光氮互作对闽楠幼苗叶片光合生理特性的影响

以5月龄闽楠幼苗为材料,采用4种光照水平(100%、41.3%、14.3%、3.6%自然光)和4种氮素水平(0、0.5、1、2 mol/L纯氮)的双因素盆栽试验,研究光氮互作下闽楠幼苗的光合生理特性,以探讨其对环境适应性的生理机制。结果表明:(1)遮荫和施氮均能显著提高闽楠叶片光合色素含量;在同一氮素水平下,随光照强度下降,闽楠幼苗叶片可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、最大净光合速率(P_(max))、暗呼吸速率(R_d)、表观量子系数(AQY)均呈先增后降趋势,并在41.3%自然光照水平时最高;而同期叶片胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)均呈下降趋势;闽楠幼苗的叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)则随光照减弱逐渐增加。(2)同一光照水平下,随着氮素施用量增加,闽楠幼苗叶片SS、SP、光合气体交换参数、光响应曲线特征参数总体呈现先升高后降低的趋势,F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o呈先降后增趋势。(3)不同光照和氮素水平之间存在显著的互作效应,隶属函数分析结果以41.3%自然光照、0.5 mol/L纯N处理的效果最优。研究表明,闽楠幼苗为喜光耐荫植物;适宜遮荫和施氮处理组合可显著改善闽楠渗透调节能力,提高光能利用率,促进光合作用进行,而全光照、过度遮荫、缺氮、或过量施氮均不利于闽楠正常生理代谢。     

干旱胁迫对日本荚蒾幼苗光合生理特性的影响

为了探讨极小种群野生植物日本荚蒾(Viburnum japonicum)对干旱胁迫的响应,以日本荚蒾二年实生苗为材料进行盆栽控水实验,设置正常供水(CK)、轻度干旱(LS)、中度干旱(MS)和重度干旱(SS)4个水分处理,研究持续干旱处理对日本荚蒾幼苗光合生理特性的影响。结果表明:在CK、LS、MS水分梯度下,日本荚蒾幼苗生长正常,但在SS胁迫下受影响明显,植株全部死亡。各胁迫阶段叶片净光合速率(P_n)、SPAD值、最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、表观量子效率(AQY)、暗呼吸速率(R_d)表现出随水分梯度的降低而减小,光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)则相反,各水分梯度下AQY随时间延长逐渐上升,SS处理幼苗在胁迫45d及以后P_n均为负值。最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)在胁迫过程中变化范围较小;实际光量子效率(ΦPSII)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)随土壤水分的减少而降低,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)逐渐上升,LS、MS与CK间变化幅度较小,但SS与CK间差距逐渐增大。结果表明在轻度和中度干旱下日本荚蒾幼苗表现出一定的适应性和耐干旱能力,而长期重度干旱则对幼苗影响较为严重。     

生长光强对六个橡胶树品种幼苗光合特性的影响

研究了6个橡胶树品种幼苗(适应1年后)在不同生长光强(100%、50%、25%和5%自然光)下的叶片光合系统对光强和CO2浓度的响应特性。结果表明,6个橡胶树品种对不同的光环境均表现出较强的适应性。在不同生长光强下,橡胶树幼苗叶片的最大光合速率(Pmax)、光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、磷酸丙糖利用速率(TPU)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)以及叶绿素含量(Chl)均有显著差异(P<0.05),而光饱和点(LSP)和AQY(表观量子效率)则无显著差异。相同生长光强下,6个橡胶树品种间叶片的最大光合速率(Pmax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、磷酸丙糖利用速率(TPU)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)和叶绿素含量(Chl)有显著差异(P<0.05),其光补偿点(LCP)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和表观量子效率(AQY)则无显著差异。综合比较各参数,RRIM600、云研77-4和PR107适宜于相对光强为100%~50%的植胶环境,而云研77-2、GT1和热研523适宜于相对光强为50%~25%的植胶环境。     

广西4个种源蚬木苗木光合特性的比较

以广西4个不同种源蚬木Excentrodendron hsienmu苗为研究材料, 测定及分析其光响应曲线及光合参数日变化规律, 以期为蚬木引种和优选提供理论依据。结果表明: 武鸣种源具最高的光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP), 具有较好的适应强光的能力。靖西种源具有较高的最大光合速率(Pmax)、LSP和斜率(AQY), 以及较低的LCP和暗呼吸速率(Rd), 因此可能具有较强的同化能力。大新种源虽LSP最低, 但其具有最高的Pmax和最低的Rd, 以及较低的LCP, 这可能也赋予了该种源具有较强的同化能力。4个种源蚬木均有明显的光合午休现象, 并且净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、水分利用效率(WUE)在不同种源间均存在显著差异, 其中武鸣种源具有较低的Tr和较高的WUE, 靖西种源表现了较高的Gs和Tr。因此, 在相对保水性较好的赤红壤土地上种植蚬木, 可优先选择靖西和大新种源。     

野生与栽培黄花蒿净光合速率对光强和CO2浓度的响应

比较了相同种源的野生和栽培黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.)净光合速率对光强和CO2浓度的响应特性。结果表明,野生和栽培黄花蒿的光饱和点(LSP)分别为1 183和1 564μmol m-2s-1,光补偿点(LCP)为17和18μmol m-2s-1,最大净光合速率(Pmax)为18.78和22.38μmol m-2s-1,表观量子效率(AQY)为0.08和0.075μmol m-2s-1,表明黄花蒿的光合能力强,能够利用很高的光强,且对弱光的适应性也较强。栽培黄花蒿的Pmax、LSP和最大羧化速率(Vcmax)显著高于野生黄花蒿,两者的LCP、不包括光下呼吸的CO2补偿点、AQY、光下呼吸速率和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)差异不显著。强光下栽培黄花蒿主要通过提高Vcmax和Jmax等来增强光合能力,强的光合能力有利于黄花蒿的生长,因此在人工栽培黄花蒿的过程中应选择阳光充足的开阔生境。     

间作和净作条件下喜阴植物谢君魔芋的光合作用及光合诱导特征研究

为了解种植模式对谢君魔芋(Amorphophallus xiei)光合作用的影响,研究了间作和净作模式下谢君魔芋的光合作用和光合诱导特征。结果表明,间作模式下的谢君魔芋净光合速率(Pn)比净作模式的高18.97%,最大气孔导度(gs-max)比净作模式的小22.4%,且间作模式下谢君魔芋有较高的表观量子产额(AQY)、光饱和点(LSP)、羧化效率(CE)、叶绿素含量以及较小的暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光补偿点(LCP)、CO_2补偿点(Г*)。高光照诱导后,间作模式下的光合诱导状态(IS)大于净作模式,且在间作模式下光合诱导过程中达到最大光合速率(Pmax)和最大气孔导度(gs-max)的30%、50%所需时间较短;同时,光合诱导过程中达到Pmax和gs-max的30%、50%和90%的时间(t30%P、t50%P、t90%P和t30%gs、t50%gs、t90%gs)与gs-initial呈负相关关系。因此,玉米-魔芋间作下,谢君魔芋通过增大AQY和LSP、减小Rd和LCP等来提高光的利用能力及维持碳平衡;同时通过快速的光合诱导,提高对光斑的利用能力从而增加碳获得。     

不同种源栓皮栎光响应曲线的模型拟合及参数比较

利用2年生栓皮栎实生苗,通过直角双曲线模型(RHM)、非直角双曲线模型(NHM)、指数函数(EM)、直角双曲线修正模型(MRHM)和分段函数(SFM)对辽宁庄河(LNZH)、北京平谷(BJPG)、陕西黄龙(SXHL)、河南济源(HNJY)、湖北鹤峰(HBHF)、云南安宁(YNAN)6个种源地栓皮栎的光合光响应曲线进行拟合,对5种模型拟合结果进行比较,分析了6个种源栓皮栎的光合特性,以期提高光合光响应曲线拟合的准确性并对不同种源植物在生境变化情形下的光合生理特征进行探索。研究发现:(1)5个模型中MRHM和SFM优势明显,其拟合结果与观测值更吻合;(2)不同模型拟合对α、Pnmax及Rd结果影响较大,部分拟合参数在模型间差异显著,如EM和SFM拟合的α和Rd显著低于其他模型(P0.05),RHM和NHM拟合的Pnmax显著高于其他模型(P0.05),而且模型选择影响种源试验部分光响应参数结果差异的显著性水平;(3)栓皮栎种源间Pnmax和Rd差异显著(P0.05),其中SXHL种源Pnmax和HNJY种源Rd显著高于其他种源(P0.05);(4)通过光响应曲线比较,除LNZH种源外其余暖温带种源2年生幼苗均能很好地适应试验地生境条件。     

油菜素内酯对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片线粒体、叶绿体超微结构及光合的影响

在水培条件下,研究24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片叶绿体和线粒体超微结构及光合的影响.结果表明:与正常通气条件相比,低氧胁迫下表观量子效率(AQY)和羧化效率(CE)显著降低,而光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和CO2补偿点(CCP)显著升高;低氧胁迫并添加油菜素内酯处理下,CE与低氧胁迫处理相比显著提高29.4％,而LCP和Rd分别显著下降15.0％和14.4％.光响应Pn-PPFD曲线和CO2响应Pn-Ci曲线表明,低氧胁迫下净光合速率(Pn)增幅降低,而添加油菜素内酯有利于Pn增幅的提高.低氧胁迫下叶绿体和线粒体结构受到伤害,而油菜素内酯可以缓解低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗叶绿体和线粒体超微结构的不良影响,使叶片维持较好的光合性能.     

极小种群野生植物黄梅秤锤树的光合生理特性

黄梅秤锤树(Sinojackia huangmeiensis)是我国特有种,被列为国家Ⅱ级重点保护植物和极小种群野生植物。为探讨黄梅秤锤树对不同光环境的响应与适应,选择3种生境中(林窗、林下、全光照)的植株为研究对象,比较不同生境中叶片表型性状、光合特征和叶绿素荧光特征。结果表明：林窗和林下生境黄梅秤锤树的比叶面积(SLA)显著高于全光照生境,叶厚度(LT)和叶干物质含量(LDMC)显著低于全光照生境;最大净光合速率(P_max)和光饱和点(LSP)在全光照生境中最高,光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)在林下生境中最低;林窗和全光照生境黄梅秤锤树的表观电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际光量子产量[Y(II)]、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)都高于林下生境。黄梅秤锤树通过增加SLA,降低LCP、R_d和NPQ来适应弱光环境,通过增加LT、LDMC、LSP和NPQ来适应强光环境,对不同的生境表现出较强的适应性,对其种群更新与维持具有重要意义,也为其人工引种的成功提供重要保障。     

造纸废水灌溉下芦苇叶片重金属含量对叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以辽河口建群种芦苇(Phragmites australis)为供试材料,采用小试装置研究在化学需氧量(CODCr)浓度分别为50、175和300 mg·L-1的造纸废水灌溉条件下芦苇叶片中重金属Cr~(6+)、Zn~(2+)和Cu~(2+)含量和叶绿素荧光参数(F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o)的变化特征,探讨芦苇荧光参数对废水灌溉的响应机制。结果表明,造纸废水灌溉对芦苇叶片中Cr~(6+)、Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)含量影响显著(P0.05),最大累计值分别是对照组相应重金属离子的2.80、3.66和3.86倍,且CODCr浓度越大重金属含量越高。3种重金属在不同生育期芦苇叶片中的积累存在差异,Cr~(6+)和Zn~(2+)主要在成熟期积累,Cu~(2+)主要在快速生长期积累。CODCr为50和175 mg·L-1的造纸废水灌溉提高了芦苇叶片光系统Ⅱ反应中心转换效率(F_v/F_m)和潜在活性(F_v/F_o),而CODCr为300 mg·L-1的造纸废水灌溉下,相应叶绿素荧光参数分别降低了8.19%和24.94%,表明光系统Ⅱ功能受到抑制。叶绿素荧光参数对3种重金属表现出不同响应机制,F_v/F_o和F_v/F_m值随Cr~(6+)和Zn~(2+)含量升高而减小,随Cu~(2+)含量升高而增大,其中F_v/F_m与重金属Cr~(6+)含量呈显著性负相关,F_v/F_o与Cu~(2+)含量呈显著性正相关。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.