3种定居性鱼类（褐菖鲉、大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼）和3种非定居性鱼类（花鲈、黄姑鱼和小黄鱼）的食物组成及食物关系进行了研究.结果表明： 麦秆虫、钩虾、褐菖鲉幼鱼、鳀鱼和中国毛虾等是6种鱼类的主要饵料生物,且饵料组成随季节而变化.3种定居性鱼类中,大泷六线鱼和斑头六线鱼在秋季食物竞争激烈;3种非定居性鱼类中,黄姑鱼和小黄鱼在夏季食物竞争激烈;非定居性鱼类和定居性鱼类之间,黄姑鱼分别与褐菖鲉（秋季）和大泷六线鱼（冬季）食物竞争激烈.黄姑鱼是引起岩礁生境中6种主要鱼类食物竞争的关键鱼种.枸杞岛岩礁生境中6种主要鱼类的摄食活动对褐菖鲉幼鱼的资源量有一定影响.     

南海北部近海竹荚鱼栖息地分布特征

根据2014—2017年南海北部近海渔业资源调查的8个航次数据,结合遥感影像数据,包括海表温、盐度、叶绿素,对近海竹荚鱼空间分布的季节性变化进行分析。将单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit effort,CPUE)作为适宜性指数(suitability index,SI),分别采用最大值法、最小值法、算术平均法、几何平均法按季度建立栖息地适宜性指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)模型,并对各模型进行精度检验。结果表明:SI模型拟合准确,均呈单峰分布;几何平均法更适用各季HSI建模,模型平均准确度达到92%,CPUE高的渔场主要分布于HSI大于0.6的海域,其他HSI高值海域为潜在渔场。对各季环境因子进行主成分分析,发现海表温的影响最为显著。研究表明,栖息地适宜性指数模型可较好分析南海北部近海竹荚鱼资源丰度及空间分布。     

基于地理加权回归的渤海沙氏下鱵鱼仔稚鱼栖息地指数

为研究渤海鱼类资源早期补充过程,本文将地理加权回归法(GWR)引入栖息地指数(HSI)模型,选取海表温度、海表盐度、水深和叶绿素a浓度4个环境因子建立基于GWR的渤海沙氏下鱵鱼仔稚鱼的HSI_GWR模型.模拟发现:在2015年8月渤海的HSI_GWR模型中,海表温度和叶绿素a浓度为全局变量,两者的回归系数分别为-0.027和0.006,对HSI影响较小.海表盐度和水深为局地变量,两者回归系数绝对值的平均值分别为0.075和0.129,对HSI的影响较大.其中,海表盐度在渤海中部与HSI呈负相关,负相关系数最大,为-0.3,在三湾呈微弱正相关,相关系数最大值为0.1;水深在整个渤海均与HSI呈负相关,且在三湾的负相关程度明显大于渤海中部,三湾的负相关系数最大,为-0.16.该HSI_GWR模型的泊松相关系数为0.705,拟合效果较好,可为今后的鱼类栖息地环境研究提供一种新的方法.     

基于生境适宜性指数模型的俚岛海黍子生境层级分布

为了深入了解海黍子生境,利用模型对山东俚岛海黍子生境进行适宜性分析,分别选取温度、盐度、水深、浊度、底质、无机氮浓度、磷酸盐浓度和距海藻床距离8种环境因子,通过层次分析法赋值因子权重,结合空间分析方法建立了海黍子HSI模型。利用该模型对山东俚岛近岸海域2018年春、秋两季的环境因子调查结果进行了海黍子生境分析。结果表明: 研究区域内的海黍子海藻床区域主要由极佳生境和适宜生境组成,春季和秋季的分布面积分别占14.2%和18.6%。海黍子生境层级分布随季节而变化,且不同季节的生境层级具有一定的空间重合性。温度和磷酸盐浓度的适宜性变化具有明显的季节性差异,是导致俚岛海黍子HSI季节变化的主要原因。海黍子HSI模型不仅可用于检测海黍子海藻床区域的生境层级分布,还能发现海黍子潜在的适宜生境区域。这为今后开展海黍子资源保护和人工增殖工作提供了科学参考。     

基于MaxEnt模型的渤海湾沿岸鸻鹬类栖息地适宜性评价

渤海湾沿岸是鸻鹬类迁徙路线的重要栖息地。由于自然和人为原因,栖息地面积减少,质量恶化。因此,开展渤海湾沿岸鸻鹬类栖息地适宜性评价,对湿地生物多样性保护有重要意义。基于鸻鹬类点位信息和环境因子数据,利用MaxEnt模型对渤海湾沿岸2000年和2015年鸻鹬类栖息地适宜性进行评价。结果表明:土地利用/覆被、NDVI、年均气温、坡向是影响鸻鹬类分布的主要因子;鸻鹬类适宜栖息地主要分布在河北唐山南部和天津滨海地区。研究时段内渤海湾沿岸适宜栖息地面积总体有所下降,河北适宜栖息地面积下降,天津和山东增加;栖息地适宜性增加地区主要集中于天津南部、山东东南部,下降地区主要分布在河北丰南、黄骅及天津宁河县。该研究可识别渤海湾沿岸鸻鹬类适宜栖息地的分布范围及变化趋势,对该区域鸻鹬类保护及栖息地管理具有重要参考意义。     

基于MaxEnt模型的渤海湾沿岸鸻鹬类栖息地适宜性评价

渤海湾沿岸是鸻鹬类迁徙路线的重要栖息地。由于自然和人为原因,栖息地面积减少,质量恶化。因此,开展渤海湾沿岸鸻鹬类栖息地适宜性评价,对湿地生物多样性保护有重要意义。基于鸻鹬类点位信息和环境因子数据,利用MaxEnt模型对渤海湾沿岸2000年和2015年鸻鹬类栖息地适宜性进行评价。结果表明:土地利用/覆被、NDVI、年均气温、坡向是影响鸻鹬类分布的主要因子;鸻鹬类适宜栖息地主要分布在河北唐山南部和天津滨海地区。研究时段内渤海湾沿岸适宜栖息地面积总体有所下降,河北适宜栖息地面积下降,天津和山东增加;栖息地适宜性增加地区主要集中于天津南部、山东东南部,下降地区主要分布在河北丰南、黄骅及天津宁河县。该研究可识别渤海湾沿岸鸻鹬类适宜栖息地的分布范围及变化趋势,对该区域鸻鹬类保护及栖息地管理具有重要参考意义。     

台湾海峡西北部平潭岛海域表层沉积物中底栖有孔虫分布及其环境控制因素

对台湾海峡西北部平潭岛海域337个站位表层沉积物中底栖有孔虫进行分析鉴定,结果表明底栖有孔虫丰度、分异度变化较大,所出现的属种类型以玻璃质壳体为主,其次为瓷质壳,胶结壳最少。底栖有孔虫分布受水深、盐度、底质类型、底流和沿岸上升流等因素共同影响。应用‘PAST’软件的因子分析结果表明,该海域底栖有孔虫可划分为四个组合:组合Ⅰ(Hanzawaia-Pseudorotalia-Bolivina)主要分布于水深大于20m的深水区,受水深和底流影响明显;组合Ⅱ(Ammonia beccarii-Elphidiumspp.)主要分布于近岸浅水环境;组合Ⅲ(Quinqueloculina-Ammonia annectens-Spiroloculina)主要分布于海湾内高盐度区,推测受到沿岸上升流影响;组合Ⅳ(Elphidium advenum-Ammonia annectens)分布于组合Ⅰ与组合Ⅲ之间的局部区域,可能受浙闽沿岸流影响较强。     

枸杞岛潮下带沙地生境鱼类群落结构和季节变化

为了解岛礁水域沙地生境的鱼类群落结构特征,评估该生境对鱼类资源养护的潜在作用,于2009年采用多网目组合刺网对枸杞岛潮下带沙质区域进行了逐月采样,同步设置岩礁为对照生境.应用α和β多样性指数结合相对重要性指数、相对渔获率、ABC曲线和聚类排序方法对两种生境中的鱼类组成、多样性变化和群落格局与变化进行了全面探讨.全年在沙地和岩礁生境共采集鱼类63种,隶属11目38科56属,2种生境各自出现的鱼类皆为46种.受暖水种频繁出现在沙地生境的影响,潮下带沙质区域鱼类区系比岩礁生境略显丰富,且春夏季的渔获量普遍高于岩礁生境;由于种类组成均匀度较低,沙地生境各季节的α多样性普遍较低,夏季显著低于岩礁生境.日本须鳎是沙地生境的指示种,为早春、夏末和秋冬季沙地底层优势鱼种.5-7月鳀、多数月份鲻和10月份鳗鲇等种类对沙地生境的阶段性利用,使其形成了区别于以趋礁性鱼类为优势类群的岩礁生境的群落格局和季节动态.沙地是多种鱼类幼鱼阶段的庇护所和饵料场,是鲆鲽类的良好栖息地.沙地生境在维持鱼类区系和养护鱼类资源方面具有重要作用.     

小黑山岛海域刺参、魁蚶和紫贻贝生境适宜性分析

以小黑山岛临近海域为研究对象,利用生境适宜性指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)模型选划适宜刺参(Stichopus japonicas)、魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)和紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)增殖修复的区域。分别针对每个修复物种筛选出7个生境评价因子,结合专家赋值法和层次分析法确定每个评价因子的权重,利用GIS空间分析模块将现状调查数据进行插值、重分类和栅格计算,绘制研究区域目标种群生境适宜性地图。结果表明:对于刺参和紫贻贝,研究区域均适宜其生长繁殖,同一物种,相同季节在空间上无站位差异,但各季节的生境适宜性分区变化明显;对于魁蚶来说,东北部海域较适宜增殖,其次为西部海域,四季均以较适宜生境为主,仅冬季出现基本适宜生境。水温是造成季节差异的主要因素,底质类型则是引起生境站位差异的重要原因。可为后续的生物多样性保育和生态修复提供基础资料参考。     

Feeding rates and productivity of the copepod Acartia bifilosa in a highly turbid estuary; the Gironde (SW France)

Acartia spp. are the dominant copepod species in the Gironde estuary, seaward of the turbidity maximum area. Acartia bifilosa develop a large population in spring and early summer whereas Acartia tonsa appear in late summer. High values and high variability of chlorophyll a/suspended particulate matter ratio are found seaward of the turbidity maximum area. Feeding rates of A. bifilosa were measured by fluorometry. Phytoplankton ingestion was found to be highly variable, between 8 to 80% of copepod carbon body weight. Except for adult females, copepods were heavier in summer than in winter. PB ratios, estimated by the instantaneous growth rate method, varied from 0.03 d^–1 to 0.14 d^–1. The gut contents and P/B ratios of Acartia bifilosa were related to chl a/SPM ratio. From those data, and a few obtained for A. tonsa, it is concluded that only in summer months phytoplankton ingestion is enough to maintain secondary production.     

Grazing effect of the invasive reef-forming polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel) on phytoplankton biomass in a SW Atlantic coastal lagoon

In this work we evaluate the potential grazing impact of the invasive reef-forming polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus in a SW Atlantic coastal lagoon (Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon; 37° 40' S, 57° 23' W; Argentina). This gregarious species feeds on suspended detritus and phytoplankton. Given the large area dominated by reefs, suspension feeding by this species might reduce the lagoon phytoplankton concentration and even hinder local eutrophication. To evaluate this hypothesis in situ replicated mesocosm experiments were performed in spring 2005 and, summer and winter 2006. Mesocosms enclosing reefs and without reefs were installed and grazing intensity was measured as the difference in chlorophyll a concentration and turbidity between the reef-treatment and the treatment without reefs. Reefs of F. enigmaticus decreased the mean chlorophyll a concentration, more during summer (56% decrease) than spring (25% decrease) and winter (19% decrease). Reefs also decreased water turbidity during summer (54% decrease) and spring (23% decrease). While previous studies indicate that the physical structure of these reefs alters water flow increasing water turbidity, our evidences show that their suspension-feeding activity can counteract this effect. Water turbidity was positively correlated with chlorophyll a concentration, which suggests that phytoplankton grazing by F. enigmaticus decreased light attenuation through the water column, with a potential for enhancement of benthic primary productivity. Therefore, our results suggest that grazing by this polychaete affects overall estuarine primary production as well as the relative importance of planktonic and benthic carbon sources to higher trophic levels.     

石漠化生境对三叶木通生长及生理特性的影响

石漠化生境土层浅薄、干旱贫瘠,许多植物难以生存。三叶木通作为石漠化生境适生物种之一,探究其对石漠化生境的应答机制对综合治理石漠化生境具有一定的理论和实际意义。在贵州省贵阳市花溪区和安顺市关岭县两地分别选取石漠化生境和普通生境(对照)种植三叶木通,并进行为期一年的观察,探究石漠化生境对三叶木通根、茎、叶等不同器官的生长和生理特性的影响,并利用主成分分析出三叶木通在石漠化生境的主要响应指标。结果显示,与对照相比,石漠化生境下的三叶木通表现出如下特征：(1)植株较矮、茎较细、叶片数较少等生物量的减少,使其适应石漠化生境;(2)叶片叶绿素a/b (Chla/b)和相对含水量(RWC)呈现降低趋势,从而使叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用率(WUE)均呈下降趋势,胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)呈升高趋势,利于适应石漠化生境;(3)丙二醛(MDA)含量和叶片相对电导率(RC)呈现升高趋势,说明石漠化生境对三叶木通细胞膜系统造成损伤(氧化损伤和渗透损伤),而通过其根中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、茎中过氧化物酶(POD)和叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高...     

Climate‐change refugia: shading reef corals by turbidity

Coral reefs have recently experienced an unprecedented decline as the world's oceans continue to warm. Yet global climate models reveal a heterogeneously warming ocean, which has initiated a search for refuges, where corals may survive in the near future. We hypothesized that some turbid nearshore environments may act as climate‐change refuges, shading corals from the harmful interaction between high sea‐surface temperatures and high irradiance. We took a hierarchical Bayesian approach to determine the expected distribution of 12 coral species in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, between the latitudes 37°N and 37°S, under representative concentration pathway 8.5 (W m^?2) by 2100. The turbid nearshore refuges identified in this study were located between latitudes 20–30°N and 15–25°S, where there was a strong coupling between turbidity and tidal fluctuations. Our model predicts that turbidity will mitigate high temperature bleaching for 9% of shallow reef habitat (to 30 m depth) – habitat that was previously considered inhospitable under ocean warming. Our model also predicted that turbidity will protect some coral species more than others from climate‐change‐associated thermal stress. We also identified locations where consistently high turbidity will likely reduce irradiance to <250 μmol m^?2 s^?1, and predict that 16% of reef‐coral habitat ≤30 m will preclude coral growth and reef development. Thus, protecting the turbid nearshore refuges identified in this study, particularly in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands, the northern Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands (Japan), eastern Vietnam, western and eastern Australia, New Caledonia, the northern Red Sea, and the Arabian Gulf, should become part of a judicious global strategy for reef‐coral persistence under climate change.     

Zooplankton densities in a Hydrilla infested lake

The number of individuals and species of zooplankton were sampled concurrently with Hydrilla biomass and water quality for one year in a small, eutrophic central Florida lake. Throughout the study, rotifer species and individuals dominated the zooplankton. The abundance of the zooplankton tended to remain high when Hydrilla biomass was at its seasonal low during late winter and early spring. When hydrilla growth increased in the late spring and summer months causing a decrease in total alkalinity, specific conductivity, water color, turbidity, orthophosphate and chlorophyll a concentrations; the abundance of the zooplankton declined. During this time, there was a shift from limnetic to littoral species, principally rotifers. Hydrilla growth did not affect the mean number of cladoceran or copepod species, but may have led to an increase in rotifer species.     

Using Bayesian networks to incorporate uncertainty in habitat suitability index models

Habitat suitability index (HSI) models rarely characterize the uncertainty associated with their estimates of habitat quality despite the fact that uncertainty can have important management implications. The purpose of this paper was to explore the use of Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) for representing and propagating 3 types of uncertainty in HSI models—uncertainty in the suitability index relationships, the parameters of the HSI equation, and measurement of habitat variables (i.e., model inputs). I constructed a BBN–HSI model, based on an existing HSI model, using Netica™ software. I parameterized the BBN's conditional probability tables via Monte Carlo methods, and developed a discretization scheme that met specifications for numerical error. I applied the model to both real and dummy sites in order to demonstrate the utility of the BBN–HSI model for 1) determining whether sites with different habitat types had statistically significant differences in HSI, and 2) making decisions based on rules that reflect different attitudes toward risk—maximum expected value, maximin, and maximax. I also examined effects of uncertainty in the habitat variables on the model's output. Some sites with different habitat types had different values for E[HSI], the expected value of HSI, but habitat suitability was not significantly different based on the overlap of 90% confidence intervals for E[HSI]. The different decision rules resulted in different rankings of sites, and hence, different decisions based on risk. As measurement uncertainty in habitat variables increased, sites with significantly different (α = 0.1) E[HSI] became statistically more similar. Incorporating uncertainty in HSI models enables explicit consideration of risk and more robust habitat management decisions. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.